CO2 Gas Pressure Research Articles

Empowerment of energy communities in minggir II village yogyakarta with iot-based biodigeser

In the Minggir Village, there is a Biogas School called Mitra Sarana Energi which is a biogas school UKM located in Minggir Village, Sendangagung Village, Minggir District, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta. The biogas school UKM has been conducting training activities on the manufacture and use of the biogas since 2012. Actually, the UKM has a large enough market opportunity to manage and sell the biogas. However, this opportunity brings consequences and problems, namely the lack of a touch of innovation from the biodigeser remote monitoring system. The implementation team tried to offer solutions to these problems with a touch of science and technology, namely through designing remote monitoring of gas levels and pressures with IoT technology. This monitoring tool system aims to monitor (monitoring) the process of making biogas production from organic waste by detecting gas levels produced from the biodigester, namely methane gas (CH4), carbon dioxide gas (CO2), hydrogen gas (H2), and gas pressure. The system is designed with an ESP32 controller board and MQ4, MQ8, MQ135 gas sensors and MPX10DP gas pressure sensors combined with the Internet of Things (IoT) feature which is then connected to the Blynk app on the cellphone, so that it can be monitored from anywhere and anywhere with the help of a connection. stable internet. The test results obtained that this tool is capable of measuring and monitoring data on monitoring levels of methane gas, CO2 gas, hydrogen gas and gas pressure.

Experimental Study of Prefabricated Crack Propagation in Coal Briquettes under the Action of a CO2 Gas Explosion.

CO2 deep-hole presplit explosions are an important technology for enhancing gas drainage in low-permeability coal seams. In the process of a CO2 gas explosion, the initial burst crack generated by the shock wave expands the crack tip under the splitting action of high-pressure CO2 gas. To explore the effects of CO2 gas explosions on crack tips, we constructed an analytical model of gas pressure attenuation at different positions based on fluid motion equations, proposed equations for crack opening and growth rates, and inverted the energy field of the whole process of CO2 blasting. We used a test platform for the independent development of CO2 gas explosions under experimental conditions of 1 MPa axial pressure and 2 MPa CO2 gas pressure and a VIC-3D measurement system. We conducted the gas explosion experiments on prefabricated cracked samples with a crack length of 10 mm and width of 0.2 mm to analyze the dynamic response of the crack tip. The results showed that there were three stages in the propagation of a prefabricated crack under the action of a CO2 gas explosion. The first stage, from 0 to 290 ms, included energy storage at the crack tip and a maximum opening rate increment of 0.0043 m/s. The second stage, from 291 to 295 ms, was rapid crack propagation with maximum opening rate increment and propagation rates of 0.1865 and 5.35 m/s, respectively. In the third stage, from 296 to 309 ms, the crack tip propagated slowly, the maximum opening rate increment and growth rates were 0.0969 and 5.81 m/s, respectively, and the crack arrest coordinates were 4.57 and 35.28 mm. The experimental study verified the accuracy of the calculation model, proved that CO2 gas promotes the growth of crack tips, explained the spatiotemporal evolution mechanism of the CO2 explosion process, and provided experimental support for subsequent research related to explosions.

Molecular Origin of Wettability Alteration of Subsurface Porous Media upon Gas Pressure Variations

Upon extraction/injection of a large quantity of gas from/into a subsurface system in shale gas production or carbon sequestration, the gas pressure varies remarkably, which may significantly change the wettability of porous media involved. Mechanistic understanding of such changes is critical for designing and optimizing a related subsurface engineering process. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we have calculated the contact angle of a water droplet on various solid surfaces (kerogen, pyrophyllite, calcite, gibbsite, and montmorillonite) as a function of CO2 or CH4 gas pressure up to 200 atm at a temperature of 300 K. The calculation reveals a complex behavior of surface wettability alteration by gas pressure variation depending on surface chemistry and structure, and molecular interactions of fluid molecules with surfaces. As the CO2 gas pressure increases, a partially hydrophilic kerogen surface becomes highly hydrophobic, while a calcite surface becomes more hydrophilic. Considering kerogen and calcite being the major components of a shale formation, we postulate that the wettability alteration of a solid surface induced by a gas pressure change may play an important role in fluid flows in shale gas production and geological carbon sequestration.

Mesoporous Magnesium Oxide Adsorbent Prepared via Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) Peel Bio-templating for CO2 Capture

The utilization of the lime (Citrus aurantifolia) peel as a template can improve the adsorbent’s structural properties, which consequently affect its CO2 uptake capacity. Herein, a mesoporous magnesium oxide (MgO-lime (Citrus aurantifolia) peel template (LPT)) adsorbent was synthesized using an LPT. MgO-LPT demonstrated improved structural properties and excellent CO2 uptake capacity. Moreover, another MgO adsorbent was prepared via thermal decomposition (MgO-TD) for comparison. The prepared adsorbents were characterized by N2 physisorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The CO2 uptake of these adsorbents was under 100% CO2 gas and ambient temperature and pressure conditions. MgO-LPT exhibited a higher Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, Barrett–Joyner–Halenda pore volume, and pore diameter of 23 m2.g−1, 0.142 cm3.g−1, and 24.6 nm, respectively, than those of MgO-TD, which indicated the mesoporous structure of MgO-LPT. The CO2 uptake capacity of MgO-LPT is 3.79 mmol CO2.g−1, which is 15 times that of MgO-TD. This study shows that the application of lime peel as a template for the synthesis of MgO adsorbents is a promising approach to achieve MgO adsorbents with enhanced surface area and thus increased CO2 capture performance. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF CUT QUALITY ON SS347 MATERIAL USING CO2 ASSISTED LASER BEAM CUTTING AND PARAMETRIC OPTIMIZATION USING GENETIC ALGORITHM

Laser Beam cutting is a type of non-conventional machining process in which the removal of materials takes place due to the melting and vaporization of material when the laser beam comes in contact with it. This work examines the impact of the cut quality characteristics of the SS347 material and to find reduced surface roughness, machining time and heat affected zone by laser beam cutting. The cutting process was assisted by CO2 gas pressure. Power, standoff distance, speed and CO2 gas pressure are the cutting parameters considered for this study and the output parameters measured are machining time, heat affected zone and surface roughness. In accordance with L-9 orthogonal arrays, the experiments were planned. Analysis of Variance has been used to study how input functions influence output functions which revealed that speed (59.75% and 89.75%) is the significant factor for machining time and surface roughness while power (91.27%) was the dominant factor for heat affected zone. Gas pressure did not have much influence in the output parameters. The mathematical expressions of the output are used as input for the multi-objective function of the genetic algorithm. Optimal solutions are compared to hybrid and without-hybrid functions. It is found that the hybrid function shows a higher performance compared to the without hybrid function.

The behavior and efficiency of methane displaced by CO2 in different coals and experimental conditions

CO2 sequestration into coalbed methane reservoirs not only reduces the greenhouse effect by removing CO2 from the atmosphere, but also recovers additional methane from coal which makes coalbed methane (CBM) production more economically attractive. An experimental study on the displacement of methane by CO2 has been carried out using eight bituminous and anthracite coals, to evaluate the displacement efficiency and utilization ratio of CO2. In our experiments, the coal samples were partially saturated with methane, and different amounts of CO2 were then injected. After every completed displacement, the T2 distributions were measured using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results show that the P1 of the T2 spectra clearly decreased, which indicates that methane was desorbed as a result of CO2 injection. The amount of the adsorbed CO2 and desorbed methane were obtained from a combination of the T2 spectra and the CO2 gas pressure. By comparing the amounts of adsorbed CO2 and desorbed methane, an effective displacement capacity of CO2 has been defined, which varies with coal properties, temperature, and moisture content. The higher rank coals have a lower VL-CO2/VL-CH4 and show therefore a stronger effective displacement capacity. In addition, high temperature, and high moisture content weaken the effective displacement capacity of CO2. The study suggests that the utilization ratio of CO2 is higher in high-rank coals, which makes them more suitable for CO2-enhanced CBM production.

Pressure Dependence of the Low Temperature Carbonation Kinetics of Calcium Oxide for Potential Thermochemical Energy Storage Purposes and Sustainable CO2 Fixation

AbstractThe pressure effect on the carbonation behavior of CaO as model compound is studied under mild hydrothermal conditions, as relevant to sustainable geological CO2 sequestration and for potential utilization in thermochemical energy storage. Reaction yields are determined experimentally by means of in situ powder X‐ray diffraction using CaO powder samples in a controlled reaction with CO2 under gas pressures between 1.0 and 5.0 MPa and at temperatures between 298 and 373 K. The results show a two‐step conversion of CaO to CaCO3, involving Ca(OH)2 as a reactive intermediate, with differing influences of the microstructures on the individual reaction sub‐steps. A kinetic evaluation of the experimental data delivers a high rate‐enhancing effect of temperature on the hydration reaction, whereas the CaCO3 formation is strongly dependent on the available CO2 gas pressure. With this systematic investigation the optimal pressure and temperature conditions for this reaction system can be determined delivering a contribution to a sustainable climate and energy management.

High-Pressure Carbon Dioxide Use to Control Dried Apricot Pests, Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica, and Assessing the Qualitative Traits of Dried Pieces of Treated Apricot.

One of the new ways of warehouse pest control is the carbon dioxide treatment, which had no residues on the target products. In the present research, at first, CO2 gas was applied to control two important pest species infesting dried apricots. Dry apricots infested with adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) or Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) were exposed to CO2 gas pressures correspond to 9.1, 16.7, 23.1, 28.6, and 33.4 mol% for 24 h. The results showed higher mortality rates with increasing the gas pressures in all the experiments. The minimum and maximum losses of the pests were determined at concentrations of 9.1 and 33.4 mol%, respectively. Evaluation of CO2 gas effects on the quality characteristics of dried apricots showed no impacts on the color, brittleness, hardness, sweetness, sourness, and general acceptance of products. CO2 gas treatments at the concentration of 33.4 mol% showed no significant influences on the chemical features of dried apricots, including pH, acidity, Brix, humidity percentage, reducing sugar, and total sugar. It was concluded that CO2 gas had the potential to control T. castaneum and R. dominica in warehouses of dried apricots, without any significant impacts on product qualities.

CO2 capture properties of semiclathrate hydrates formed with tetra-n-butylammonium and tetra-n-butylphosphonium salts from H2 + CO2 mixed gas

In this study, we investigate CO2 capture properties of semiclathrate hydrates formed with tetra-n-butylammonium (TBA) Br (TBAB), TBA Cl (TBAC), tetra-n-butylphosphonium (TBP) Br (TBPB) or TBP Cl (TBPC) from H2 + CO2 mixed gas. Parametric tests found that all of these hydrates capture almost only CO2. Captured CO2 amounts basically increased with increase of aqueous concentration of ionic substances, while irregular CO2 capture was observed with a TBAB aqueous solution of which concentration was 0.3 in mass fraction. The data with this solution can be divided into two groups: CO2 capture amount of one group is three times higher than the other. It was found that this polymorphic phase behavior for TBAB hydrate was caused by a slight difference in subcooling temperature. TBAC hydrates captured the least CO2 among the presently used hydrates possibly due to its tetragonal hydrate structure which has relatively small gas capacity. Because TBPC hydrates showed unpredictable behavior of CO2 capture, it was suggested that unique hydrate phase formation with TBPC under H2 + CO2 gas pressure. Among these four salts, TBPB was found to be suitable for H2/CO2 gas separation due to their superior gas capture performance and simple phase behavior.

Dredging and rockfill with pressurized CO2 gas

Dredging and rockfill with pressurized CO2 gas

CO2 Foam and CO2 Polymer Enhanced Foam for Heavy Oil Recovery and CO2 Storage

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) from heavy oil reservoirs is challenging. High oil viscosity, high mobility ratio, inadequate sweep, and reservoir heterogeneity adds more challenges and severe difficulties during any EOR method. Foam injection showed potential as an EOR method for challenging and heterogeneous reservoirs containing light oil. However, the foams and especially polymer enhanced foams (PEF) for heavy oil recovery have been less studied. This study aims to evaluate the performance of CO2 foam and CO2 PEF for heavy oil recovery and CO2 storage by analyzing flow through porous media pressure profile, oil recovery, and CO2 gas production. Foam bulk stability tests showed higher stability of PEF compared to that of surfactant-based foam both in the absence and presence of heavy crude oil. The addition of polymer to surfactant-based foam significantly improved its dynamic stability during foam flow experiments. CO2 PEF propagated faster with higher apparent viscosity and resulted in more oil recovery compared to that of CO2 foam injection. The visual observation of glass column demonstrated stable frontal displacement and higher sweep efficiency of PEF compared to that of conventional foam. In the fractured rock sample, additional heavy oil recovery was obtained by liquid diversion into the matrix area rather than gas diversion. Aside from oil production, the higher stability of PEF resulted in more gas storage compared to conventional foam. This study shows that CO2 PEF could significantly improve heavy oil recovery and CO2 storage.

Synthesis of Cryolite (Na3AlF6) from Secondary Aluminum Dross Generated in the Aluminum Recycling Process.

Secondary aluminum dross (SAD) is regarded as a solid waste of aluminum recycling process that creates serious environmental and health concerns. However, SAD can also be used as a good source of aluminum, so that utilizing the SAD for the production of valuable products is a promising approach of recycling such waste. In the present work, a novel eco-friendly three-step process was proposed for the synthesis of cryolite (Na3AlF6) from the SAD, and it consisted of (1) water-washing pretreatment of SAD, (2) extraction of Al component via pyro-hydrometallurgy, including low-temperature alkaline smelting, water leaching and purification of leachate in sequence, (3) precipitation of cryolite from the purified NaAlO2 solution using the carbonation method. By analysis of the parameter optimization for each procedure, it was found that the maximum hydrolysis efficiency of aluminum nitride (AlN) in the SAD was around 68.3% accompanied with an extraction efficiency of Al reaching 91.5%. On this basis, the cryolite of high quality was synthesized under the following optimal carbonation conditions: reaction temperature of 75 °C, NaAlO2 concentration of 0.11 mol/L, F/(6Al) molar ratio of 1.10, and 99.99% CO2 gas pressure, and flow rate of 0.2 MPa and 0.5 L/min respectively. The formation of Na3AlF6 phase can be detected by XRD. The morphological feature observed by SEM revealed that the as-synthesized cryolite had a polyhedral shape (~1 μm size) with obvious agglomeration. The chemical composition and ignition loss of the as-synthesized cryolite complied well with the requirements of the Chinese national standard (GB/T 4291-2017).

CO2 Curing Efficiency for Cement Paste and Mortars Produced by a Low Water-to-Cement Ratio.

Curing by CO2 is a way to utilize CO2 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Placing early-age cement paste in a CO2 chamber or pressure vessel accelerates its strength development. Cement carbonation is attributed to the quickened strength development, and CO2 uptake can be quantitatively evaluated by measuring CO2 gas pressure loss in the pressure vessel. A decrease in CO2 gas pressure is observed with all cement pastes and mortar samples regardless of the mix proportion and the casting method; one method involves compacting a low water-to-cement ratio mix, and the other method comprises a normal mix consolidated in a mold. The efficiency of the CO2 curing is superior when a 20% concentration of CO2 gas is supplied at a relative humidity of 75%. CO2 uptake in specimens with the same CO2 curing condition is different for each specimen size. As the specimen scale is larger, the depth of carbonation is smaller. Incorporating colloidal silica enhances the carbonation as well as the hydration of cement, which results in contributing to the increase in the 28-day strength.

Carbonylative Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reactions of Aryl Iodides with Readily Available Polymer-Immobilized Palladium Nanoparticles

Polysilane/alumina-supported palladium nanoparticle catalyzed carbonylative Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions under ligand-free conditions have been developed to synthesize diaryl ketones. High yields and selectivities were achieved even with low catalyst loading under atmospheric pressure of CO gas. A variety of aryl iodides and arylboronic acids could be utilized to afford the diaryl ketones in excellent yields. Moreover, the ligand-free immobilized palladium nanoparticles could be recovered by simple filtration and the catalytic activity could be maintained for several runs.

Characteristics of pore structures from the Lower Paleozoic shale gas reservoirs in northern Guizhou, South China

Pore structure in shale is an important factor influencing the storage capacity of a shale gas reservoir and the effect of shale gas development. Taking the core and outcrop shale samples from the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation and Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation as the object of the research, combined with the scanning electron microscope, high pressure mercury injection, CO2 and N2 gas adsorption experiments, we investigated the porosity, pore types, pore structure, and pore size distribution of the Lower Paleozoic shale gas reservoirs in northern Guizhou, South China. The results indicated that there are developed various genetic types of micro-nano pores in the Lower Paleozoic marine shale in northern Guizhou, which provide the main reservoir spaces for shale gas. The porosity of the Lower Paleozoic shale in northern Guizhou is 1.30%–13.37% in range, and the average is 4.56%. The inter-granular pore, organic matter pore and intra-granular pore are most common. Micropore (<2 nm) and mesopore (2–50 nm) are the main reservoir storage space for shale gas. The specific surface area of micropore plus mesopore in the Lower Paleozoic shale accounts for 94.3% of the total specific surface area, and their pore volume accounts for 59.1% of the total pore volume in northern Guizhou. The pore size of the Lower Paleozoic shale is mainly distributed in 0.4–0.7 nm, 3–10 nm and 0.05–200 μm. The pore structure is the parallel-plate pore with slit shape, two-ends-opened tube pore and ink-bottle shape pore. There are significant differences in the porosity and pore size between the Longmaxi Formation shale and the Niutitang Formation shale. The average porosity and average pore size of the Longmaxi Formation shale is 6.4% and 4.71 nm, while the Niutitang Formation shale is 5.3% and 4.23 nm, respectively. The pore structure of the Lower Paleozoic shale gas reservoir is mainly influenced by organic matter abundance, thermal maturity, mineral composition of shale. The porosity and micropore volume of shale show an increasing trend, with the increase of total organic carbon content and quartz content. The porosity and pore volume of shale have a decreasing trend, with the increase of thermal maturity level and clay mineral content.

Chlorination Kinetics of Synthetic Rutile with Cl2+CO Gas

The chlorination kinetics of synthetic rutile prepared by selective chlorination of ilmenite with Cl2 and CO gas mixture were studied in a fluidized bed. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, and the ratio of Cl2 and CO partial pressure (pCl2/pCO) on the conversion rate of TiCl4 were investigated. The conversion rate of TiCl4 was low under the high pCl2/pCO conditions. Moreover, it was considered that the partial pressure of CO gas was more effective than that of Cl2 gas when comparing the stoichiometric conversion rate and experimental results of high CO partial pressure. Considering the porous structure of particles, the rate controlling step of the chlorination of synthetic rutile was determined to be chemical reaction and the activation energy was calculated as 53.77 kJ/mol.

IOT Based Stress Detection and Health Monitoring System

The effects of stress are causing rigorous damage to the mental as well as physical state of humans. It is very difficult to identify whether a person is in stress. The person may look healthier physically but may not be in a state of good health due to the stress within the body. Their mental stability also gets affected and may further lead to chronic ailments due to persistent stress. However, it is very essential to monitor stress levels regularly which help in diagnosis of any abnormalities in the body that may lead to chronic illness in future. The Wireless networks based on IOT (Internet of Things) provides wide range of opportunities to monitor stress levels regularly and transmit the information to the concerned for immediate action. A model is designed and developed to detect the stress levels using various sensors such as heartbeat rate, blood pressure (BP), body temperature and concentration of CO2 gas. Further based on the values of these sensors, the levels of stress is calculated and the information is transmitted using IOT.

Interaction between V2O5 nanowires and high pressure CO2 gas up to 45 bar: Electrical and structural study

In the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) process that converts ethylbenzene to styrene, vanadium-based catalysts, especially V2O5, are used in a CO2 atmosphere to enhance process efficiency. Here we demonstrate that the activation energy of V2O5 can be manipulated by exposure to high pressure CO2, using V2O5 nanowires (VON). The oxidation of V4+ to V5+ was observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The ratio of V4+/V5+ which the typical comparable feature decreased 73.42%. We also found an increase in the interlayer distance in VON from 9.95 Å to 10.10 Å using X-ray diffraction patterns. We observed changes in the peaks of the stretching mode of bridging triply coordinated oxygen (V3O), and the bending vibration of the bridging VOV, using Raman spectroscopy. We confirmed this propensity by measuring the CO2 pressure-dependent conductance of VON, up to 45 bar. 92.52% of decrease in the maximum conductance compared with that of the pristine VON was observed. The results of this study suggest that ODH process performance can be improved using the VON catalyst in a high pressure CO2 atmosphere.

Effect of CO2 gas pressure on composition, growth rate, and structure of duplex oxide formed on 9Cr steel at 550 °C

The oxidation behaviour of F91 in 0.1, 5, and 10 MPa CO2 was studied at 550 °C for 500 h. Previous results on the effect of CO2 pressure were summarised and compared with the results in this study. The oxidation kinetics decreased from 0.1 to 5 MPa and thereafter showed a lower dependence on the pressure (5–10 MPa). The carbon concentration at the oxide–alloy interface increased with time, but with different rates depending on the CO2 pressure. The amorphous carbon layers, and M23C6 carbides were identified in the inner oxide layer in the case of 5 MPa CO2.

Development of High-Efficiency, High-Speed and High-Pressure Ambient Temperature Filling System Using Pulse Volume Measurement

Adjusting the filling pressure is essential to fit the final gas volume when charging a carbonated beverage with high pressure. However, in the previous mechanical carbonated ambient filling system, it was difficult to control and monitor the charging conditions such as pressure, temperature and flow rate. In this study, we have developed a high efficiency carbonated ambient filling system capable of high speed and high pressure filling, by using a pulse type electronic flow-meter. The response speed characteristics of the M(BC) and F(MH) series valves were investigated. LMS Imagine.Lab Amesim (Siemens PLM Software) was used to calculate the charging and discharging time of the system under a high CO2 gas pressure condition. The quantitative and precise charging system was implemented with the change of filling time and monitoring/controlling/correction of flow rate. Moreover, a dual controller of the high-speed pulse output was established and a high-speed data processing/flow rate charging algorithm was applied in the system. The filling variation of the system was in the range of ±3 gram(gr) (standard deviation 0.57). The developed system could be applied to improve the quality of goods and economic feasibility at various industrial sectors.