Comprehensive Periodontal Therapy: A Statement by the American Academy of Periodontology

Abstract

Journal of PeriodontologyVolume 82, Issue 7 p. 943-949 News and ViewFree Access Comprehensive Periodontal Therapy: A Statement by the American Academy of Periodontology* First published: 01 July 2011 https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2011.117001Citations: 48 * This statement was developed under the direction of the Task Force to Update the Guidelines for Periodontal Therapy and approved by the Board of Trustees of the American Academy of Periodontology in November 2010. ‡ DISCLAIMER: This statement represents the views of the Academy regarding periodontal therapy and related procedures. It must be recognized, however, that decisions with respect to the treatment of patients must be made by the individual practitioner in light of the condition and needs of each specific patient. Such decisions should be made in the best judgment of the practitioner, taking into account all relevant circumstances. § NOTE: The Academy updates guidelines and statements on a periodic basis. All previous publications should be considered in light of their historical context with regard to current knowledge and practices. AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat The American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) periodically publishes reports, statements, and guidelines on a variety of topics relevant to periodontics. These papers are developed by an appointed committee of experts, and the documents are reviewed and approved by the AAP Board of Trustees. The American Academy of Periodontology offers the following statement that sets forth the scope, objective, and procedures that constitute periodontal therapy. This statement is provided to assist all members of the dental team who provide periodontal care and should be considered in its entirety. This statement may also be useful to those who supervise, teach, or regulate the provision of periodontal therapy. SCOPE OF PERIODONTAL THERAPY As a result of advances in knowledge and therapy, the majority of patients can retain their dentition over their lifetime with proper treatment, reasonable plaque/biofilm control, and continuing care. Periodontics is the specialty of dentistry that encompasses prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the supporting and surrounding tissues of teeth and dental implants. The scope of the specialty of periodontics also encompasses maintenance of the health, function, comfort, and esthetics of all supporting structures and tissues in the mouth. The goals of periodontal therapy are to preserve, improve, and maintain the natural dentition, dental implants, periodontium, and peri-implant tissues in order to achieve health, comfort, esthetics, and function. A healthy periodontium is characterized by the absence of inflammation, which may appear clinically as redness, swelling, suppuration, and bleeding on probing. PERIODONTAL EVALUATION A comprehensive assessment of a patient's current health status, history of disease, and risk characteristics is essential to determine the periodontal diagnosis and prognosis of the dentition and/or the suitability of dental implants. Patients should receive a comprehensive periodontal evaluation and their risk factors should be identified at least on an annual basis. Such an evaluation includes discussion with the patient regarding his/her chief complaint, medical and dental history review, clinical examination, and radiographic analysis. Microbiologic, genetic, biochemical, or other diagnostic tests may also be useful, on an individual basis, for assessing the periodontal status of selected individuals or sites. The following procedures should be included in a comprehensive periodontal evaluation: Extra- and intraoral examination to detect non-periodontal oral diseases or conditions. Examination of teeth and dental implants to evaluate the topography of the gingiva and related structures; to measure probing depths, the width of keratinized tissue, gingival recession, and attachment level; to evaluate the health of the subgingival area with measures such as bleeding on probing and suppuration; to assess clinical furcation status; and to detect endodontic–periodontal lesions. Assessment of the presence, degree, and/or distribution of plaque/biofilm, calculus, and gingival inflammation. Dental examination including caries assessment, proximal contact relationships, the status of dental restorations and prosthetic appliances, and other tooth- or implant-related problems. An occlusal examination that includes, but may not be limited to, determining the degree of mobility of teeth and dental implants, occlusal patterns and discrepancy, and determination of fremitus. Interpretation of current and comprehensive diagnostic-quality radiographs to visualize each tooth and/or implant in its entirety and assess the quality/quantity of bone and establish bone loss patterns. Evaluation of potential periodontal–systemic interrelationships. Assessment of the need for and suitability of dental implants. Determination and assessment of patient risk factors such as age, diabetes, smoking, cardiovascular disease, and other systemic conditions associated with development and/or progression of periodontal disease. ESTABLISHING A DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT PLAN Clinical findings together with a diagnosis and prognosis should be used to develop a logical plan of treatment to eliminate or alleviate the signs and symptoms of periodontal diseases, thereby arresting or slowing further disease progression. The treatment plan should be used to establish the methods and sequence of delivering appropriate periodontal treatment, which may include non-surgical, surgical, regenerative, and cosmetic periodontal therapy or dental implant placement. When indicated, the plan should include: Medical and dental consultation or referral for treatment, when appropriate. Surgical and non-surgical periodontal and implant procedures to be performed. Consideration of adjunctive restorative, prosthetic, orthodontic, and/or endodontic consultation or treatment. Provision for ongoing reevaluation during periodontal or dental implant therapy and throughout the maintenance phase of treatment. Consideration of diagnostic testing that may include microbiologic, genetic, or biochemical assessment or monitoring during the course of periodontal therapy. Consideration of risk factors including, but not limited to, diabetes and smoking, which play a role in development, progression, and management of periodontal diseases. Periodontal maintenance program including ongoing evaluation and reevaluation for treatment. INFORMED CONSENT AND PATIENT RECORDS Informed consent should be obtained prior to the commencement of therapy. Complete records of the periodontal examination (including full charting), diagnosis, treatment, and recommended follow-up are essential and should be maintained according to state law. Information given to the patient should include the following: The diagnosis, etiology, proposed therapy, possible alternative treatment(s), and the prognosis with and without the proposed therapy or possible alternatives. Recommendations for treatment to be performed by other dentists or physicians. The reasonably foreseeable inherent risks and potential complications associated with the proposed therapy, including failure with the ultimate loss of teeth or dental implants. The need for periodontal maintenance treatment after active therapy due to the potential for disease recurrence. TREATMENT PROCEDURES When indicated, treatment should include: Patient education, training in oral hygiene, and counseling on control of risk factors (e.g., stress, medical status, smoking, etc.) with appropriate referral if needed. Management of periodontal–systemic interrelationships, when appropriate. Removal of supra- and subgingival bacterial plaque/biofilm and calculus by comprehensive, meticulous periodontal scaling and root planing. In some instances, these procedures may be incorporated into the surgical treatment. Chemotherapeutic agents may be used as appropriate to reduce, eliminate, or change the quality of microbial pathogens, or to alter the host response through local or systemic delivery. Resective procedures to reduce or eliminate periodontal pockets and create an acceptable gingival form that facilitates oral hygiene and periodontal maintenance. Soft tissue procedures include gingivectomy, gingivoplasty, and various mucogingival flap procedures. Osseous procedures include ostectomy and osteoplasty. Dental tissue procedures include root resection, tooth hemisection, and odontoplasty. Combined dental tissue and osseous procedures may be required. Periodontal regenerative procedures including bone replacement grafts, use of biologics, root biomodification, guided tissue regeneration, and combinations of these procedures for osseous, furcation, and gingival recession defects. Periodontal/oral reconstructive procedures include guided bone regeneration, ridge augmentation, ridge preservation, implant site development, and sinus grafting. Periodontal plastic surgery for gingival augmentation, correction of recession or soft tissue deformities, or enhancement of oral esthetics. Occlusal therapy that may include tooth movement, occlusal adjustment, splinting, periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics, or biteguard therapy as a means to establish and maintain occlusal health. Preprosthetic periodontal procedures including exploratory flap surgery, resective procedures, regenerative procedures, mucogingival procedures, or crown lengthening. Selective extraction of teeth, roots, or implants. Surgical placement of dental implants and management of peri-implant disease. Procedures to facilitate orthodontic treatment including tooth exposure, frenulectomy, fiberotomy, temporary anchorage devices, and gingival augmentation. Finishing procedures, which include post-treatment evaluation with review and reinforcement of daily oral hygiene when appropriate. EVALUATION OF THERAPY Upon completion of planned periodontal therapy, the record should document that: The patient has been counseled on why and how to perform an effective daily personal oral hygiene program including managing their own personal risk factors associated with development and/or progression of periodontal diseases. All indicated therapeutic procedures have been performed. The patient's response to therapy has been evaluated, and treatment objectives have been met. A recommendation has been made for the correction of any tooth form, tooth position, restoration, or prosthesis considered to be contributing to the periodontal disease process. An appropriate professional periodontal maintenance program, specific to individual circumstances, has been recommended to the patient for long-term control of his/her condition, as well as for the maintenance of dental implants, if present. This should include professional management of those risk factors associated with development and/or progression of periodontal diseases including, but not limited to, smoking and diabetes. FACTORS MODIFYING RESULTS The results of periodontal therapy may be adversely affected by factors that include systemic diseases; inadequate plaque/biofilm control; unknown or undeterminable etiologies; pulpal–periodontal problems; inability or failure of the patient to follow the suggested treatment or maintenance program; adverse environmental influences such as smoking and stress; occlusal dysfunction; and uncorrectable anatomic, structural, or iatrogenic causalities. Patients with medical compromises, those who refuse or delay treatment, or those who present with other limitations may be unable to undergo recommended procedures required to establish a completely healthy periodontium. In those situations, appropriate therapy to establish the best possible periodontal health is indicated. PERIODONTAL MAINTENANCE THERAPY Upon completion of active periodontal therapy, periodontal maintenance visits should include: Update of medical and dental histories. Evaluation of current extra- and intraoral periodontal and peri-implant soft tissues as well as dental hard tissues and referral when indicated (e.g., for treatment of carious lesions, pulpal pathoses, or other conditions) and diagnostic-quality radiographs when appropriate. Assessment of the oral hygiene status with reinstruction when indicated. Mechanical tooth cleaning to disrupt/remove dental plaque, biofilms, stain, and calculus. Local delivery or systemic chemotherapeutic agents may be used as adjunctive treatment for recurrent or refractory disease. Ongoing assessment of risk factors to identify an individual who may be more highly susceptible to ongoing breakdown of the periodontal or peri-implant tissues, with elimination or mitigation of new or persistent risk and etiologic factors with appropriate treatment. Identification and treatment of new, recurrent, or refractory areas of periodontal and peri-implant pathoses. Establishment of an appropriate interval for periodontal maintenance. The patient should be kept informed of: Areas of persistent, recurrent, refractory, or newly occurring periodontal or peri-implant disease. Changes in the periodontal prognosis and risk factors associated with periodontal diseases. Advisability of further periodontal treatment or retreatment of indicated sites. Status of dental implants. 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