President Of France Research Articles

Ein Parteiensystem in Bewegung, eine Gesellschaft in Aufruhr: Neue Bücher zum politischen Geschehen in Frankreich

The French political system is in a state of flux: Emmanuel Macron is the first President of France who has been elected without the support of the two traditional major parties, the Socialist Party and The Republicans. But in 2018/2019, his presidency was attacked by the so-called yellow vests movement. Against this background, the essay deals with the recent political developments in France.

Conflating Anti-Zionism with Anti-Semitism: France in the Crosshairs

This essay argues that in conflating anti-Zionism with anti-Semitism, France's president, Emmanuel Macron, has been mistaken on two counts: one, historical, since a majority of Jews have historically rejected the Zionist project, with the majority of them living outside Israel, and hundreds of thousands of Israeli citizens choosing to do the same; and the second, political, as it has opened the way for the Conseil représentatif des institutions juives de France (CRIF) to demand legislation banning anti-Zionism, in the same vein as earlier efforts to criminalize the French Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement. France's juridical foundation is strong, however, and it does not allow for the criminalization of speech: the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789), the Constitution of the Fifth Republic (1958), and the European Convention on Human Rights all stand as safeguards of the fundamental right to freedom of expression—at least for the time being.

Przywództwo w Unii Europejskiej

The current financial crisis has significantly highlighted the issue of leadership in the European Union. The topic is both timely and worthy of analysis. The author tries to outline the theoretical approach to political leadership with regard to the current political scene in the European Union. A politician has to meet four criteria to be deemed a leader: his decisions are strategic, they exert permanent influence, he has a sufficient political background, and he has the highest position in a given political composition. The author makes the following hypothesis: on the basis of factor analysis (as regards the four factors above) only two current politicians are the true leaders of the EU, namely the Chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel, and the President of France, Francois Hollande. Both politicians meet the four attributes presented gabove to at least the minimum degree, thus becoming (international) EU leaders. The paper also discusses the issue of distinguishing between an (international) statesman and (international) leader.

Kajian Kepribadian Presiden Perancis Emmanuel Macron Menggunakan Level Analisis Individu

<p class="06IsiAbstrak"><strong>Individual Level Analysis of France President Emmanuel Macron.</strong><strong> </strong>This paper is the result of an individual level analysis study conducted to explain qualitatively the personality, motivation and beliefs of French President Emmanuel Macron. This study employs qualitative data consisting of event data collected from various news sources with exclusionof exclusive interviews and state speeches and studied since Emmanuel Macron was inaugurated as President of France on May 17, 2017. Explanations regarding personality, motivation and beliefs assist to compile the rationality built on the record of educational background, family background, personality also helps to identify the relationship between leadership styles, motivation for decisions and actions that reflect the direction of French foreign policy. While beliefs are recognized through statements and answers given by for questions raised by journalists or foreign journalists in certain situations. This paper using a framework of individual analysis studies by Valerie Hudson, Jerrold Post and Margaret Hermann, it is concluded that Emmanuelle Macron is classified as a type of leader who is inconsistent with the characteristics of expansionist ambitions, high information complexity, good level of diplomatic knowledge or training and always had a consideration to invite other countries to establish harmonious and strategic relations with France.</p><p class="07KatakunciKeywords">Keywords: individual level analysis, leadership type, conciliatory leadership type, foreign policy analysis</p>

Science, politics and ideologies: Global political developments towards isolationism, ideology or disregard of facts have scientists concerned about the free exchange of ideas and people.

Since his inauguration as President of the USA in January 2017, Donald Trump has ushered in various measures that are widely perceived as anti‐science, such as the infamous travel ban on people arriving from seven Muslim countries. At the same time Brexit, the UK's impending departure from the EU, has begun to worry scientists across the continent and beyond over the potential impact on research. Other events, such as turmoil in the Middle East and the continuing threat of terrorism, have also contributed to a negative mood. There have been some positive developments too, such as the election of Emmanuel Macron as president of France with his pro‐science rhetoric and his promise to act as a counterweight to the USA with the “Make Our Planet Great Again” competition. It could also be argued that one country's loss is another's gain: Canada, for example, has been attracting more graduate‐student applicants at the expense of the USA since Trump's election (https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/03/20/canadianuniversities-post-large-gains-international-applications). ### The impact of international mobility However, such gains may be illusory in a global context, as science as a whole suffers whenever there is any friction over travel, collaboration and exchange of information, especially when it affects the USA as the world's leading power in research. So far, firm evidence on how collaboration and mobility affects science has been lacking, but Brexit and Trump's election in particular have galvanized new efforts to gain more solid data. The US National Science Foundation (NSF), in collaboration with the Spanish Ministry for Economy and Competitiveness, analysed the impact of mobility on a more clearly defined basis [1]. Not surprisingly, their study showed strong correlations between mobility, collaboration and scientific impact. The study was careful to avoid equating impact factor with quality of research and took account of other factors, such as influence, by mapping mobility to …

The French Contract Law Reform and the Political Process

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the political process which led to the adoption of one of the most important reforms of the Code civil since 1804. This major revision of the French Code civil took place by way of an ‘ordonnance’ (delegated legislation). That, in itself, was highly controversial. As regards substance, the most controversial points related to the need to strike a new balance between contractual justice and legal certainty in French contract law to make it better suited to economic and social life in the twenty-first century. The French contract law reform began at the instigation of President Chirac, was continued under Sarkozy’s presidency and was finally completed while François Hollande was the President of France. This background might suggest that, from a political standpoint, the new provisions of the Code civil successfully struck the right balance between legal certainty and contractual justice; if only political life were so simple. As will be shown in the second part of this paper, many questions remain open. The first part recounts the story behind the reform, from its origins to its completion. The second part gives some further insight into some emblematic new provisions of the Code civil.

The Debatable European Future of Turkey: A Constructivist Approach

The accession of Turkey to enter the European Union (EU) is one of the most controversial and long-standing issues, that the EU has ever faced. Its aspirations for joining the EU can be tracked back in the past. The country has implemented many reforms in its economic and political sectors having achieved harmonization of European norms and standards, while the negotiations between the two parts are in process since 2005. However, even today, the county’s incorporation into the EU has not been achieved. Although the country is characterized by highly accepted economic, security and geopolitical significance, many European countries have been opposing Turkey’s goal to join the EU. This tendency has been illustrated not only in many European politicians, elites and officials, but also in the EU public. Their main argument is that a potential Turkish embodiment would undermine the EU societal security, since the country contradicts the EU identity. Taking into consideration the above, the article highlights the necessity for Turkey to undergo a process of securitization. At the same time, instead of the fully Turkish EU membership, eminent European politicians such as the Chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel and the former President of France, Nicolas Sarkozy have recommended alternatives. The former has advocated a “privileged partnership” which refers to a closer cooperation between the two parts in economical, security, judicial, institutional and visa issues (Icener, 2007: 425). The later has accordingly proposed the Mediterranean Union which also institutes an upgrade cooperation between the two parts (Steunenberg, Petek and Ruth, 2011: 451). The article examines the candidacy of Turkey to join the EU from a constructivist point of view, as it asserts that the rational approaches do not constitute an influential obstacle for the country to be approved by the EU. With no doubts, the Turkish stalemate is totally justified by “the Clash of Civilizations” theory in which Samuel Huntington supports that “the fault lines of civilizations are the battle lines of the future”, in an effort to explain international post-Cold War politics. This case study comprises a strong argument of the critical impact cultural conflicts have on world politics.

What could a euro-area finance minister do?

Abstract: With the election of Emmanuel Macron as president of France, the idea of a euro-area treasury and finance minister is back in the limelight. The election programme of the new French president calls for „a budget for the euro area voted by a euro-area parliament and executed by a euro-area finance minister“ with the aim to „be able to invest much more than currently“. This call is broad and needs to be filled with content. And unless there is a clearer articulation of what key issues such a project is trying to resolve, there will be little support for moves in that direction – as recent sceptical voices from Germany have already foreshadowed. I see five major issues that deserve to be discussed. None can be answered in isolation, as they are economically, politically and legally connected.

Ahmed Hassan Zewail (1946–2016)

Ahmed Hassan Zewail (1946–2016)

An Interview with Chris Chapman

An Interview with Chris Chapman Charles Henry Rowell (bio) Dr. Chris Chapman is the General Trustee of the Loïs Mailou Jones Pierre-Noël Trust. We recorded this interview on January 3, 2015, in the Library of the Jefferson Hotel, Washington, DC, a year after I met Dr. Chapman at Emory University during the 2014 annual Callaloo ConferenCe, Atlanta, Georgia. ROWELL: How did you come to know Loïs Mailou Jones? What was your introduction to her? CHAPMAN: My introduction to Loïs Mailou Jones came in 1987. I had just graduated from the Georgetown University School of Medicine as a young physician and my wife had just graduated from Howard University Dental School, and we were looking for an apartment in close proximity to Georgetown University. A good friend of ours, Gloria Johnson, who had lived in that area about twenty years, told us a friend, Loïs Mailou Jones, had a very nice basement apartment that we could rent out and live in and that we would have access to the entire house which was full of paintings. When my wife visited Loïs at the home, saw the paintings and fell in love with the house and artwork. She called me and told me she thought this was where we should move. And that was the beginning of my relationship with Loïs Mailou Jones. ROWELL: You are a Trustee of Loïs Mailou Jones. A major responsibility indeed. Right? What is your exact title? How did you come to oversee her artworks after she passed? I think we would all like to know about some of the pertinent exchanges you and your wife had with Ms. Jones. CHAPMAN: As tenants in Loïs's apartment, my wife and I had access to downstairs, and there were steps leading upstairs, and Loïs would leave the door open every night. I was interested in seeing all of her artwork, and I would always walk upstairs. Loïs and I would sit down in the dining room and watch Nightline every night and then Loïs would start telling me stories about back in 1928, 1929, when she met Carter G. Woodson, one of the first African Americans to graduate from Harvard University. I could really identify with Carter G. Woodson, and my first thought was, "You knew Carter G. Woodson?" And Loïs said, "Yes, I was his illustrator." And that was just so fascinating. And at that point, I wanted to know everything that Loïs knew about Woodson, her relationship, when she talked to him, when she met him, and what she had done for him. So I started asking Loïs about her relationship with Carter G. Woodson and every night we would sit at the table, and she would tell me [End Page 1033] about Langston Hughes, Arthur Schomburg, Josephine Baker, Mary McLeod Bethune, Matthew Henson, Alain Locke, and Alma Thomas, all these great artists and African Americans, and she'd talk about presidents—Eisenhower, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the President of Haiti or the President of France and all over the world. She had travelled to many of the African countries, and had met their presidents and other leaders. And I said, "This lady is very interesting." ROWELL: She had met these …? CHAPMAN: She had met these leaders and presidents all over the world for years, and I'm sitting in this room with her and I'm just a physician, and I said, "This is exciting to me." I started taping some of our conversations and taking notes. And then every night she'd talk about different paintings and why she had painted this particular painting, you know, why she started her career in 1929, and went down to Palmer Memorial Institute. And through the Great Depression, how she was employed, and how she came to Howard University in 1930, and how she travelled to France in 1937. And the genesis of her life, she just laid it out for me and it all related back to her relationship with Carter G. Woodson, the Father of Black History Month, which is really what got this whole thing started. So the...

الموقف الفرنسي من الأزمة السورية وانعكاساتها على المصالح الفرنسية في منطقة الشرق الأوسط

Since the beginning of the protests in Syria the French government criticizes bitterly the policy of president Bashar al-Assad. Though relation between both countries was very good before the Syrian crisis. As France plays a very important role by encouraging the government to establish the Syrian Opposition National Council led by Borhan Galeon and it is the first western country to acknowledge it as a representative for the Syrian opposition. In the midst of the criticisms from the French government to the Syrian government, the French minister of foreign affairs, Alain Juppe, announced after two months of the beginning of the protests that the Syrian government lost its legitimacy. However, French government was disappointed by the opposition split as it could not unify its courses in spite of the conferences held . In spite of all fiery statements of French officials against the Syrian government, these statements were backed off with the oncoming of presidential elections on may of 2012. Fearing of being immersed in the crisis which may affect negatively the popularity of Sarkozy . When François Hollande became the president of France , France kept on supporting Syrian opposition. But, French attitude became more severe against Syrian government by accusing it using chemical weapon in Ghota region on 21/august/ 2013. Hollande called for the necessity of using the military forces to topple the Regime. France will be one of the participant countries. Still, there was a retreating attitude for France due to the America-Russian agreement on destroying the chemical weapons. The future of the French interests whether in Syria or in the Middle East will be at risk if the violence continues, especially in Lebanon and Syria as they are France gate into the region .

Confronting the Meta-problems of Democracy

Prime Minister Papandreou originally presented this speech as the Keynote Address to the IADC's 2015 Midyear Meeting held in Marco Island, Florida on February 18, 2015.I. Where Greece was and is today - Bond SpikesWHEN I first received your invitation - in mid-September of last year - there was an accepted view of the Greek and euro economic crisis that we were making real progress. ten-year Greek bonds were yielding about 5%. Today, it seems we are back in crisis mode. One telltale sign is the fact that yields earlier this month were as high as 11%. (See Figure 1.)As bond markets saw that we might go - as we finally did - to a snap election in January, there was a huge spike in bond yields. What was this all about?Voters in Greece frustrated after six years of recession and five years of austerity, which has cost us a loss of 25% of our GDP, decided to change course. A new government was elected by promising completely different policies. But is it that easy? Is it a matter of simply changing a government? Or asking the people through a referendum which I attempted to push through?That would be a triumph of democracy.When I called for a referendum, I was immediately summoned to Cannes, where the G20 was to meet. Nicholas Sarkozy, then President of France, who chaired the G20, warned me, The markets will go haywire. He was dead against the referendum. No, the people could not have a say!No wonder our citizens around the world mistrust politics. They see politicians as impotent and believe that the average citizen has little influence. Most believe that little can change and that everything is futile. Politicians around the world are getting blamed. But are they to blame? Or are they getting a bad rap? Let me take you on a trip through some of my experiences.II. Personal StoriesBefore I get into the gory details of the crisis in Europe, let me introduce myself- and why I feel strongly about the future of our democracies- by way of some personal stories.I was born in St Paul, Minnesota in 1952. We soon moved to California, where I grew up. My father fled from a Greek dictatorship in the 1940s and got a PhD in economics from Harvard. family moved to Berkeley when he became head of the economics department. As an interesting side note, my father actually became a U.S. citizen and served in the U.S. Navy in World War II. In the early 1950s, he was head of Hubert Humphrey's campaign in the state of Minnesota.But I can assure you, growing up I was well aware of my Greek identity. I heard plenty of bedtime stories from my grandmother about Greek gods. I was always reminded of my Greek heritage because every time one of my teachers called out .my last name half the class would burst out in laughter.No, I was not a Jones or a Smith. It was a time when ethnic names were not popular. So my classmates usually changed my name to GP or Pappy or even Curious George, because my protruding ears reminded them of the famous monkey. Actually, I rather liked the Curious George nickname. He was one of my favorite characters, always trying to discover and always getting into trouble. Maybe it was a sign of what was in store for me later on in life.I first travelled to Greece around six years old. Starting out in California, my parents threw the four kids, three boys and one girl, into the back of the station wagon-no seat-belts then- and we took a week, from motel to motel, to get to New York.Upon arriving in New York, we sold the car and took an ocean liner to Greece, another two-week trip to the port of Piraeus. I still remember my grandfather, a tall and lanky man with a top hat, waiting for us on the dock. I was his namesake and he greeted me first. He grabbed my ear, pinched my cheek and then slapped me in the face.Uh-oh, I thought, I'm already in trouble. What did I do?But 1 soon learned that that was his show of deep emotion and overwhelming love for me. …

Isolating Different Factors Affecting Travel Time Reliability in an Observational Before/After Study

It is increasingly recognized that travel time reliability is important to travellers and goods, and hence there is an increasing demand to include reliability in the evaluation and appraisal of transport projects and programs, as a separate factor in its own right. A number of the policy options already in use as congestion mitigation policies have also positive impacts on the travel time reliability. It is therefore important to evaluate impacts of any remedial action separately both for average travel time (congestion) and for variability of that travel time (reliability). The impacts are generally assessed with an observational before/after study. As many things, independent from the system to be assessed, change between the periods before and after the installation of the system, observational before/after studies take also into account a reference site, where the effect of these changes is identified.In a previous paper Bhouri and Aron, (2013) presented the reliability impacts of a managed lane case consisting in a Dynamic Hard Shoulder Running (HSR) during rush hours on a French urban motorway. The study was conducted by comparing reliability indicators based on data collected in 2002 before the implementation of the system and in 2006 after this implementation. Jacques Chirac, former president of France, launched in 2003 an important campaign for road safety and against speeding. This modified the travel time distribution, differently according to the lane. As reliability is based on the percentiles (and not only on averages), it was necessary, in order not to confound the effect of this campaign with the HSR effect, to develop the observational before/after study method for determining that time effect by level of travel time: to do this, the before and after travel time distributions of the reference site are established, then their difference is analyzed as a function of the travel time, taking into account the percentiles. This method and the results are presented in this paper.

Introduction Aimé Césaire and World Literature

Comparative Literature Studies is pleased to mark the hundredth anniversary of the birth of Martinican writer and political leader Aimé Césaire with the three articles on Aimé Césaire in this issue, which were commissioned and edited by associate editor Thomas Hale. Born on June 26, 1913, Césaire died in 2008 after an extraordinary life in literature and politics. His path from a small Caribbean island to the global stage was traced in a variety of genres—poems, plays, essays, prefaces, speeches, interviews, declarations, manifestoes, letters, telegrams, translations, a film review, and a historical study.One theme appears throughout his oeuvre: the liberation of peoples from all forms of exploitation. Images of exploitation and liberation permeate his long poem Cahier d'un retour au pays natal (Notebook of a Return to the Native Land), which appeared in 1939. They also figure prominently in his plays: Et les chiens se taisaient (1946) (And the Dogs were Silent), La tragédie du roi Christophe (1963) (The Tragedy of King Christophe), Une saison au Congo (1966) (A Season in the Congo), and Une tempête (1969), an anticolonial interpretation of Shakespeare's play The Tempest. His passion for freedom erupts most violently in his polemic Discours sur le colonialisme (1948, 1950, 1955) (Discourse on Colonialism). The definition he coined in this powerful essay is now included in French dictionaries: “colonialisme=chosification” (“colonialism=reification”). His remarkable speeches in the French Parliament, where he served as a representative of Martinique from 1945 to 1993, convey the same messages that one finds in his other writings.His contributions to world literature take many forms. For example, his works have been translated into many languages, a number of which appear in the voluminous anthologies prepared for students in university courses. He introduced to the language of liberation the word “negritude,” which conveys the awareness of one's own roots in Africa and of the need to spread this awareness to other peoples in the African diaspora. Negritude served as a banner for those African and Caribbean writers in the 1930s who rejected French cultural assimilation and who wanted to focus instead on their own heritage. The term entered French dictionaries in 1948 after the publication of Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie africaine et malgache de langue française, edited by the Senegalese poet Léopold Sédar Senghor and prefaced by Jean-Paul Sartre with “Orphée noir.” The French philosopher placed great emphasis on negritude as a literary movement, devoting particular attention to the poetry of Césaire.When Césaire died in 2008, the president of France and many members of the government, past and present, flew to Martinique to attend the funeral. Although there was a movement in France to have Césaire's ashes buried in the Pantheon, his family insisted that he be buried in Fort-de-France, the city he served as mayor of from 1945 to 2001. For Martinicans, his “pays natal” was where he belonged. For readers around the world, he lives on in the many works he wrote.Our celebration of Césaire's hundredth birthday and of his contributions to world literature is only one of many events planned for 2013. UNESCO has declared 2013 a year for honoring Rabindrânâth Tagore, Pablo Neruda, and Aimé Césaire as exemplars of a “reconciled universal.” Institutions and scholars in Africa, North America, and Europe have prepared colloquia and special issues of journals. The Agence universitaire de la francophonie has sponsored the publication of a volume of the major works of Césaire. Finally, two of the authors of articles in this issue, Kora Véron and Thomas A. Hale, have just published Les écrits d'Aimé Césaire: Biobibliographie commentée, a volume containing excerpts and commentary on a thousand published texts by Césaire.We hope that articles on Aimé Césaire's work and legacy will continue to appear in the pages of CLS in the years to come.

A Functional Analysis of the 2007 and 2012 French Presidential Debates

In 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy ran against Segolene Royal for President of France; Sarkozy won. In 2012, Sarkozy was challenged by Francois Hollande; Hollande won. This study applies the Functional Theory of Political Campaign Discourse to the French Presidential debates of 2007 and 2012. In 2007, candidates acclaimed more than they attacked and attacked more than they defended, as predicted. However, in 2012 acclaims were not used more than attacks probably because Sarkozy trailed in polls. Sarkozy and Royal discussed policy more than character. The incumbent in 2007 and 2012 acclaimed more and attacked less than the challengers on past deeds.

The Euro Crisis – A Political or Financial Challenge?

It is exciting that we are able to host His Excellency Joschka Fischer. As we are here, the new President of France is having lunch with six former socialist Prime Ministers, getting ready to take off to Berlin to talk over dinner tonight with the Chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel. But our guest today, Joschka Fischer, was at a very important period of time Vice Chancellor and Foreign Affairs Minister of his great country – Germany. Things have changed since. Then we were working hard to be able to join the European Union, about ten years ago when Mr. Fischer was Deputy Chancellor and I was Deputy Prime Minister, I think neither of us, looking forward to the future in ten years’ time, imagined that in the spring of 2012 we will have such a severe crisis at the core of the euro zone.

Distinctive Features of the Usage of Argumentative Strategies and Techniques in Political Discourse (on the Materials of French and Georgian Languages)

In our article we have studied the argumentation phenomenon as one of the basic branches of the communicative linguistics. Namely, we have researched particular features of usage of argumentative strategies and techniques in Georgian and French political discourses. The research was performed on the discourses enunciated by the former president of France - Nikolas Sarkozy and the president of Georgia – Mikheil Saakashvili in the electoral campaign before the wide audience for persuading of the electorate where we have analyzed by means of the comparative methodology the argumentative strategies and techniques most clearly expressing the argumentative specification of their discourses. These are: value argument, authority argument, parallel syntax constructions, strategy of the personality identifying, metaphor, strategy aimed at different orientations. We have also tried to determine the impact of different socio-cultural environment on the construction of argumentative discourse in terms of choice of argumentative strategies and techniques.

Mingus Mood by William Memlouk

their own way, liberated from the morass of self-doubt, conformism, and low self-esteem that have held them back until they put on Mitterrand’s seemingly magical hat. Daniel Mercier, who finds the hat in the brasserie after sitting at the table next to that of the presidential party, overcomes his timidity at work, becomes more outspoken at meetings of his company, and soon gets a major promotion . He is also the first of the hat’s beneficiaries to lose it when he no longer really needs it, but he spends the rest of the novel tracking it down. In the end, he generously, and patriotically, returns it to its rightful owner, whom he gets to meet again in person. The second individual to find the hat is Fanny Marquand, who serendipitously shares the same initials as the President of France, which are embossed in gold on the headband. This portentous coincidence gives Fanny the courage to break off her longtime liaison with a married man who keeps finding excuses not to leave his wife. She makes her literary aspirations her new focus and becomes a successful short story writer when she publishes a story based on her love life. With the money she earns from her publications, she buys a book store in Cabourg (shades of Proust), where she also finds a partner more worthy of her. While en route to his weekly visit to his psychiatrist, Pierre Aslan picks up the hat on a bench in the Parc Monceau where Fanny has left it. Pierre is a master nose, a creator of perfumes who, now in his fifties, has become a kind of hasbeen . The smell of Mitterrand’s hat left on a radiator after getting wet in the rain, combined with the colognes of the different people who have worn it, inspires him to create a new scent that re-launches his career and earns him a fortune. The hat’s final passing owner is Bernard Lavallière, a wealthy businessman who has always been a political conservative. Wearing Mitterrand’s fedora turns him into an enthusiastic partisan of the socialist president and a collector of contemporary art, much to the dismay of his wife and friends. The form of this novel is as entertaining as the plot. It is written for the most part in the third person, but it becomes an epistolary novel in the middle when the first three people through whose hands the hat passes exchange letters concerning its whereabouts. As a result of this correspondence, Daniel and his wife become admirers of Fanny’s short stories. In the epilogue, we discover that the president’s security agents have been monitoring the hat’s movements from day one. Mitterrand had rejected a direct intervention, preferring to enjoy the spectacle of the ways it has impacted the lives it has crossed. This almost godlike posture is reinforced in the final words of the novel where a line is quoted from Mitterrand’s final speech to the people of France: “‘Je crois aux forces de l’esprit et je ne vous quitterai pas.’” One is reminded of Jesus assuring the Apostles just before His Ascension that He will be with them all days. University of Denver James P. Gilroy MEMLOUK, WILLIAM. Mingus Mood. Paris: Julliard, 2010. ISBN 978-2-260-01955-8. Pp. 244. 18 a. Ce premier roman de Memlouk qui, né en 1977, est journaliste spécialisé en littérature et musique, s’apparente aux biographies fictionnelles de figures du jazz, genre encore marginal voici une décennie mais qui tend à devenir de plus en plus répandu. Nous en voulons pour preuve les nombreux “romans” d’Alain 794 FRENCH REVIEW 86.4 Gerber (Louie (2002), Chet (2003), Charlie (2005), Lady Day (2005), Miles (2007), Frankie, le sultan des pâmoisons (2008)—tous parus chez Fayard), et aussi des ouvrages de plus jeunes auteurs, comme le beau Pannonica de Pauline Guéna (2007). Comme il est fréquent pour une telle entreprise, le récit s’inspire des épisodes connus de la vie de Charles Mingus, le grand contrebassiste de jazz. Mingus a écrit son autobiographie, Beneath the Underdog (1971), et les...

Preparing Europe for the Unforeseen, 1958–63. De Gaulle, Monnet, and European Integration beyond the Cold War: From Co-operation to Discord in the Matter of the Future of the EEC

Since its earliest days in the early 1950s European integration has been driven by a dynamic set free by a complex interplay between clashing grand designs, contingency and a somewhat contradictory inherent urge for both ‘deepening’ and ‘widening’ of communitarian integration. How did this interplay work? It is the aim of this article to try to find an answer to that question regarding the period 1958–63. At the center of the article is a detailed description of the striking story of a close behind-the-scenes cooperation in European affairs between the president of France's Fifth Republic, Charles de Gaulle, and the godfather of communitarian integration, Jean Monnet, the typical adversaries in the existing historiography of European integration, respectively embodying the purest images of continental intergovernmental cooperation and of trans-Atlantic embedded supranational integration. This unknown story of the cooperation between de Gaulle and Monnet sheds new light on the integration process during the years 1958–63, a crucial episode in European integration history. The analysis in this article is based on fresh multi-archival research.

Plus Ça Change: Along the Rue de Caumartin [Doing No Harm

Plus Ça Change: Along the Rue de Caumartin [Doing No Harm