Prevalence Of Acinetobacter Research Articles

Evaluation of Shift Work on Bacterial Contamination of Cellular Phone of Health Care Staff at Adult Trauma Intensive Care Unit

Background: The goal of this study was to explore the eect of a shift work at adult trauma intensive care units on microbial con- tamination of cellular phones. Prevalence and type of microorganisms on intensive care unit (ICU) sta mobile phones is considered as a major route for transmission of infection. Methods: As a cross sectional study, cultures of mobile phone of 80 sta working at six adult trauma ICUs (54 beds) of a tertiary uni- versity aliated hospital in Shiraz (Iran), were obtained, upon start and at the end of a shift. Samples were sent to the microbiologic laboratory of the hospital and cultured on specified media. Results: From 80 cell phones, 74 (92.5%) were contaminated upon entrance to ICU. Microorganisms included Staphylococcus co- agulase negative 48 (60%), Bacillus 16 (20%), Acinetobacter 3 (3.75%) and others (Enterobacter, non hemolytic Streptococcus, E. coli and Serratia) with prevalence of 7 (8.75%). In comparison, exit cultures were positive for 49 (62.6%) of the cell phones that compromised of 34 (43.8%) coagulase negative Staphylococcus, 8 (10%) Bacillus, 2 (2.5%) Acinetobacter, and 5 (5.3%) contaminations with other microor- ganisms. Results showed a significant reduction in positive cultures at exit time from ICU. No correlation could be found between age, marital status, work experience in either hospital or ICU and changes in contamination of mobile phones. There was only a relationship between shift time and microbial colonization, which was more prevalent in night shifts followed by afternoon and morning shifts. Acinetobacter contamination of mobile phones of healthcare workers was more prevalent upon entrance to ICU than at exit time. Conclusions: High prevalence of cellular phone contamination with potential microorganisms is a major concern in adult trauma ICUs. Contamination of this equipment is more prevalent upon start of shift work, so a reverse transmission of bacteria may take place. Prevalence of Acinetobacter on entrance cultures necessitates special consideration. Infection control strategies to reduce cell phone colonization of trauma ICU sta, should be applied.

Abstract 2879: Profiling of lung microbial communities in lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients

Abstract Background: The composition and structure of site-specific microbiota have recently been described as a biomarker associated with a variety of high impact diseases including cancer. This study sought to identify lung microbial signatures in smokers with lung cancer (LC) and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Material and Methods: We employed 16S rRNA gene compositional analysis to compare the microbiota in Optimal Cutting Temperature (OCT) embedded biopsies of lung-tissue from 30 smokers, including 10 patients with LC only, 10 patients with COPD only, and 10 patients with both LC and COPD, selected from a longitudinal study of COPD exacerbation conducted in Houston, Texas, during 2005 to 2012. Results: Microbial signatures calculated based on the 16S rRNA gene data showed that patients with COPD only presented a very distinct microbial structure defined by a significantly lower Shannon Diversity Index compared to patients with LC only (P = 0.04), and patients with both LC and COPD (P = 0.003), suggesting lower bacterial richness and evenness. Furthermore, biopsies from patients with COPD only were characterized by an increased prevalence of Acinetobacter (P < 0.0001) and Acidovorax (P < 0.0001), and a lower prevalence of Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, and Ruminococcus species compared to patients with LC only and those with both LC and COPD. However, patients with both COPD and LC were indistinguishable from those with LC only. Conclusions: This study is the first and largest to examine the composition of the lung microbiome in smokers with LC and/or COPD. Specific bacterial signatures were identified in patients with LC only and those with both COPD and LC demonstrating that the lung microbiome can be used as a biomarker for the two diseases. Altogether, we observed altered lung microbiota of COPD and LC, but whether this is involved in disease causation or is a consequence of host selection remains unclear. Citation Format: Yanhong Liu, Nadim J Ajami, Matthew C Wong, Michael Scheurer, E. Susan Amirian, Joseph F Petrosino, Margaret R Spitz, Melissa L Bondy, Farrah Kheradmand. Profiling of lung microbial communities in lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2879. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2879

Prevalence of digestive tract colonization of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is a major health problem worldwide, especially in intensive care units (ICUs). This study aimed to detect the prevalence of A. baumannii colonization of the gastrointestinal tract of patients admitted to the ICU in two hospitals in Saudi Arabia. In addition, it aimed to characterize the molecular mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in these isolates. From January to June 2014, 565 rectal swab specimens were screened for Acinetobacer strains and carbapenem resistance using CHROMagar Acinetobacter and CHROMagar KPC agar plates, respectively. Organism identification and susceptibility were detected using the Vitek 2 system. A total of 47 Acinetobacter spp. were detected, and 35 were resistant to carbapenem, making the prevalence of Acinetobacter spp. 8.3% (47/565) and carbapenem resistance (6.2%, 35/565). The 47 strains showed remarkable clonal diversity as revealed by PFGE. Using PCR, OXA-51, a chromosomal marker for A. baumannii, was detected in 46 strains. OXA-23 β-lactamase was detected in all 35 carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii. No IMP, VIM, SPM, SIM, GIM, KPC or NDM β-lactamases were detected in these isolates. Thus, OXA-23 was the main mechanism of carbapenem resistance in these isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to detect the prevalence of Acinetobacter colonization in the digestive tract of ICU patients in Saudi Arabia. This study revealed the importance of having well-established protocols for early identification of these multidrug-resistant organisms, optimizing infection-control strategies and having active surveillance studies to reduce morbidity, mortality and cost.

Acinetobacter Species: Phenotypic Characterization And Antimicrobial Resistance

Background: Acinetobacter species is ubiquitous, aerobic gram-negative coccobacilli that are now emerging as an important nosocomial pathogen. Objectives: The present study was designed to know the prevalence of Acinetobacter in various clinical samples, their characterization and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in B.P. Koirala Institute of Health and Sciences, Dharan. Methodology: Hundred Acinetobacter isolates obtained from different clinical specimens were taken. Identification to species level was done according to standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 10 antimicrobial agents was performed by Kirby Bauer method with special reference to Minimum inhibitory concentration to meropenem. Result : The predominant Acinetobacter isolate was Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (42%) followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (34%) , Acinetobacter lwoffii (18%) and Acinetobacter junii (6%). Resistance pattern to various drugs were Meropenem (19%), Piperacillin (96%), Piperacillintazobactum (43%) , Amikacin (51%), Ceftazidime (84%), Ceftriaxone (66%), Co-trimoxazole (58%), Gentamicin (57%), Ciprofloxacin (55%), Tetracycline (53%) . Eleven isolates of Acinetobacter were resistant to Meropenem as detected by MIC testing whereas resistant Acinetobacter by disc diffusion technique were 19 in number. Conclusion: Occurrence of Acinetobacter in our hospital as an important clinical isolate is a serious matter of concern. Moreover, its involvement in wide spectrum of diseases and development of resistance to commonly used antimicrobials has further worsened the situation. Prudent use of antimicrobials, effective surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and adherence to infection control practices, perhaps are the key factors that may prevent the development and dissemination of resistance among the local isolates. Journal of Nobel Medical College Vol. 2, No.1 Issue 3 Nov.-April 2013 Page 43-48 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v2i1.7675

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Acinetobacter from raw bulk tank milk in Korea

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Acinetobacter spp. in bulk tank milk (BTM) samples from different provinces of Korea and to analyze their antimicrobial susceptibility. Altogether, 2,287 BTM samples were investigated. Among them, Acinetobacter spp. were isolated from 176 BTM samples. Out of 176 Acinetobacter spp., 57 isolates were identified as Acinetobacter baumannii. None of the isolates were resistant to cefepime, imipenem, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, or colistin. Resistance to amikacin, gentamicin, piperacillin, and cefotaxime was 2.3, 7.4, 2.3, and 4.0%, respectively. Acinetobacter spp. were least susceptible to tetracycline (17.6%), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (15.9%), ceftazidime (10.8%), and ampicillin-sulbactam (10.2%). Overall, A. baumannii strains were susceptible to most of the antimicrobial agents tested compared with other Acinetobacter spp. The Acinetobacter isolates showed 17 different patterns of antimicrobial resistance. The most frequent resistance profile observed was ampicillin-sulbactam (n=13), followed by tetracycline (n=9), ceftazidime-tetracycline (n=8), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-tetracycline (n=8). The results of this study confirmed that Acinetobacter, including A. baumannii strains, are present in BTM, which clearly showed the importance of examining BTM not only for foodborne pathogens but also for Acinetobacter spp., which could be of public health concern. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Acinetobacter spp. in BTM samples from Korea.

NOSOCOMIAL <i>ACINETOBACTER</i> INFECTIONS IN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

Acinetobacter plays an important role in the infection of patients admitted to hospitals. Acinetobacter are free living gram-negative coccobacilli that emerge as significant nosocomial pathogens in the hospital setting and are responsible for intermittent outbreaks in the Intensive Care Unit. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Acinetobacter in patients admitted into the Intensive Care Unit and determine their role in infections in the ICU. A total of one hundred patients were recruited for the study, catheter specimen urine, tracheal aspirate and blood culture were collected aseptically from the patients. The specimens were cultured on blood and MacConkey and the organisms identified using Microbact 12E (0xoid). The Plasmid analysis was done using the TENS miniprep method. Fourteen (14%) of the 100 patients recruited into the study, developed Acinetobacter infection. Acinetobacter spp constituted 9% of the total number of isolates. Twelve (86%) of the isolates were recovered from tracheal aspirate, 1(7%) from urine and 1(7%) from blood. All of the isolates harbor plasmids of varying molecular sizes. Ten of the fourteen Acinetobacter were isolated at about the same period of time in the ICU with 6(42.7%) having plasmid size in the 23.1kb band and all showed similar pattern revealing that the isolates exhibit some relatedness. The clonal nature of the isolates suggest that strict infection control practices must be adopted in ICU, also an antibiotic policy must be developed for the ICU to prevent abuse of antibiotics that may lead to selection of resistant bacteria.

Molecular Detection of Acinetobacter Species in Lice and Keds of Domestic Animals in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

This study was conducted to determine the presence of Acinetobacter and Rickettsia species DNA in lice and Melophagus ovinus (sheep ked) of animals from Oromia Regional State in Ethiopia. From September through November 2011, a total of 207 cattle, 85 sheep, 47 dogs and 16 cats were examined for ectoparasites. Results of morphological identification revealed several species of ectoparasites: Linognathus vituli (L. vituli), Bovicola bovis (B. bovis) and Solenopotes capillatus (S. capillatus) on cattle; B. ovis and Melophagus ovinus (M. ovinus) on sheep; and Heterodoxus spiniger (H. spiniger) on dogs. There was a significantly (p≤0.0001) higher prevalence of L. vituli observed in cattle than both S. capillatus and B. bovis. Molecular identification of lice using an 18S rRNA gene analysis confirms the identified lice species by morphological methods. We detected different Acinetobacter species among lice (11.1%) and keds (86.4%) including A. soli in L. vituli of cattle, A. lowffii in M. ovinus of sheep, A. pittii in H. spiniger of dogs, 1 new Acinetobacter spp. in M. ovinus and 2 new Acinetobacter spp. in H. spiniger of dogs using partial rpoB gene sequence analysis. There was a significantly higher prevalence of Acinetobacter spp. in keds than in lice (p≤0.00001). Higher percentage of Acinetobacter spp. DNA was detected in H. spiniger than in both B. ovis and L. vituli (p≤0.00001). Carbapenemase resistance encoding genes for blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-58, blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-51 were not found in any lice and keds. These findings suggest that synanthropic animals and their ectoparasites might increase the risk of human exposure to zoonotic pathogens and could be a source for Acinetobacter spp. infections in humans. However, additional epidemiological data are required to determine whether ectoparasites of animals can act as environmental reservoirs and play a role in spreading these bacteria to both animal and human hosts.

Assessing the Burden of Acinetobacter baumannii in Maryland: A Statewide Cross-Sectional Period Prevalence Survey

Objective.To determine the prevalence ofAcinetobacter baumannii, an important healthcare-associated pathogen, among mechanically ventilated patients in Maryland.Design.The Maryland MDRO Prevention Collaborative performed a statewide cross-sectional active surveillance survey of mechanically ventilated patients residing in acute care and long-term care (LTC) facilities. Surveillance cultures (sputum and perianal) were obtained from all mechanically ventilated inpatients at participating facilities during a 2-week period.Setting.All healthcare facilities in Maryland that provide care for mechanically ventilated patients were invited to participate.Patients.Mechanically ventilated patients, known to be at high risk for colonization and infection withA. baumannii, were included.Results.Seventy percent (40/57) of all eligible healthcare facilities participated in the survey, representing both acute care (n= 30) and LTC (n= 10) facilities in all geographic regions of Maryland. Surveillance cultures were obtained from 92% (358/390) of eligible Patients.A. baumanniiwas identified in 34% of all mechanically ventilated patients in Maryland; multidrug-resistantA. baumanniiwas found in 27% of all Patients.A. baumanniiwas detected in at least 1 patient in 49% of participating facilities; 100% of LTC facilities had at least 1 patient with A.baumannii, compared with 31% of acute care facilities.A. baumanniiwas identified from all facilities in which 10 or more patients were sampled.Conclusions.A.baumanniiis common among mechanically ventilated patients in both acute care and LTC facilities throughout Maryland, with a high proportion of isolates demonstrating multidrug resistance.

Assessing the Burden ofAcinetobacter baumanniiin Maryland: A Statewide Cross-Sectional Period Prevalence Survey

To determine the prevalence of Acinetobacter baumannii, an important healthcare-associated pathogen, among mechanically ventilated patients in Maryland. The Maryland MDRO Prevention Collaborative performed a statewide cross-sectional active surveillance survey of mechanically ventilated patients residing in acute care and long-term care (LTC) facilities. Surveillance cultures (sputum and perianal) were obtained from all mechanically ventilated inpatients at participating facilities during a 2-week period. All healthcare facilities in Maryland that provide care for mechanically ventilated patients were invited to participate. Mechanically ventilated patients, known to be at high risk for colonization and infection with A. baumannii, were included. Seventy percent (40/57) of all eligible healthcare facilities participated in the survey, representing both acute care ([Formula: see text]) and LTC ([Formula: see text]) facilities in all geographic regions of Maryland. Surveillance cultures were obtained from 92% (358/390) of eligible patients. A. baumannii was identified in 34% of all mechanically ventilated patients in Maryland; multidrug-resistant A. baumannii was found in 27% of all patients. A. baumannii was detected in at least 1 patient in 49% of participating facilities; 100% of LTC facilities had at least 1 patient with A. baumannii, compared with 31% of acute care facilities. A. baumannii was identified from all facilities in which 10 or more patients were sampled. A. baumannii is common among mechanically ventilated patients in both acute care and LTC facilities throughout Maryland, with a high proportion of isolates demonstrating multidrug resistance.

Prevalence, genomic and metabolic profiles ofAcinetobacterandAsaiaassociated with field-caughtAedes albopictusfrom Madagascar

The presence of cultivable bacteria Acinetobacter and Asaia was recently demonstrated in the mosquito vector Aedes albopictus. However, it is not known how prevalent these bacteria are in field populations. Here, the presence of these bacteria in Ae. albopictus populations from Madagascar was diagnosed by amplification of 16S rRNA gene fragments. Both genera were detected at relatively high frequencies, 46% for Asaia and 74% for Acinetobacter. The prevalence of Acinetobacter correlated significantly with mosquito gender, and the prevalence of Asaia with the interaction between mosquito gender and the sampling site. For each bacterial genus, more male than female mosquitoes were infected. Using pulse field gel electrophoresis, no significant difference in genome size was found between Acinetobacter isolates from mosquitoes compared with free-living Acinetobacter. However, a great diversity was observed in plasmid numbers (from 1 to 12) and sizes (from < 8 to 690 kb). Mosquito isolates utilized fewer substrates than free-living isolates, but some substrates known as blood or plant components were specifically utilized by mosquito isolates. Therefore it is likely that a specific subpopulation of Acinetobacter is selected by Ae. albopictus. Overall, this study emphasizes the need to gain a global view on the bacterial partners in mosquito vectors.

NOSOCOMIAL &lt;I&gt;ACINETOBACTER&lt;/I&gt; INFECTIONS IN A TERTIARY FACILITY

Acinetobacter plays an important role in the infection of patients admitted to hospitals. Acinetobacter are free living gram-negative coccobacilli that emerge as significant nosocomial pathogens in the hospital setting and are responsible for intermittent outbreaks in the Intensive Care Unit. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Acinetobacter in patients admitted into the Intensive Care Unit and determine their role in infections in the ICU. A total of one hundred patients were recruited for the study, catheter specimen urine, tracheal aspirate and blood culture were collected aseptically from the patients. The specimens were cultured on blood and MacConkey and the organisms identified using Microbact 12E (0xoid). The Plasmid analysis was done using the TENS miniprep method. Fourteen (14%) of the 100 patients recruited into the study, developed Acinetobacter infection. Acinetobacter spp constituted 9% of the total number of isolates. Twelve (86%) of the isolates were recovered from tracheal aspirate, 1(7%) from urine and 1(7%) from blood. All of the isolates harbor plasmids of varying molecular sizes. Ten of the fourteen Acinetobacter were isolated at about the same period of time in the ICU with 6(42.7%) having plasmid size in the 23.1kb band and all showed similar pattern revealing that the isolates exhibit some relatedness. The clonal nature of the isolates suggest that strict infection control practices must be adopted in ICU, also an antibiotic policy must be developed for the ICU to prevent abuse of antibiotics that may lead to selection of resistant bacteria.

Perfil de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos de bactérias isoladas do trato respiratório baixo de pacientes com pneumonia internados em hospitais brasileiros: resultados do Programa SENTRY, 1997 e 1998

Introdução: Pneumonia hospitalar é a mais fatal das infecções hospitalares, com taxas de mortalidade de 30 a 60%. Estima-se que 15% de todas as mortes associadas à hospitalização estejam diretamente relacionadas a pneumonias hospitalares. O SENTRY é um estudo de vigilância de resistência a antimicrobianos envolvendo centros médicos em todo o mundo. Objetivo: Avaliar a sensibilidade a antimicrobianos de bactérias isoladas no trato respiratório baixo de pacientes com pneumonia internados em hospitais brasileiros. Material e métodos: Foram avaliadas 525 amostras bacterianas de 11 hospitais brasileiros, como parte do programa SENTRY. Os isolados foram testados por microdiluição em caldo contra um grande número de antimicrobianos. Resultados: As cinco espécies mais freqüentes foram (n/%): Pseudomonas aeruginosa (158/30,1%), Staphylococcus aureus (103/19,6%), Acinetobacter spp. (68/13,0%), Klebsiella spp. (50/9,5%), e Enterobacter spp. (44/8,4%). Essas cinco espécies representam mais de 80% de toda a amostragem. A P. aeruginosa apresentou altas taxas de resistência à maioria dos antimicrobianos testados. As maiores taxas de sensibilidade foram apresentadas por piperacilina/tazobactam (71,5%) e meropenem (69,0%). Os compostos com maior atividade in vitro contra Acinetobacter spp. foram imipenem e meropenem (80,9% de sensibilidade) seguido pela tetraciclina (63,2%). A sensibilidade das amostras de Klebsiella spp. foi muito baixa. MICs &gt; ou = 2mig/mL para ceftriaxona ou ceftazidima, indicando produção de ESBL, foram encontrados em 36,0% das amostras. Os antimicrobianos mais ativos contra Klebsiella spp. foram os carbapenens (100% de sensibilidade) e as quinolonas (92,0% de sensibilidade). Ceftriaxona foi ativa contra somente 56,8% das amostras de Enterobacter spp. (MIC50, 1mig/mL), enquanto a cefepima foi ativa contra 88,6% destes isolados (MIC50, &lt;= 0,12mig/mL). A resistência à oxacilina foi detectada em 43,7% dos isolados de S. aureus. As drogas mais ativas contra essa espécie foram: vancomicina, teicoplanina, quinupristin-dalfopristin e linezolida. Conclusões: Os resultados do presente estudo mostraram alta prevalência de Acinetobacter spp. e altas taxas de resistência entre bacilos gram-negativos quando comparados com resultados de estudos norte-americanos e europeus.

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for pathogens isolated from patients in Latin American medical centers with a diagnosis of pneumonia: analysis of results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997)

Pneumonia is the most common fatal hospital-acquired infection, with attributable mortality rates ranging from 30 to 60%. Rapid initiation of optimal antimicrobial therapy is essential for obtaining treatment success. In this report the antimicrobial susceptibility of 556 strains from the lower respiratory tract were collected by the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997). These strains were isolated from hospitalized patients with pneumonia in 10 Latin American centers (6 countries) as part of this 68-center worldwide program. The isolates were susceptibility tested against more than 70 drugs (35 reported) by the reference broth microdilution method. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli phenotypically consistent with extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production were characterized further by ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The five most frequently isolated species were (n/%): Pseudomonas aeruginosa (149/26.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (127/22.8%), Acinetobacter spp. (66/11.9%), Klebsiella spp. (56/10.1%), and Enterobacter spp. (40/7.2%). P. aeruginosa demonstrated high rates of resistance to a majority of the antimicrobial drugs tested. Carbapenems, amikacin, and piperacillin/tazobactam demonstrated the highest susceptibility rates (73.8–77.2%) against P. aeruginosa, however the lowest resistance rate was observed for cefepime (6.7%). Acinetobacter spp. also showed very high rates of resistance and the most active compounds were imipenem and meropenem (89.0% susceptibility) followed by the tetracyclines. Cephalosporin susceptibilities among Klebsiella spp. were low: cefoxitin, 73.0%; ceftazidime, 69.4%; and ceftriaxone, 65.9%. Approximately 37% and 28% of K. pneumoniae and E. coli isolates, respectively, were considered ESBL producers based on NCCLS criteria. Ceftriaxone was active against only 52.5% of Enterobacter spp. isolates, whereas cefepime was active against 90.0% of isolates (MIC50, ≤0.12 μg/mL). Oxacillin resistance was detected in nearly 50% of S. aureus isolates. The most active drugs against S. aureus were vancomycin, teicoplanin, and quinupristin/dalfopristin (MIC90, 1 μg/mL). In summary, our study of pneumonias in Latin American medical centers demonstrated a greatly increased prevalence of Acinetobacter spp. and higher resistance rates among Gram-negative bacilli when compared with similar controlled studies from North America.