Global Pressure Research Articles

Effects of Global Supply Chain Pressure on Sentiment, Expectation, and Uncertainty: A VAR Approach

This paper studies the relationship of global supply chain pressure with consumer sentiment, inflation expectation, and monetary policy uncertainty in the United States. A sample from January 1998 to January 2024 is used, and this paper uses a Vector Autoregression (VAR) approach based on the method proposed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995). The Granger causality test suggests that the predictions of inflation expectation based on its own past values and the past values of the global supply chain pressure are better predictions of inflation expectation than just using the past observations of inflation expectation. In contrast, Impulse Response Functions suggest that surprise increases in global supply chain pressure lead to increased inflation expectation and monetary policy uncertainty; this shock lasts up to two years. Meanwhile, the Impulse Response Functions suggest that surprise increases in the global supply chain pressure decrease consumer sentiment (confidence), lasting up to two and a half years. Afterward, the impact converges back to zero. Additionally, the Variance Decomposition results suggest that by the final period, the impulses of the global supply chain pressure explain over 22%, 7%, and 44% of the variation of consumer sentiment, monetary policy uncertainty, and inflation expectation, respectively.

Decarbonising the Australian economy: A first step

AbstractAmidst mounting global pressure, governments worldwide have embarked on a collective journey towards decarbonising their economies within the next 30 years. This ambitious goal necessitates the phasing out of naturally occurring hydrocarbons such as coal, natural gas, and oil. However, our analysis of data from academic papers, Australian Federal Government publications, and reports from energy industry bodies and manufacturers of electricity‐generating equipment suggests that such a complete elimination of fossil fuel use is not feasible. The data we've gathered, however, indicate that transitioning to a connected energy island power generation topology could at least create a sustainably robust energy supply capable of propelling Australia towards its environmental targets while bolstering its future economic well‐being.

Continuing ‘reforming’ policies in teacher education internationally: what can we learn from current accounts?

ABSTRACT This article discusses common geopolitical issues, such as globalisation, decolonialisation, and economic pressure that affect the development of teacher education policy in England, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, Russia, Israel, Jamaica, Portugal, Japan, Poland, and China. It goes on to describe these nations’ responses to these pressures and the challenges that they have and continue to face in developing their teacher education systems and building the profession. The article concludes with consideration of the ongoing struggle for the soul of teacher education, especially in England.

New multivariate models for the estimation of earth’s albedo and its variation with meteorological parameters over Kano, Nigeria

The study of what happens to sunlight as it goes through the atmosphere is vital to many fields of science because over time, reflection, scattering, and absorption in the atmosphere have changed the amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth's surface. This study examined the variation in albedo over Kano, situated in the Sahelian climatic zone of Nigeria. The study's data, which covered the years 1984–2022, totaled thirty-nine, was obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Utilizing monthly average daily measured meteorological data on global solar radiation, wind speed, mean temperature, surface pressure, and relative humidity, eleven models of three categories based on two, three, and four variable regression models were developed. Five validation indicators were used to verify the regression models: the t-test, coefficient of determination (R2), mean percentage error (MPE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean bias error (MBE). The developed models that were considered most appropriate for estimating surface albedo were ranked; the three-variable regression model ALB7, which included the wind speed, relative humidity, and mean temperature, outperformed the previously employed generalized method from literature in estimating surface albedo over Kano. The variation of measured albedo with meteorological parameters depicts a direct relationship for clearness index and wind speed; an inverse relationship was observed for surface pressure. Mean temperature and surface pressure exhibit an inverse relationship during the wet season and vice versa for the dry season.

Whole-chain intensification of pig and chicken farming could lower emissions with economic and food production benefits.

Intensified monogastric livestock management could conserve feed inputs and mitigate some of the environmental and climate challenges associated with animal production. In this study, we used data from 166 countries to model the environmental, climate and economic impacts of pig and chicken intensification. We found that whole-chain intensification could reduce annual nitrogen and greenhouse gas emissions by 49% (4.6 Tg) and 68% (554 Tg CO2-equivalent), respectively. These changes translate to 5.0 Tg lower nitrogen fertilizer input for feed production, resulting in an overall benefit of US$93 billion. Integrated crop-livestock optimization under intensive management could release 27 Mha of cropland and provide additional food for 310 million people. A judicious promotion of intensification could alleviate global pressures related to food security, environment and climate change.

Evolution and prognostic impact of left ventricular myocardial work indices after transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with severe aortic stenosis

Abstract Introduction Left ventricular myocardial work (LVMW) is an echocardiographic-based technique to evaluate LV function using pressure-strain loops and therefore correcting for the left ventricular (LV) afterload. LVMW indices have been shown to be of prognostic importance in patients with aortic stenosis (AS) before transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), but no data is available on the evolution and the prognostic value of these parameters after TAVR. Purpose To measure LVMW indices before and after TAVR in patients with severe AS and explore the association with outcome. Methods As previously validated, LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) and LV systolic pressure (as the sum of the brachial arterial blood pressure and mean aortic valve gradient before TAVR and as brachial arterial blood pressure after TAVR) were incorporated to build pressure-strain loops and to calculate the following LVMW indices: global work index (LV GWI), global constructive work (LV GCW), global wasted work (LV GWW) and global work efficiency (LV GWE). The endpoint was all-cause mortality. Results A total of 255 patients were included with a median age of 82 years (IQR 77-85); 51% were men and 67% presented with NYHA class III/IV. After TAVR, LVEF and LV GLS remained in average unchanged (from 56 to 55%, p=0.470 and from 13.6 to 13.2%, p=0.068). While LV GWW remained unchanged after TAVR (from 247 to 258mmHg%, p=0.080), LV GWI, LV GCW and LV GWE significantly decreased (from 1882 to 1291mmHg%, p <0.001, from 2248 to 1671mmHg%, p <0.001 and from 89 to 85%, p <0.001 respectively). During a median follow-up of 59 months (IQR 40-72), 129 patients died. Univariable Cox regression analysis identified an association between all-cause mortality and male sex, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), renal function, atrial fibrillation, Charlson comorbidity index, pacemaker implantation, and post-TAVR LV GLS, LV GWI and LV GCW. These clinical parameters were used as a basal multivariable Cox regression model of which on top either post-TAVR LV GLS, LV GWI or LV GCW were added. All these parameters of post-TAVR LV systolic function showed an independent association with all-cause mortality, but LV GWI demonstrated the highest increase in model predictivity (Figure 1). Given the prognostic relevance of post-TAVR LV GWI, the population was divided into LV GWI tertiles. The group with the lowest LV GWI tertile showed a significantly higher proportion of male patients, higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation and also worse pre-TAVR LVEF, LV GLS, LV GWI, LV GCW and LV GWE. Kaplan Meier survival analysis confirmed the worse survival in the group with the lowest LV GWI compared to the highest tertile (log-rank ꭓ2: 8,224, p 0.016, Figure 2). Conclusion LVMW indices change after TAVR and post-TAVR LV GLS, LV GWI, LV GCW are independently associated with all-cause mortality. Among these parameters, LV GWI yielded the highest prognostic value.

Unsupervised machine learning identifies distinct phenotypes in cardiac complications of pediatric patients treated with anthracyclines

BackgroundAnthracyclines are essential in pediatric cancer treatment, but patients are at risk cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD). Standardized definitions by the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS) aim to enhance precision in risk assessment.ObjectivesCategorize distinct phenotypes among pediatric patients undergoing anthracycline chemotherapy using unsupervised machine learning.MethodsPediatric cancer patients undergoing anthracycline chemotherapy at our institution were retrospectively included. Clinical and echocardiographic data at baseline, along with follow-up data, were collected from patient records. Unsupervised machine learning was performed, involving dimensionality reduction using principal component analysis and K-means clustering to identify different phenotypic clusters. Identified phenogroups were analyzed for associations with CTRCD, defined following contemporary IC-OS definitions, and hypertensive response.ResultsA total of 187 patients (63.1% male, median age 15.5 years [10.4–18.7]) were included and received anthracycline chemotherapy with a median treatment duration of 0.66 years [0.35–1.92]. Median follow-up duration was 2.78 years [1.31–4.21]. Four phenogroups were identified with following distribution: Cluster 0 (32.6%, n = 61), Cluster 1 (13.9%, n = 26), Cluster 2 (24.6%, n = 46), and Cluster 3 (28.9%, n = 54). Cluster 0 showed the highest risk of moderate CTRCD (HR: 3.10 [95% CI: 1.18–8.16], P = 0.022) compared to other clusters. Cluster 3 demonstrated a protective effect against hypertensive response (HR: 0.30 [95% CI: 0.13– 0.67], P = 0.003) after excluding baseline hypertensive patients. Longitudinal assessments revealed differences in global longitudinal strain and systolic blood pressure among phenogroups.ConclusionsUnsupervised machine learning identified distinct phenogroups among pediatric cancer patients undergoing anthracycline chemotherapy, offering potential for personalized risk assessment.

GLOBAL–LOCAL DRIVING FORCES of CHINA’S GREENING of INDUSTRY

ABSTRACT The greening of industry is an inevitable path for developing economies to achieve sustainability transition. However, the specific roles of global and local driving forces are still not substantially understood. This study develops a three-dimensional framework, which includes coercive pressures, normative pressures, and technology acquisition to analyze the influence of global and local drivers on China’s greening of industry. We measure the industrial eco-efficiency (IEE) using Super-SBM model and analyze its influencing factors using the Tobit regression model at the provincial level in China from 2010 to 2020. China’s IEE evolution and its drivers are stage-specific and regionally differentiated, and differences also exist in the roles of global and local drivers. Developing countries initially start the green development of industry under global normative pressures through integration in the global production network. Thereafter, global coercive pressures and local forces, including domestic technologies, market demands, and effective regulations, drive the further greening of industry. The different potentials of regional coercive and normative pressures depend on industrial structures and socio-technical regimes. Policy recommendations for the greening of industry in developing economies are proposed.

Baseline for marine cave monitoring strategies in the Alboran Sea using modified Cave Ecosystem-Based Quality Index (CavEBQI)

Marine caves constitute vulnerable habitats with unique and diverse biocoenoses. Monitoring these habitats is still challenging, which hinders the ability to evaluate global and local pressures that threatens their ecological value. In this study, ecological quality is estimated in twenty-one marine caves distributed along the northern and southern coasts of the Alboran Sea, a highly understudied area regarding marine caves. For that purpose, adjustments on the original Cave Ecosystem Based Quality Index (CavEBQI) are suggested in order to efficiently estimate the ecological quality of marine caves. Several methodological aspects regarding the assessment of biotic coverage, the visual census of motile fauna and the plasticity of the index usability were evaluated. Ecological quality of marine caves was in average “good” although it ranged between “poor”, “moderate” and “good” depending on the features of each cave. This study emphasizes the importance of adapting biotic indicators to biogeographical differences and technological advancements.

Modelling the Effects of Forest use Change on Brownification of Finnish Rivers under Atmospheric Pressure.

Browning of surface waters due to increased terrestrial loading of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is observed across the Northern Hemisphere. The effects influence several ecosystem services from freshwater productivity to water purification. Brownification is often explained by changes in large-scale anthropogenic pressures and ecosystem functioning (acidification, climate change, and land cover changes). This study examined the effect of forest use changes on water browning in Finland, considering the effects of global pressures. Our goal was to find the ecosystems and geographic areas that are most sensitive to environmental pressures that increase the loading of DOM. We were also looking for land use strategies that decrease browning. We combined mathematical watershed modelling to scenarios of climate change, atmospheric deposition, and forest use change. Changes included scenarios of forest harvest and protection on forest, that were derived from European Union's regulation. The study area covered 20 watersheds from south to north of Finland. In northern Finland brownification continue. In southern Finland global influence (atmospheric deposition, climate change) seem to weaken, giving more space for local forest use change having an influence on brownification. Forest use change was more influential in river basins dominated by organic soils than in mineral soils. Extending forest protection decreased brownification especially in areas where the influence of atmospheric pressure is decreasing. When forest protection is planned to provide a carbon storage and sequestration potential and to favor biodiversity, it has favorable effect on surface water quality as well.

The Chinese idea of a university in flux: academic freedom and institutional autonomy under entrepreneurial reforms in the GBA

ABSTRACT The complexity of the idea of a university has been intensified globally as more universities pursue entrepreneurship. For modern universities in China as latecomers, contemporary entrepreneurial reforms are implemented against a backdrop of ongoing interactions between Chinese and Western ideas of a university, with the Western established as the formal system and the Chinese functioning informally yet powerfully. Through 71 semi-structured interviews at four universities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, this study explores how academic freedom and institutional autonomy are perceived by Chinese academics under entrepreneurial reforms. The study has two major findings through Clark’s analytical framework of academic, government, and market forces: (1) A novel form of statist academic freedom is emerging, merging traditional Chinese scholarly values with state-driven entrepreneurial demands; (2) The adapted triple helix model in China emphasises competition and excellence, shaped by a unique blend of state influence and market dynamics. It offers a nuanced perspective on academic freedom and institutional autonomy amidst entrepreneurial reforms in China, highlighting a compatibility with Chinese idea of a university and a response to global entrepreneurial pressures.

Stomatal closure as a driver of minimum leaf conductance declines at high temperature and vapor pressure deficit in Quercus.

Rising global temperatures and vapor pressure deficits (VPD) are increasing plant water demand and becoming major drivers of large-scale plant mortality. Controlling transient leaf water loss after stomatal closure (gmin) is recognized as a key trait determining how long plants survive during soil drought. Yet, substantial uncertainty remains regarding how gmin responds to elevated temperatures and VPD and the underlying mechanisms. We measured gmin in 24 Quercus species from temperate and Mediterranean climates to determine if gmin was sensitive to a coupled temperature and VPD increase. We also explored mechanistic links to phenology, climate, evolutionary history, and leaf anatomy. We found that gmin in all species exhibited a non-linear negative temperature and VPD dependence. At 25°C (VPD = 2.2 kPa), gmin varied from 1.19 to 8.09 mmol m-2 s-1 across species but converged to 0.57 ± 0.06 mmol m-2 s-1 at 45°C (VPD = 6.6 kPa). In a subset of species, the effect of temperature and VPD on gmin was reversible and linked to the degree of stomatal closure, which was greater at 45°C than at 25°C. Our results show that gmin is dependent on temperature and VPD, is highly conserved in Quercus species, and is linked to leaf anatomy and stomatal behavior.

Visualizing Plant Responses: Novel Insights Possible Through Affordable Imaging Techniques in the Greenhouse.

Efficient and affordable plant phenotyping methods are an essential response to global climatic pressures. This study demonstrates the continued potential of consumer-grade photography to capture plant phenotypic traits in turfgrass and derive new calculations. Yet the effects of image corrections on individual calculations are often unreported. Turfgrass lysimeters were photographed over 8 weeks using a custom lightbox and consumer-grade camera. Subsequent imagery was analyzed for area of cover, color metrics, and sensitivity to image corrections. Findings were compared to active spectral reflectance data and previously reported measurements of visual quality, productivity, and water use. Results confirm that Red-Green-Blue imagery effectively measures plant treatment effects. Notable correlations were observed for corrected imagery, including between yellow fractional area with human visual quality ratings (r = -0.89), dark green color index with clipping productivity (r = 0.61), and an index combination term with water use (r = -0.60). The calculation of green fractional area correlated with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (r = 0.91), and its RED reflectance spectra (r = -0.87). A new chromatic ratio correlated with Normalized Difference Red-Edge index (r = 0.90) and its Red-Edge reflectance spectra (r = -0.74), while a new calculation correlated strongest to Near-Infrared (r = 0.90). Additionally, the combined index term significantly differentiated between the treatment effects of date, mowing height, deficit irrigation, and their interactions (p < 0.001). Sensitivity and statistical analyses of typical image file formats and corrections that included JPEG, TIFF, geometric lens distortion correction, and color correction were conducted. Findings highlight the need for more standardization in image corrections and to determine the biological relevance of the new image data calculations.

Investigating Sense of Place and Geoethical Awareness among Educators at the 4th Summer School of Sitia UNESCO Global Geopark: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Anthropogenic global challenges and environmental pressures are increasingly significant. Developing pro-environmental behavior and geoethics is crucial for enhancing awareness, action capability, and respect for natural systems. UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGGps) play a vital role in conserving geological and biological diversity while aligning with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. This quasi-experimental study, conducted during the 4th Summer School of Environmental Education on Geotopes and Sustainability at the Sitia UGGp, uses a pre–post design and comprehensive questionnaire to explore changes in participants’ sense of place and geoethical awareness. Results indicate significant improvements in place attachment, place meaning, and geoethical awareness. These findings suggest that stronger emotional bonds and deeper personal meanings related to the Sitia UGGp correlate with increased geoethical awareness. This research highlights the role of psychological connections in influencing geoenvironmental ethics and underscores the importance of place-based emotional and cognitive bonds in fostering geoethical thinking. However, this study’s limited sample size and the specific geographic context of Sitia UGGp may limit the generalizability of the findings. Despite these limitations, this study provides insights into the interplay of emotions, meanings, and geoethics within the sustainability and resilience spectrum.

Стабильность современной политической системы Вьетнама: эволюция, вызовы и перспективы

This article examines the stability of the modern Vietnamese political system through a comprehensive review and analysis of its historical evolution, governance structure, economic reforms, and the intricate interplay of socio-political factors. Since the implementation of Doi Moi economic reforms in 1986, Vietnam has experienced significant transformations, that have led to rapid economic growth and increasing political stability. This study delves into the pivotal role played by the Communist Party of Vietnam in maintaining a one-party system while simultaneously introducing market-oriented reforms. It evaluates the impacts of such reforms on the political landscape, discussing how economic success has contributed to the legitimacy of the state and sustained public confidence. Furthermore, the research identifies internal and external challenges faced by Vietnam, including corruption, human rights concerns, and the pressures of globalization, while examining the state's response through institutional reforms and policy adjustments. The findings of the study suggest that Vietnam's political stability is influenced by a complex set of factors, including economic achievements, institutional reforms, and the central role of the Communist Party.

The distribution of environmental pressures from global dietary shift

Abstract The production and consumption of food is one of the main drivers of environmental change globally. Meanwhile, many populations remain malnourished due to insufficient or unhealthy diets. Increasingly, dietary shifts are proposed as a means to address both environmental and health concerns. We have a limited understanding of how dietary shifts could alter where food is produced and consumed and how these changes would affect the distribution of environmental pressures both globally and across different groups of people. Here we combine new food flow data linking producing to consuming country with environmental pressures to estimate how a global shift to each of four diets (Indian, EAT-Lancet, Mediterranean, and mean Food Based Dietary Guidelines) could affect environmental pressures at the global, country income group, and country level. Globally, cumulative pressures decrease under the Indian, EAT-Lancet, and Mediterranean scenarios and increase under Food Based Dietary Guidelines. On average, low income countries increase their cumulative consumption and production pressures while high income countries decrease their consumption pressures, and typically decrease their production pressures. Increases in low income countries are likely due to the nutritional inadequacy of current diets and the corresponding increases in consumption quantities with a shift to our diet scenarios. Despite these increases, we believe that three out four of our simulated dietary shifts can be seen as a net benefit by decreasing global pressures while low income countries increase pressures to adequately feed their populations. Additionally, considering principles of fairness applied, some nations are more responsible for causing historical environmental pressures and should shoulder more of the change. To facilitate more equitable shifts in global diets, resources, capacity, and knowledge sharing of sustainable agricultural practices are critical to minimize the increases in pressures that low income countries would incur to adequately feed their populations.

The Economic Effects of Globalization on Developing Countries

Globalization is the dramatic change in the world economy, a situation in which across the border exchange activities and economic integration are becoming more intense between nations across a worldwide economic system. The paper discusses the multifaceted faces of globalization pressure on developing countries and identifies key benefits that result from such growth, as well as significant challenges. It illustrates how technology development, improved communication, and growing international trade are some of the more obvious drivers of globalization, as well as bring out the complex interface between global forces and local conditions. The main focus of this research is to present a comprehensive review of the negative and positive impacts of globalization on developing nations. The study epitomizes the enormous benefits accruable from increased market access, foreign direct investment, transfer of technology, and improvement in living standards. Opening to larger international markets helps the developing countries to diversify their economies and accelerate growth. For instance, both China and India use globalization to achieve high rates of economic growth by increasing trade and investment opportunities. It has also made vital capital and technological expertise available and has promoted much-needed industrialization and productivity enhancement. Technology transfer has enabled developing nations to step into the modernization of their industry for a more productive integration of the country into global value chains. This, in turn, will enable them to achieve higher economic growth rates and an improved standard of living. Despite such positive contributions from globalization, there are still some challenges that come along and really inhibit development. It addresses crucial backwardness, including increasing income disparity, high vulnerability to external economic shocks, and environmental degradation. In as much as globalization may result in economic growth, the accruing benefits are usually distributed very unequally, and often heighten disparities between urban and rural areas, thereby occasioning social tensions. Developing countries that are heavily dependent on exports or foreign investment may face severe economic instability during a global financial crisis. These impacts were clearly felt in most developing economies when the global financial decline occurred in 2008. Their quests for economic growth, however, have often been accompanied by unsustainable practices that bring with them environmental degradation in the form of deforestation, pollution, and the depletion of resources. Considering these benefits and challenges of globalization, some recommendations in the study for developing countries include:. These comprise domestic institution building to manage the increased complexities from globalization, investment in education and skills development to improve human capital and reduce job displacement, sustainable practices that reduce environmental impacts, and inclusive growth that allows the fruits of globalization to be equitably distributed. This will enable developing nations to manage the increased complexities from globalization and ensure sustainable economic development for their citizens. This study, in short, tried to reflect on various dimensions of globalization concerning developing countries, explaining how these could unleash economic growth, while their challenges naturally came with the process. Grasping these dynamics is crucial for policy makers, researchers, and stakeholders who seek to capitalize on the opportunities of globalization so that its fruits are equitably distributed and the negative impacts well mitigated.

A novel human-centered methodology for assessing manual-to-collaborative safe conversion of workstations

The Industry 5.0 paradigm places workers’ well-being and safety at the core of the production processes. Despite its objectives, the current industry still faces several challenges. Examples of these challenges include global market pressures for customized products, along with the significant occurrence of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders and the ageing workforce. These challenges underscore the persistent need for human-centered solutions, allowing adaptations that align with humans’ physical and cognitive constraints. Collaborative robots offer a promising solution, with the potential to enhance workers’ well-being, while maintaining safety, productivity, and production process flexibility. This study introduces a novel methodology designed to assess the feasibility of converting manual tasks into collaborative ones. During the development of the methodology, a focus group approach was used, comprising 6 experts in the field of Ergonomics & Human Factors and Robotics. The proposed methodology is suitable for the identification of tasks appropriate for joint execution by humans and robots, thereby augmenting the effectiveness of the robotic solution. This methodology incorporates a set of indicators (physical and cognitive ergonomics, health and safety, and operational efficiency) and technical requirements. The results of the focus group allowed the improvement of the suggested methodology. For its testing, we applied across 13 manual workstations in 5 companies from different manufacturing sectors (civil construction, cutlery, furniture, and automotive fabric manufacturing). Results show that it is possible to comprehensively identify manual workstations/tasks with good and high potential to convert into collaborative systems. This methodology seems to constitute a relevant approach to support the conceptualization of collaborative workstations.

Ensemble Based Estimation of Wet Refractivity Indices Using a Functional Model Approach

AbstractThe estimation of the wet refractivity indices is crucial for applications like weather predictions or improving the accuracy of real‐time positioning techniques. Traditionally, solving the inverse tomography problem to estimate these atmospheric parameters has been challenging due to its ill‐posed nature and high computational demands, necessitating additional constraints. To overcome these challenges, the data assimilation method is proposed here to integrate Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations into a background model. In this study, the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) was served as the assimilation core to reduce the computational load and to enable the epoch‐wise estimation of wet refractivity indices. The Global Pressure and Temperature 3 (GPT3w) model was utilized as the background, and wet refractivity indices at each epoch were transformed into B‐spline coefficients, representing state vector parameters. Subsequently, GNSS derived zenith wet delay (ZWD) values were integrated into the model using the EnKF method. The study's region encompassed the western parts of Europe and incorporated approximately 893 GNSS stations. Evaluation spanned from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2017. The estimated wet refractivity indices from the proposed method were compared with observations from 16 existing radiosonde stations, radio occultation data, and ZWD values from the 47 selected GNSS test stations. Additionally, calculated ZWD values, resulting from the integration of wet refractivity indices, were compared to the ZWD values from 47 test stations in the study region. The numerical results demonstrated that the proposed method achieved a root mean square error value of approximately 2.6 ppm, which was nearly 49% and 18% lower than that of the considered empirical and numerical atmospheric models, respectively.

The Impact of Global Supply Chain Pressures on Industrial Productivity: The Korean Experience

The Impact of Global Supply Chain Pressures on Industrial Productivity: The Korean Experience