Prevalence Of Chronic Periodontitis Research Articles

Chronic periodontitis with familial aggregation and discordant identical twins

Chronic periodontitis is an advancement of gingivitis that involves progressive attachment loss, pocketing, and bone loss around the teeth. It has been linked to both genetic and environmental factors, making it a multifactorial disease. This case examines a family of eight siblings with a 50% prevalence of chronic periodontitis. A strong genetic influence is not likely, since one identical twin in this family has chronic periodontitis, while the other twin is unaffected. Environmental risk factors, including smoking, emotional stress, and poor oral hygiene, are present in all affected individuals, thus appearing to play a significant role in the development of periodontitis in this family. It is important for a dentist to understand the etiology of the family’s chronic periodontitis in order to provide proper treatment and management of risk factors so that good oral health can be maintained.

Oral health after breast cancer treatment in postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE:Oral health can affect a patient's general health and quality of life. Given the increase in breast cancer survival rates, investigations of factors influencing the quality of life of survivors have gained importance. Therefore, the objective of our study was to characterize oral health in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors.METHODS:We conducted a matched case-control study. Forty-eight women who survived breast cancer (age 62.1±9.1 years) and 48 healthy controls (age 61.8±8.6 years) were included. For each case and control, a complete oral evaluation chart was completed.RESULTS:The prevalence of chronic periodontal disease was 98% in breast cancer survivors and 87% in controls. The breast cancer survivors had a median of 16 remaining teeth, whereas controls had a median of 22 remaining teeth (p = 0.03). The percentage of sites with gingival bleeding was 16.05% (0-100%) in breast cancer survivors and 0% (0-72%) in controls (p = 0.04).CONCLUSION:Chronic periodontal disease and tooth loss were highly prevalent in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. To improve survivors' quality of life, a preventive oral health evaluation should be available prior to cancer treatment.

Diabetes mellitus tipo 1 y condición periodontal

Resumen. Introducción: la diabetes tipo 1 (DM1) afecta el metabolismo de glucosa, lípidos y proteínas e incrementa el riesgo de enfermedad periodontal. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar las características periodontales en pacientes con diagnóstico de DM1. Materiales y métodos: se estudiaron 35 pacientes con diabetes tipo 1, a quienes se les realizó un examen periodontal completo; se tomaron los valores de hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1C) y de glicemia en ayunas; los datos se analizaron de forma descriptiva y comparativa contra los parámetros clínicos periodontales y el diagnóstico periodontal. Resultados: la prevalencia de periodontitis crónica fue de 74,3% y de gingivitis, de 25,7%. El valor promedio de hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1C) de los pacientes diagnosticados con gingivitis fue de 9,15, mientras que en pacientes con periodontitis fue de 8,375, sin alcanzar significancia estadística. La pérdida de inserción clínica periodontal en promedio fue de 3,15 mm, mientras que la media del número de dientes perdidos fue 6,91 para toda la población. Los pacientes con periodontitis presentaron mayor pérdida de inserción clínica y profundidad de bolsa. Conclusiones: los pacientes con DM1 tuvieron periodontitis o gingivitis, ratificando su susceptibilidad de sufrir periodontitis y deben mantener un cuidadoso control gingival y periodontal.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/od.v10i18.716

Association between multiple sclerosis and chronic periodontitis: a population‐based pilot study

The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still not fully understood, but multiple infections are known to be crucial in the development of the disease. Periodontitis caused by periodontopathic polymicrobial infections is among the most common chronic infectious disorders. This case-control study aimed to investigate the association between chronic periodontitis (CP) and MS using a population-based dataset in Taiwan. This study included 316 cases who had a diagnosis of MS and 1580 randomly selected controls. We performed conditional logistic regressions to investigate the association between MS and having been previously diagnosed with CP. The results reveal that the prevalence of earlier CP was 25.6% and 15.4% for cases and controls, respectively (P < 0.001). Conditional logistic regression analysis revealed that cases were 1.86 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.39-2.48] times as likely as controls to have been previously diagnosed with CP, after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics as well as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, coronary heart disease, alcohol abuse/alcohol-dependence syndrome, tobacco use disorder and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. After analyzing by gender, it was realized that while female cases had a higher chance than female controls of having earlier CP (adjusted odds ratio = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.49-2.95), there was no statistical association detected between these two conditions in men. This study provides evidence for an association between CP and MS in female, but not male, subjects. Further epidemiological studies are needed to confirm the association and gender-specific differences found in the present study.

Prevalence of periodontitis among the adolescents aged 15-18 years in Mangalore City: An epidemiological and microbiological study

Background:Periodontitis is a group of inflammatory diseases affecting the supporting tissues of the tooth. Both aggressive periodontitis (AP) and chronic periodontitis (CP) have a multifactorial etiology, with dental plaque as the initiating factor. However, the initiation and progression of periodontitis are influenced by other factors including microbiologic, social and behavioral and systemic and genetic factors. The prevalence of periodontal diseases varies in different regions of the world according to the definition of periodontitis and the study population, and there are indications that they may be more prevalent in developing than in developed countries.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among the adolescents of 15-18 years of age in Mangalore City. One thousand one hundred students aged 15-18 years were selected for the study from the schools and colleges in Mangalore City using a convenient sampling method. The prevalence of AP and CP were assessed in the study using a community periodontal index. Students who were diagnosed clinically and radiographically were subjected to microbiological examination to confirm AP.Results:A high prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis was found in students belonging to the lower socioeconomic status group compared with the higher socioeconomic groups, which were associated with poor oral hygiene habits. The prevalence of AP was found to be 0.36% and that of CP was found to be 1.5%.Conclusion:Oral diseases have a significant impact on the social and psychological aspects of an individual's life. Exposure to risk factors, such as age, low socio-economic status, poor education, low dental care utilization, poor oral hygiene levels, smoking, psychosocial stress and genetic factors are significantly associated with an increased risk of periodontitis among adolescents. Although genetic factors play a major role in periodontitis, the treatment outcome will still be influenced by environmental and behavioral factors.

Association between obstructive sleep apnoea and chronic periodontitis: a population‐based study

This study set out to explore the association between obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and prior chronic periodontitis (CP) by utilizing a population-based data set with a case-control design in Taiwan. We included 7673 subjects with OSA as cases, and randomly selected 21,963 subjects without a history of OSA as controls. We performed conditional logistic regression analyses to explore the association between OSA and having been previously diagnosed with CP. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of prior CP between cases and controls (33.8% versus 22.6%, p<0.001). Conditional logistic regression analysis suggested that the odds ratio of prior CP for cases was 1.75 (95% CI=1.68-1.88) times greater than that of controls after adjusting for monthly income and geographical location, as well as hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidaemia, obesity, tobacco use disorder, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and alcohol abuse. Our study detected an association between OSA and a prior diagnosis of CP.

Obesity and oral disease – a challenge for dentistry

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is rising in many developed and developing countries and, most worryingly, among children. Within the EU, Scotland has the highest prevalence, more than twice that of the Netherlands, and in England almost a quarter of children now enter primary school either overweight or obese, rising to one in three on leaving at age 11 years. Whilst most epidemiological data is based on body mass index, this is not a reliable indicator of individual adiposity and morbidity risk. The association between excess adiposity and type 2 diabetes is well recognised and the latter carries implications for oral disease and dental treatment. Current research has not established a clear association between excess adiposity and caries prevalence, however, there is evidence for a higher prevalence of chronic periodontal disease in obese populations. There is some evidence that this is not mediated solely by diabetes, but by secretion by adipose tissue of chemical mediators of inflammation, including cytokines and hormones, which could modify the response of the periodontal tissues to the oral environment. Dental professionals must become aware of this growing problem, of the demands that the rising obesity prevalence will place on dental care services and the need for bariatric dental facilities. Together, with service providers, dental professionals must prepare for the challenge ahead.

Prevalence and risk indicators of gingivitis and periodontitis in a Multi-Centre study in North Jordan: a cross sectional study

BackgroundThere are limited data about the epidemiology and risk factors/indicators of gingivitis, aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and chronic periodontitis (CP) in Jordan. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk indicators of gingivitis, AgP and CP.MethodsA sample of 595 subjects was randomly selected from subjects escorting out-patients attending a Medical Center, a Dental Teaching Hospital, and 2 private dental clinics. The socio-demographic variables, oral hygiene habits, income, smoking and Body Mass Index (BMI) were recorded. Full mouth periodontal examination was performed, and radiographs were taken for sites with probing depth > 3 mm.ResultsAbout 76% had gingivitis, 2.2% had AgP and 5.5% had CP. Periodontitis was more frequent among males than females with a M: F ratio of 1.6:1 and the prevalence increased with age. Subjects who reported not using a tooth brush, smokers and subjects with BMI > 30 kg/m2 had significantly higher prevalence of periodontitis. The risk for periodontitis was greater among subjects who reported positive family history and subjects with ≤ 12 years of education.ConclusionsThis is the first study to report on the prevalence of gingivitis, CP and AgP in North Jordanian. Age, low education, low frequency of tooth brushing and family history were significantly associated with increased risk of periodontitis.

Prevalence of chronic periodontitis in Meerut: A cross-sectional survey.

Background:Chronic periodontitis is seen in majority of population and is responsible for the high tooth morbidity as well as mortality.Materials and Methods:One thousand and twenty-six subjects were selected by multistage stratified randomized sampling technique. They were examined in free dental camps organized in preselected rural areas by using community periodontal index of treatment need. The impact of known risk factors for periodontal disease, e.g., oral hygiene habits, age, gender, smoking, and pan + tobacco chewing, was also observed.Results:Deep pockets were observed in 52.7% of the subjects and 17.8% of the sextants. Shallow pockets were observed in 37.4% of the subjects and 36.4% of the sextants. Calculus had the highest score in 9.8% of the subjects and 43.8% of the sextants. None of the subjects and negligible number of the sextants was found to be having bleeding or healthy periodontium as the highest score.Conclusion:Periodontal disease severity was found to be increased with increasing age. Severity was also more in smokers and in the subjects using finger and powder to maintain their oral hygiene.

Comprehensive Periodontal Therapy: A Statement by the American Academy of Periodontology

Comprehensive Periodontal Therapy: A Statement by the American Academy of Periodontology

Alterations of Serum Lipid and Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and Chronic Periodontitis: A Pilot Study

Serum lipid and inflammatory cytokine profiles were assessed in 124 in-patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) (CHD group) and 43 inpatients with no evidence of CHD (control group). In all patients, research questionnaires and examinations of periodontal health were conducted and venous blood samples were analysed. Both groups were divided into two subgroups according to the presence or absence of chronic periodontitis in individual patients. The prevalence of chronic periodontitis was higher in patients from the CHD group than in the control group. Levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α were significantly higher in CHD patients with chronic periodontitis than in those without periodontitis. In conclusion, chronic periodontitis may be associated with CHD.

Erectile Dysfunction Might Be Associated With Chronic Periodontal Disease: Two Ends of the Cardiovascular Spectrum

Both chronic periodontal disease (CPD) and erectile dysfunction (ED) are associated with cardiovascular disease and its risk factors, including smoking and diabetes mellitus. However, the association between ED and CPD has never been studied. To study the association between ED and CPD. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES. Prevalence of ED, prevalence of CPD, ED severity. The study population consisted of 305 men who filled the Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) questionnaire in order to detect ED and assess its severity, and underwent a pair of standardized posterior dental bitewing radiographs in order to detect CPD. SHIM questionnaire scores 21 or less represented ED. Alveolar bone loss of >or=6 mm represented CPD. The mean age of included men was 39.5 +/- 6.7 years. Overall, 70 (22.9%) men had ED and 13 (4.3%) had CPD. CPD was significantly more prevalent among men with mild ED (P = 0.004) and moderate to severe ED (P = 0.007) in comparison to men without ED. ED might be associated with CPD. These preliminary findings are consistent with theories that associate these conditions with systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis.

An overview of the epidemiology of periodontal diseases in Latin America

The aim of the present review was to identify the presence of periodontal diseases and the relative importance of known risk factors in Latin American countries. The retrieved data are sparse and inconsistent, lacking information for the majority of the countries. Gingivitis is ubiquitous in the region, affecting all ages independently of the socioeconomic background. The extension of bleeding may vary greatly, ranging from 40% to 70% of sites. The prevalence of aggressive periodontitis is higher in Latin America than in industrialized countries. Prevalence ranges from 0.3% to 4.5%, and the localized form is the less prevalent. The prevalence of chronic periodontitis is high, with a large variation (40-80%) probably due to differences in methodology and diagnostic criteria. Regional differences may be relevant. Known risk factors are present in the populations studied. Non-modifiable factors such as age, gender and genetics have been associated in Brazilian and Chilean populations. Tobacco smoking and diabetes are relevant risk factors. The importance of socioeconomic status, although present as a risk factor, has been largely underestimated. Oral hygiene is extremely deficient in the area although it is a cultural habit in most populations. It can be concluded that periodontal diseases are highly prevalent in Latin American populations. Its prevalence and extent are associated with known risk factors. Oral hygiene habits are deficient. Well designed epidemiological studies with external validity are needed.

Association of T CD4 lymphocyte levels and subgingival microbiota of chronic periodontitis in HIV-infected Brazilians under HAART.

The aim of this study was to determine the subgingival microbiota of HIV-infected patients with chronic periodontitis and different T CD4 lymphocyte levels under HAART. 64 HIV+ patients (mean age 34.5 +/- 7.3; 75% males) were distributed into Group I: chronic periodontitis (> or = 3 sites with probing pocket depth (PPD) and/or clinical attachment level (CAL) > or = 5 mm); and Group II: periodontal health (no sites with PPD > 3 mm and/or CAL > 4 mm). All subjects received conventional periodontal therapy. Periodontal clinical parameters were evaluated at 6 sites/tooth in all teeth at baseline and 4 months after therapy. The levels of T CD4 were obtained from the patient's medical record. Subgingival plaque samples were taken from the 6 sites with the largest pocket depth in each subject of Group I, and 6 randomly selected sites in subjects of Group II. The presence of 22 subgingival species was determined using the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization method. Significant microbiological differences within and among groups were sought using Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann-Whitney tests, respectively. Relationships between T CD4 levels and microbiological parameters were determined using Kruskal-Wallis test. Sixty-one percent of the HIV-infected patients represented AIDS cases, although 69% of them were periodontally healthy. The T CD4 lymphocyte mean level was 333 cells/mm3 and viral load was 12,815 +/- 24,607 copies/mm3. Yet, the prevalence of chronic periodontitis was relatively low (36%). Several periodontal pathogens, in particular T. forsythensis (P < .05), were more prevalent in HIV-positive patients with periodontitis than in HIV-positive subjects with periodontal health. Most of the species decreased in frequency after therapy, particularly P. gingivalis (P < .05). E. faecalis and F. nucleatum were significantly more prevalent in the subgingival microbiota of patients with chronic periodontitis and lower levels of T CD4 (P < .05), while beneficial species tended to be more frequently detected in individuals with T CD4 counts over 500 cells/mm3. The subgingival microbiota of HIV-infected patients with chronic periodontitis include a high prevalence of classical periodontal pathogens observed in non-infected individuals. Furthermore, the severe immunosuppression seems to favor the colonization by these species, as well as by species not commonly found in the subgingival microbiota.

Prevalence of chronic periodontal disease using probing depth as a diagnostic test.

The prevalence of chronic periodontal disease was investigated using the occurrence of diseased pocket sites as the diagnostic criterion. The study group comprised 250 dentally aware subjects aged 21-60 years, with a high number of teeth remaining in all age groups. The % of sites with a probing depth of greater than or equal to 4 mm was 16% for the total sample. Most diseased sites (69%) were in the 4-mm class, with only 4% at depths greater than or equal to 7 mm. 82% on the subjects had 1 or more sites greater than or equal to 4 mm. With probing depth as the sole criterion for diagnosis of chronic periodontal disease, prevalence in a sample is heavily dependent on the critical levels selected for probing depth and cut-off point. With critical levels of 4 mm for probing depth and 1 diseased site for the cutoff point, prevalence was 49% in the 21-30 year age group and 95% in the 51-60 year age group. A shift in cutoff point to 40 diseased sites gave a prevalence of 2% and 41%, respectively, in the 2 age groups. For a critical depth of 7 mm and a cutoff point of 1 diseased site, the prevalence was 2% and 43% for the 2 age groups, respectively. Aspects of importance for the decision-making process on disease are discussed.