Prevalence In Female Population Research Articles

Cancers Attributable to Obesity in Indonesia: A Prevalence Based Study Using Disability Adjusted Life Years

The prevalence of obesity in the world has nearly tripled since 1975. Obesity clearly known as risk factor for various diseases, including many types of cancer. This study aims to determine the obesity attributable fraction (OAF) of seven cancers based on the relative risk of esophageal cancer, colorectal, pancreatic, endometrial, ovarian, prostate and kidney cancer and also to estimate the burden of cancer caused by obesity with disability adjusted life years (DALY) indicator. This study is a descriptive epidemiological study with prevalence-based method, which the prevalence data obtained from Indonesian National Health Insurance (BPJS) 2016. The OAF is calculated by combining both data of obesity prevalence and relative risk and the DALY indicator is calculated as the sum of years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL) and the equivalent healthy years lost due to disability (YLD). Based on OAF calculation, three highest proportions OAF in men were in colorectal cancer (6.02%), kidney (4.91%) and pancreatic cancer (4.55%), while in women were from kidney cancer (13.92%), endometrial (12.63%) and colorectal cancer (7.49%). Meanwhile the burden priorities of cancer by obesity in Indonesia were come from colon cancer (23,051), ovarian cancer (21.911), and pancreatic cancer (4,564). Burden of cancer attributable to obesity in Indonesia mostly related to digestive organ and high prevalence in female population. It is the impact of life changes and less activity due to globalization. All cancers attributable to obesity should be considered and have to controlled by the government through health programs and policies.

158 TAKO-TSUBO CARDIOMYOPATHY IN PATIENTS ADMITTED FOR PRIMARY PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION IN A HIGH VOLUME UK CENTRE

<h3>Introduction</h3> Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is increasingly being recognised in patients admitted with suspected acute coronary syndrome, as access to angiography and echocardiography are much quicker than before. Typically, patients with TCM present to the primary PCI service (PPCI) with chest pain and ST elevation on their electrocardiogram mimicking ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, there is no ‘real-world’ data about the prevalence of this condition in PPCI admissions for suspected STEMI. Therefore we aimed to analyse the prevalence of TCM in a high volume regional PPCI service in UK. <h3>Methods</h3> All patients admitted with suspected STEMI between Sept 2009 and Nov 2011 to our centre were included. After excluding those who underwent PPCI, We analysed the echocardiogram and/or left ventriculogram of those patients who did not undergo PPCI to identify patients with typical TCM features of apical akinesia with basal hyperkinesia. Their coronary angiograms were reviewed and the inclusion criteria to identify TCM was the absence of significant coronary disease with no artery having &gt;50% stenosis. <h3>Results</h3> Of the 1875 patients admitted, 17 (0.9%) patients (0 m, 17 f) with the mean age of 70±10.7 years (range 56–94 years) were identified to have typical TCM features. The prevalence of TCM in female PPCI admission was 3.1% (17/560) (figure&nbsp;1). The admission ECG showed ST elevation in 14 patients (82%) and three had LBBB (18%). In those who had positive hsTroponin (n=16, 94.1%), the mean level was 921±668 (median 778, range 110–2550). Two patients had cardiac arrest prior to hospital admission with successful resuscitation. Left ventricular function was severely impaired (EF≤30%) in 2 patients whilst all others had moderately impaired LV function (EF 31–50%) (table&nbsp;1). Aspirin, β-blocker, Angiotensin converter enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) was given to 13 (76.5%), 13 (76.5%) and 15 (88.2%) patients respectively on their discharge. All the 15 patients who had repeat echocardiogram within 3 months of their index admission showed complete recovery of their LV function. During a mean follow up period of 22±7 months (median 21, range 8–36 months), there was no mortality. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This first ‘real-world’ observational study of TCM in STEMI patients admitted for PPCI to a single centre showed an overall prevalence of 0.9% with 3% prevalence in female population. Although TCM is not benign during the acute episode, there is an excellent survival outcome if managed appropriately during the acute phase.

Prevalence of Palpable Thyroid Nodule in Isfahan, Iran, 2006: A Population Based Study

This cross-sectional study enrolled 2 523 of adult general population (age > 20 years) of Isfahan city. History taking and thyroid exam was performed by seven trained general practitioners. The concentration of TSH was measured in all, TgAb and TPOAb in approximately one in six and urinary iodine concentration in one fourth of them, randomly. We recalled people with any suspicious abnormality in thyroid exam or whose TSH levels were not normal at present or past. They were re-visited by an endocrinologist to confirm or rule out the diagnosis and second serum sample was obtained to measure T4, T3, T3RU and TSH. Thyroid nodule was identified in 62 (17 men and 45 women) out of 2 523 participants (2.5%; 95% CI: 2-3). Single and multiple nodules were found in 56 (2.2%; 95% CI: 1-2.5) and 6 (0.24%; 95% CI: 0.07-0.5) out of 2 523 persons, respectively. The prevalence of nodule was higher in females (3.5%) than in males (1.3%) (OR=2.72, 95% CI, 1.53-5.06, P=0.001). It was significantly higher in patients older than 35 years in comparison with younger people (3.3% vs. 1.3%; OR=2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.7; P=0.002). The prevalence of thyroid nodule in our study is less than what has been reported in other countries. It is due to lower prevalence in female population. Its prevalence in males is similar to other studies. It seems that geographical and racial differences or higher prevalence of deeper location of some nodules in female Isfahani population could explain this finding.

Seroprevalence of HIV infection in antenatal women in Kashmir and Ladakh regions of North India

In recent years AIDS has emerged as the biggest ever threat to humanity. Increasing number of women are being infected through their infected partners all over the world with an increasing proportion of cases attributed to heterosexual transmission. Prevalence of HIV in pregnancy would indicate HIV prevalence in female population and to some extent in general population. Definite cure for HIV is still far from reach but prevention of further spread of disease remains the only effective strategy. As HIV infection in women occurs primarily during their reproductive years pregnancy provides a unique opportunity for implementing HIV infection prevention strategies in women. Hence the study was planned to determine the seroprevalence of HIV infection in pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) clinics. Although antenatal screening of HIV has gained ground as a part of ANC various studies conducted worldwide conclude that HIV testing should be universal rather than selective because selective HIV testing may fail to detect majority of cases as is seen in our case. (excerpt)