Pressure Difference Research Articles

Comparing the hemodynamic changes, bleeding, and surgeon’s satisfaction during rhinoplasty surgery by use of two drugs, labetalol and dexmedetomidine added to anesthetic technique: a randomized clinical trial

Background: Rhinoplasty is a common surgery in the world. Bleeding is a common concern during rhinoplasty. Hemodynamic stability and quality of view of the surgical field help to achieve the best results. The aim was to compare the effect of two drugs, dexmedetomidine and labetalol, on the amount of bleeding and satisfaction with rhinoplasty surgery. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study includes candidates for rhinoplasty surgery, referring to Moradi Hospital in Rafsanjan. Twenty patients were assigned to each group (dexmedetomidine and labetalol) based on the entry and exit criteria. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and mean arterial pressure were measured before, 20 minutes after complete anesthesia, and the start of rhinoplasty surgery. All patients were operated by the same surgeon using the same technique. The surgeon’s level of satisfaction indicated with the field of vision is given as follows: good, moderate, and poor. Results: The study was performed on 40 subjects in two groups (n = 20), of which 14 (35 %) were male and 26 (65 %) were female. The results presented statistically significant differences in mean osteotomy systolic blood pressure (P = 0.018), osteotomy diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.015), mean osteotomy arterial pressure (P = 0.002), after 20 minutes heart rate (P < 0.001), and osteotomy heart rate (P = 0.001) between two groups. Furthermore, significant differences were observed regarding systolic blood pressure (P = 0.015), mean arterial pressure (P = 0.03), and heart rate (P < 0.001) after controlling for the effect of the group. Conclusions: The labetalol is the preferred option for controlling hypotension that provides better surgical field visibility compared to dexmedetomidine in rhinoplasty surgery.

Experimental study of dynamic pressure and wave load on variform vertical cylinders under extreme waves

Extreme waves pose a significant threat to the proliferating marine structures, however, the impact on the vertical cylinder with different cross-sectional shapes remains inadequately evaluated. Herein, we carried out a physical experiment, comprising 45 scenarios generated by three water depths, three wave paddle velocities, and five vertical cylinder models, to measure the extreme wave-induced pressure and load on this type of structure. The wave load and dynamic pressure distribution in time and spatial domains under the influence of cross-sectional shapes and wave conditions have been fully discussed. The experimental results indicate that: 1) As the position turns from front to back side, the circumferential pressure of five models initially decreases and then increases. 2) The maximum differential pressure between the front and back side decreases with increased water depth and decreased velocity, and occurs earlier than the peak pressure on the front side. 3) The chamfered cross-section (round and right triangle) can significantly reduce the wave load compared to the rectangular section, and the circular section suffers the lowest force logically. The dynamic pressure and wave load in this experiment can serve to establish a more sophisticated load model and provide valuable insights for marine structural design and disaster prevention.

Dynamic characteristics of the internal flow field of a rotary centrifugal air classifier and pressure prediction through attention mechanism-enhanced CNN-LSTM

The flow field in an air classifier has complex dynamic characteristics, making it extremely unstable and difficult to monitor. Here, the time-domain pressure signals in an air classifier were measured at different rotational speeds and spatial locations using micro differential pressure dynamic sensors. The pressure signals were analyzed using the probability density function, standard deviation, and power spectral density. Moreover, a new type of predictive model combining the convolutional neural network, long and short-term memory, and the attention mechanism was proposed. The results show that, regardless of whether a screen cage is present, the pressure signals at different spatial locations in the gas-phase flow field have only one main frequency, which is caused by the quasi-forced vortex motion with the most intense fluctuations. However, PSD has only one main frequency under both load and no-load conditions, its value under load is 1.5 times higher, and the distribution of main frequencies is unaffected by solid loading at high rotational speeds (>40 Hz). Meanwhile, PSD and coherence analyses revealed that large eddies at the outlet induced low-amplitude pressure fluctuations in the high-frequency range. Finally, the proposed CNN-LSTM-A model outperformed traditional deep learning models (SVM and BPNN) in predicting the pressure fluctuations.

Plasmonic Hydrogel Actuators for Octopus-Inspired Photo/Thermoresponsive Smart Adhesive Patch.

Octopuses are notable creatures that can dynamically adhere to a variety of substrates owing to the efficient pressure control within their suction cups. An octopus' suckers are sealed at the rim and function by reducing the pressure inside the cavity, thereby creating a pressure difference between the ambient environment and the inner cavity. Inspired by this mechanism, we developed a plasmonic smart adhesive patch (Plasmonic AdPatch) with switchable adhesion in response to both temperature changes and near-infrared (NIR) light. The AdPatch incorporates an elastic, nanohole-patterned elastomer that mimics the structure of octopus suckers. Additionally, a monolayer of gold nanostars (GNSs) is coated on the patch, facilitating a NIR light-responsive photothermal effect. A musclelike, thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogel functions as a volumetric actuator to regulate cavity pressure. When exposed to heat or light, the PNIPAM hydrogel shrinks, enabling the AdPatch to achieve strong suction adhesion (134 kPa at 45 °C, 71 kPa at 85 mW cm-2). Owing to its capability to achieve light-triggered remote adhesion without the need for external pressure, the Plasmonic AdPatch can be employed to transfer ultrathin films and biosensors to fragile organs without causing damage.

Research on Structural Design and Optimisation Analysis of a Downhole Multi-Parameter Real-Time Monitoring System for Intelligent Well Completion

In this paper, based on electro-hydraulic composite intelligent well-completion technology, a new type of downhole multi-parameter real-time monitoring system design scheme is established. Firstly, a multi-parameter real-time monitoring system with a special structure is designed; secondly, its reliability is analysed by applying the method of numerical simulation; finally, in order to verify the reliability of the simulation results, a principle prototype is developed, and indoor experimental tests of fluid flow are carried out. The experimental results show that the flow rate is directly proportional to the differential pressure, and when the flow rate is certain, the higher the water content, the higher the differential pressure. The indoor experimental flow rate of 400~1000 m3/d is measured with high accuracy, and the error range is within 5%. Numerical simulation and experimental results with a high degree of fit, a flow rate of 400–1000 m3/d, the two error range within 10%, the integrated flow coefficient of the experimental value is stable between 0.75–0.815, the simulation value is stable between 0.80–0.86. The mutual verification of the two shows that the flow monitoring design meets the requirements and provides a reference basis for the structural design of the intelligent, well-completion multi-parameter real-time monitoring system.

Beta-blockers and their impact on blood pressure and heart rate

The aim of the study is to determine the impact of beta-blockers on blood pressure and heart rate in patients that use these drugs during treatment of arterial hypertension. The sample included 120 patients from the "Dom Zdravlja'' Živinice. Patients were monitored for 3 years. No statistically significant difference in the values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as heart rate in patients using beta-blockers and other groups of antihypertensives was determined during monitoring period after 12, 24 and 36 months of treatment. Also, there was no statistically significant impact of the applied therapy on these values in the observed time intervals. In order to determine statistically significant difference between treatments, we compared their values sorted by time. No statistically significant difference was found in systolic blood pressure and heart rate between groups, but a statistically significant difference in diastolic blood pressure was found between groups after 12 and 36 months of therapy. No statistically significant difference was found in the values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as heart rate after 12, 24 and 36 months of treatment by comparing the same values within the group of beta-blockers (patients using bisoprolol and carvedilol and patients using other beta-blockers). Also, there was no statistically significant impact of the applied therapy on the change of these values during observed period. In order to determine statistically significant difference between the treatments, we compared their values sorted by time. There was no statistically significant difference in the values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate between the groups. Also, the condition of patients who used beta-blockers in the treatment of hypertension did not require increasing the dose in order to achieve the required parameters. Therefore, in our research, haven't been proven the worse effect of beta-blockers on blood pressure and heart rate when compared to other antihypertensive drugs. Also, all drugs showed equal effectiveness within the group of beta-blockers.

Experimental Investigation on a Water Diversion Shield Segment Using a Newly Developed Model Test Chamber

Jinan City in China is known for its abundant spring water, and the protection of underground spring water transport channels is a key issue that needs to be paid attention to in Jinan subway construction. In areas where underground spring water transport channels are easily disturbed, when the shield tunnel passes through a composite formation with a permeable layer in the middle and an impermeable layer in the upper and lower parts, the underground spring water transportation channel is blocked, the spring veins are damaged, and the underground spring water is blocked in the upstream, resulting in an increase in the water pressure difference on both sides of the tunnel. In this paper, based on the working principle of a new type of pipe segment with a diversion function, a diversion function pipe model test box is designed and fabricated. Using this model box, the working state of the diversion function pipe segments is simulated. An earth pressure box and pore water pressure gauges are embedded in the model box to measure the earth pressure and pore pressure around the pipe under seepage unsymmetrical pressure. Strain gauges are attached in a circular shape on the inner side of the pipe to measure and calculate the strain and stress of the pipe. Through model tests, the effective repair of the diversion pipe on blocking groundwater flow and the relief effect of the unsymmetrical pressure of the pipe are verified.

Impact of medical staff movement, airflow rate difference, and door leakage area on particle outflow in an airborne infection isolation room

Airborne Infection Isolation (AII) room are utilized to prevent the spread of infectious diseases such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in 2020. However, the challenge of mitigating contaminant leaks from the AII room due to medical staff's entry still needs to be solved. This study aims to analyze the impact of airflow rate difference on contaminant outflow by conducting particle outflow experiments in a full-scale AII room chamber. The airflow rate difference was controlled by adjusting the pressure difference and door undercut height. Nine experimental cases were conducted, repeating five times for each case. Additionally, the Air Change Rate (ACR) in the AII room and the Equivalent Air Change Rate (EACR) in the anteroom were calculated using the concentration decay method to assess particle concentration reduction rate. The results indicate that the airflow rate difference did not significantly affect the particle outflow in this study. The particle concentration was 1.7–13.0 times higher when entering the AII room (“IN”) than when exiting the AII (“OUT”). During “IN”, the particle concentration at the upper part (1.5 m) was 1.3–3.8 times higher than at the lower part (0.5 m). In contrast, during “OUT”, the upper part concentration was 0.2–0.9 times the lower part. With increases in the airflow rate difference, the EACR of the anteroom increased. These findings underscore the importance of considering airflow rate difference, medical staff's entering and exiting, and vertical concentration difference to efficiently control contaminant outflow in the AII room.

Comparison of isometric handgrip test among pregnant offspring of hypertensive parents and pregnant offspring of non-hypertensive parents

ABSTRACT Context: A family history of hypertension is one of the important risk factors for the development of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Offspring of hypertensive parents should be screened for PIH. The isometric handgrip (IHG) test is used to assess autonomic function among them. Autonomic function dysregulation can indicate their predisposition to develop PIH later in the course of pregnancy. Aim and Objectives: To compare the IHG among pregnant offspring of hypertensive parents (Group 1) and non-hypertensive parents (Group 2). Methods and Materials: This is a cross-sectional study done among 100 pregnant women in the second trimester (50 participants in each group). Blood pressure responses to sustained hand grip for 2 minutes of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) were recorded, immediately at the end of the IHG test and after 5 minutes of the IHG test. Statistical Analysis: Independent t-test and Mann–Whitney U test were used to compare the responses in two groups. Results: There is no statistical difference in basal blood pressure and heart rate between the two groups. Group 1 exhibited a significant increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) compared to Group 2 immediately after 2 minutes of the IHG test. There is a significant increase in SBP after 5 minutes of the IHG in Group 2. Conclusions: Offspring of hypertensive parents have increased sympathetic reactivity and restoration of the blood pressure is significantly less compared to offspring of normotensive parents, which may predispose them for PIH. IHG can be applied as a convenient tool to screen the population who are at risk of PIH in places like primary health centres or field screenings where IHG is one possible option.

Determination of air permeability of buildings

The air permeability of the building determines the level of energy efficiency of the building. The regions of the European Union are approaching NZEB standards and passive house standards. The Ukrainian regulatory framework for airtightness does not meet European standards for energy-efficient buildings and will require updating, as there will be an increase in the wind permeability of the building, and the increase is possible to the normatively permissible value, increased air permeability and energy efficiency. The permeability is expressed by the value of the air flow in cubic meters per year per square meter of the area of the outer shell of the booth when there is a pressure difference in the internal air of 50 Pa. Ait permeability will need to be specified by parameter q50 [m3/(h·m2)] instead of n50 [h – 1]. All countries of the European Union may use the q50 [m3/(h·m2)] parameter in their standards. Exclusions are Lithuania and Ukraine, where the actual air permeability is determined by the parameter n50 [h – 1]. Based on the Ukrainian standard for air permeability, air permeability is calculated by n50 [h – 1]. For energy efficiency class C, values n50 < 2.0 [h – 1] are allowed, which is approximately the same value as q50 < 5.0 [m3/(h·m2)]. Following the Lithuanian standard, which also corresponds to the vicoristics n50, where n50 < 1.0 h – 1, which is approximately the same value as q50<2.5 [m3/(h·m2)]. It is proposed to establish new standard values for the air permeability and energy efficiency in line with European standards. The results of penetration tests of 24 objects of different heating volumes and energy efficiency classes were analyzed. It’s shown that lovering the energy efficiency class disharmonises the n50 and q50 values. The results allow proposal to set the normative value n50 < 2.5

Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Yoga on Blood Pressure in Women Between the Ages of 30 and 40 Years

High blood pressure or hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This study aims to prove the effectiveness of aerobic exercise and yoga in lowering blood pressure in mothers. The study was conducted using experimental methods and involved 28 participants selected by purposive sampling from Nogosari village, Boyolali regency, Indonesia, during 12 sessions. Blood pressure data were collected from participants with hypertension before and after aerobic exercise and yoga. Measurements were taken on participants for 12 sessions in one month using a blood pressure monitor. The device used in this study was a sphygmomanometer ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Statistical tests were performed using independent samples t-tests with a significance level of p <0.05. The results of the homogeneity test showed that the systolic and diastolic variance in the control and experimental groups had the same variance with a significance level of p < 0.05. The results of both mean difference tests showed that there were significant differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the aerobic and yoga groups. This can be seen from the value of P-value Independent Samples t-test < 0.05. The results showed that low-impact aerobic exercise and yoga had a significant effect on blood pressure in women aged 30-40 years. Based on these data, it can be concluded that there is a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure from the category of moderate hypertension to normal-high in women aged 30-40 years after doing aerobic exercise and yoga.

Experimental Study on Gas Production Capacity of Composite Reservoir Depletion in Deep Carbonate Gas Reservoirs

Deep carbonate gas reservoirs exhibit diverse reservoir types and complex seepage patterns. To study the gas production capabilities of different composite reservoir types, we classified the reservoirs of the fourth member of the Dengying Formation in the Anyue Gas Field into high-quality reservoirs (HRs) and poor-quality reservoirs (PRs) based on high-pressure mercury injection (HPMI) experiment results. By varying the differential pressure of the depletion experiment and the connection method, as well as the permeability and water saturation of the composite core, the effects of well location deployment, permeability ratio of the high-quality reservoir and poor-quality reservoir (PRHPR), gas well production pressure difference (GWPPD), and water saturation on the depletion gas production characteristics of the composite reservoir were studied. The research results show that (1) deploying wells on HR enables high gas production rates and ultimate recovery rates; (2) only when the PRHPR falls within a reasonable range (21.88–43.19) can the “dynamic recharge” capability of PR and the high permeability of HR be coordinated to achieve high gas recovery rates; (3) a GWPPD of 3 MPa is optimal, resulting in fast gas production rates and high ultimate recovery rates for PR; (4) high water saturation (≥50%) leads to premature water breakthrough at the well bottom, decreased gas production rate, and sealing of HR and PR reserves by formation water. Combining experimental results with field production data is our next research focus. Our future research focus will be on integrating experimental results with field production data to provide solid theoretical support for the efficient development of this type of gas reservoir.

Experimental study on the influence of the riser on the gas-liquid flow in the horizontal pipeline of the offshore pipeline-riser system

The study of gas-liquid interface evolution and pressure fluctuation mechanism in the pipeline-riser system is the key to ensuring the safety of oil and gas transportation. This paper investigates the influence of the riser on the gas-liquid interface in the system with a 1657 m pipeline and risers of 16 m, 22 m, and 29 m. In severe slugging, the differential pressure in the horizontal pipeline exhibits a low-frequency large-amplitude fluctuation consistent with those in the riser. During the gas blowdown of the riser, the pressure fluctuation breaks the force equilibrium of the gas-liquid interface and induces numerous liquid slugs in the horizontal pipeline. A strong correlation is found between the differential pressure in the riser and the slug velocity in the horizontal pipeline by the Spearman Rank coefficient. The correlations between the slug velocity and the gas volume fraction and the void fraction under different riser heights are established, and the errors are 15% and 10%, respectively. The linear relationship between the Strouhal number of liquid slugs and the Lockhart-Martinelli parameter is constructed during the gas blowdown.

Home blood pressure-lowering effect of a non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor blocker, esaxerenone, versus trichlormethiazide for uncontrolled hypertension: the EXCITE-HT randomized controlled study.

The EXCITE-HT study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of esaxerenone versus thiazide diuretics (trichlormethiazide) as second-line treatment for Japanese patients with uncontrolled essential hypertension. This was a 12-week, multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group study. The non-inferiority of esaxerenone to trichlormethiazide was confirmed if the upper limit of the two-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference in systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) change between groups was below 3.9/2.1 mmHg. A total of 295 and 290 patients were included in the esaxerenone and trichlormethiazide groups, respectively. The non-inferiority of esaxerenone to trichlormethiazide was demonstrated: least squares mean change differences in morning home SBP/DBP at end of treatment (EOT) were -2.2 (95% CI, -3.6, -0.8) mmHg for SBP/-0.6 (-1.4, 0.2) mmHg for DBP. Morning home, bedtime home, and office BP significantly decreased (all p < 0.001) from baseline to EOT in both groups. The urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide level decreased from baseline to Week 12 in both groups, with no notable intergroup difference. Serum potassium elevations occurred more frequently with esaxerenone, while serum potassium reductions occurred more with trichlormethiazide. Uric acid elevations were observed in both groups, but more frequently with trichlormethiazide than esaxerenone. No cases of gout occurred in this study. Reductions in estimated glomerular filtration rate were similarly observed in both groups. EXCITE-HT is the first randomized controlled study to demonstrate evidence that esaxerenone is non-inferior to trichlormethiazide as second-line treatment for Japanese patients with uncontrolled essential hypertension, with no new safety concerns. The EXCITE-HT study demonstrated the non-inferiority of esaxerenone to trichlormethiazide in its morning home blood pressure lowering effect and safety profile in Japanese patients with uncontrolled essential hypertension who were previously treated with an angiotensin II receptor blocker or calcium channel blocker.

Projecting the long‐term effects of large‐scale human influence on the spatial and functional persistence of extant longleaf pine ecosystems in the Florida Flatwoods Pyrome

AbstractDecades of human activities and fire suppression have adversely affected longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystems, which are home to high levels of diversity and endemism. These iconic ecosystems also now face challenges from urbanization and climate change, which will alter conservation outcomes over the remainder of the 21st century. To explore how long‐term, large‐scale human influences could affect the spatial and functional persistence of extant longleaf pine ecosystems in the Florida Flatwoods Pyrome, we extracted a set of 2400 longleaf pine patches ≥40 ha in size from the Florida Longleaf Pine Ecosystem Geodatabase. Projections from the FUTURES urban growth model and the Florida 2070 project indicate that development will lead to losses of existing longleaf pine habitat, reductions in longleaf pine patch size, and patches that are predominantly located in close proximity to developed areas. Finer‐scale patterns of longleaf pine loss in three focal landscapes highlighted differences in land protection, ecological setting, and development pressure and the value of using of multiple urbanization iterations. The occurrence of suitable conditions to conduct prescribed fires, a crucial tool for maintaining, improving, and restoring longleaf pine ecosystems, is projected to decrease seasonally throughout the study area. As a result, the functional persistence of ecosystems is at risk due to climate changes that increase barriers to the safe and reliable application of intentional fire. The long‐term viability of this critical ecosystem will warrant the evaluation of adaptive strategies that explicitly account for the individual and compounding effects of urban development and changing fire management conditions when considering options for ecosystem protection, management, and restoration.

Permeability Evolution of Shale during High-Ionic-Strength Water Sequential Imbibition

It is widely accepted in the oil and gas industry that high-ionic-strength water (HISW) can improve oil and gas recovery in unconventional shale reservoirs by limiting shale hydration. Despite numerous supporting studies, there is a lack of a systematic analysis exploring the effect of HISW on shale permeability evolution, particularly considering varying chemical compositions. In this work, we investigated the impact of different concentrations of NaCl and CaCl2 on shale permeability through sequential HISW imbibition experiments, beginning with the highest NaCl and lowest CaCl2 concentrations. After maintaining the highest effective stress for an extended period, significant permeability reduction and potential fracture generation were observed, as indicated by periodic fluctuations in differential pressure. These effects were further intensified by displacements with HISW solutions. Advanced post-experimental analyses using micro-CT scans and SEM-EDS analysis revealed microstructural changes within the sample. Our findings offer initial insight into how HISW-shale interactions influence shale permeability, using innovative approaches to simulate reservoir conditions. The findings indicate that discrepancies in the chemical composition between injected solutions and shale may lead to shale disintegration during hydraulic fracturing processes.

Measurement of air-water counter-current flow rates in vertical annulus using multiple differential pressure signals and machine learning

Abstract Gas–liquid counter-current flow in vertical annulus is involved in several industrial fields such as petroleum engineering. For example, in coalbed methane wells with liquid pump drainage, obtaining the real-time flow rate of gas–liquid two-phase in the annulus is crucial for the development management of coalbed methane wells. However, due to complex flow conditions, this demand is difficult to achieve through traditional flow metering means. Therefore, this paper proposes a flow prediction method based on multi-group differential pressure signals and machine learning technology. Air-water two-phase flow experiments were carried out on a vertical annulus pipeline with inner and outer diameters of 75 mm/125 mm and adjustable eccentricity. The probability density function and power spectrum density of 3 groups of differential pressure signals collected at different height intervals in the annulus were used as model inputs. A gas–liquid two-phase flow prediction model was constructed based on the artificial neural network model, and the model hyper-parameters were optimized using Bayesian optimization. The results show that on the 440-group test dataset under the combined conditions of air superficial velocity of 0.06–5.04 m s−1, water superficial velocity of 0.03–0.25 m s−1, and pipeline eccentricity of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, etc. This model can achieve average prediction errors of 9.12% and 29.34% for gas and water flow rates respectively. This method can be applied to the non-throttling, non-invasive measurement of phase flow rate under the condition of annulus air-liquid counter-current flow.

Calibration of flow differential pressure coefficients on pump-turbine by thermodynamic method

On-line monitoring of flow rate is rather important to evaluate the water consumption of the pump-turbine and the overall efficiency of the pumped storage station. Flow rate can be worked out based on the flow differential pressure measured in the flow passage and coefficients determined on model test. But the coefficients must be calibrated to obtain the reliable flow rate. As thermodynamic method is a common way to measure the discharge of prototype pump-turbine, site test is carried out on a vertical pump-turbine with 600 m rated head to calibrated the coefficients in this paper. Measuring devices are designed to satisfy both the turbine and pump operating conditions, and test results of flow rate at both turbine and pump operating conditions are presented and show that the calibrated coefficients are different to the predicted values. The calibrated results indicate the importance of site calibration on prototype turbine to ensure the monitoring validity on real-time flow rate.

Revisiting zircon Eu anomaly as a proxy for crustal thickness: A case study of the Sierra Nevada Batholith

We analyzed detrital zircon from the Sierra Nevada Batholith, western USA, to reassess whether zircon Eu/Eu* can be used to reconstruct crustal thickness in the past. Our reconstruction shows two episodes of crustal thickening between 80–200 Ma in the Sierra Nevada region—one during the Jurassic (170—140 Ma) and the other in the Cretaceous (110—80 Ma). These findings are consistent with the results obtained using the whole-rock La/Yb proxy and observations on crustal deformation. Our results underscore the validity of zircon Eu/Eu* proxy for tracing the evolution of crustal thickness at the batholith or orogen scale, provided that a sufficient number of analyses are obtained. Recent petrologic models questioned the validity of the zircon Eu/Eu* proxy because of the complex interplay among various factors that may affect zircon Eu/Eu*. These models, however, overlooked the interconnections between these factors. In particular, magma redox condition and water content, which are known to significantly impact zircon Eu/Eu*, may also be controlled by differentiation pressure and thus crustal thickness. Therefore, rather than complicating the interpretation, these factors could potentially enhance the pressure control on zircon Eu/Eu*.

Self-Driven Gas Spreading on Mesh Surfaces for Regeneration of Underwater Superhydrophobicity.

Underwater superhydrophobic surfaces stand as a promising frontier in technological applications such as drag reduction, antifouling, and anticorrosion. Unfortunately, the air film, known as the plastron, on these surfaces tends to be unstable. To address this problem, active approaches have been designed to preserve or restore plastrons. In this work, a self-driven gas spreading superhydrophobic mesh (SHM) surface is designed to facilitate recovery of the plastron. The immersed SHM can be "wetted" by gas, even when the plastron is removed. We demonstrate that the injected gas can spread spontaneously along the SHM over a large area, which greatly simplifies the plastron replenishment process. By incorporating a locally coated gas-producing layer, we achieve rapid in situ plastron recovery and long-term immersion stability, extending the plastron lifespan by at least 48 times. We also provide a framework for designing an SHM with suitable structural dimensions for gas spreading. Furthermore, an SHM with asymmetric structural dimensions enables unidirectional gas transport by the capillary pressure difference. This SHM surface shows excellent drag reduction properties (37.2%) and has a high slip recovery coefficient (73.4%) after plastron loss. This facile and scalable method is expected to broaden the range of potential applications involving nonwetting-related fields.