Preservation Of Peace Research Articles

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ЭТНОДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА ПОСТСОВЕТСКОГО КАЗАХСТАНА И МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО СОГЛАШЕНИЯ

The article discusses the description of the history of the ethnic composition of Kazakhstan. A large cycle of materials is based on the data from population censuses and materials of Kazakhstani researchers. A special study of the ethno-demographic growth of post-Soviet Kazakhstan was carried out. Ethno-demographic growth is divided into periods based on history. The arrival of many peoples in Kazakhstan and their history, political decisions of independent Kazakhstan on the way to interethnic harmony are considered. The emergence of ethnic groups in Kazakhstan is a great political event. The decline of the Kazakh population and the increase in the number of representatives of other nationalities have led to a change in the ethnodemography of Kazakhstan. The country has created a unique and effective mechanism for implementing national policy, interethnic and interreligious dialogue through the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. Special attention is paid to the description of the activities of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. The Institute has come to the conclusion that it ensures the revival of ethnic identity and culture, forms a single political, legal and cultural platform for ethnic processes and contributes to the preservation of peace and harmony in the country. In general, thanks to the work of the Assembly in our country there is a unique model of interethnic and interfaith harmony, a special atmosphere of trust, solidarity, mutual under-standing, where every citizen, regardless of nationality and religion, can fully enjoy the civil rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution, all necessary conditions for the development of traditions. It was noted that the activities of the Assembly contribute to increasing the international prestige of Kazakhstan as a country that effectively solves issues of interethnic relations.

Egyptian-Israeli Relations during the Government of Mohamed Morsi (2012-2013)

The article highlights the details of the foreign policy of the Arab Republic of Egypt and its impact on the regional security of the state of Israel in between 2012-2013. After the Islamists came to power, they began to dominate expectations that the political force led by Mohamed Morsi would initiate an active anti-Israel policy, however, with active anti-Semitic rhetoric, the "Muslim brotherhood" was able to maintain peaceful relations with Israel. The purpose of this study was to characterize the relationship between M. Morsi's government and the state of Israel during the period 2012 to 2013while revealing the impact of various factors on the preservation of peace in the region, especially in the face of the conflict situation that intensified in neigh boring countries such as Libya and Syria. The main approaches to the study of the problem under consideration were analytical method and content analysis. It is concluded that the article can also contribute to the study of the history of the Middle East within the framework of Arab-Israeli relations against the deterioration of the political situation and the strengthening of religious radicalism in the region.

The Arctic as a potential space for Great Power Competition

At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, the Arctic Ocean experienced a short reduction in both the extent and the amount of sea ice. These events, triggered by a global rise in temperature, have opened the door to more active use of new sea shipping routes and the possibilities of extraction of natural resources from deposits previously inaccessible. Such changes led to an increase in the activity of states both belonging to the Arctic region and outside it. The result of these processes was a gradual increase in rivalry between the key actors in the Arctic region. The author analyzes how the state of relations between the great powers affects the Arctic region. Using the example of relations between US and Russia, which are key in the Arctic, it is shown that, despite the growing rivalry between the two states, they least of all affect the Russian-American relations in this region. Against this background, there is growing and interesting another great power to this region - the PRC. In contrast to the Russian Federation and the United States, China uses a non-confrontational path in its activities in the Arctic region, advocates the preservation of peace and stability in it. As a result, the rivalry of states in the northern latitudes can be called a semblance of a Cold War on a regional scale.

Pacifist utopias: humanitarianism, tragedy and complicity in the Second World War

Pacifist utopias: humanitarianism, tragedy and complicity in the Second World War

Философия социальной политики в немецком консерватизме XIX века

The article describes the attitude of the German conservative thinkers of the XIX century towards social policy. Works by Carl von Haller, Adam Muller, Wilhelm von Ketteler and Carl von Vogelsang are studied, the philosophic background of their views, and the im­pact of their arguments for the intellectual history of Germany. Their conservative cri­tique of capitalism and socialism is studied. The paper also analyzes the conception of “sustainable development” understood as an approach towards economy that is focused not on the increase of production, but on maintenance of acceptable level of welfare. The article presents ideas of corporate organization of society that can restore the har­mony of medieval social, political and economical relations. The ideology of aristocratic paternalism is explored together with its philosophical and religious foundations as well as its focus on the preservation of social peace and its concern about the needs of the pop­ulation. The article presents the claims of the conservative thinkers on the value of the nonmaterial components of the social life, which serve as the foundation for social policy, namely respect towards tradition, responsibility, service, trust, justice, frugality, religios­ity. The emergence of the German conservatism is explored in relation to Russian politi­cal philosophy. The article shows that the scientific and public activity of the German conservatives led to the introduction of social laws in Germany and Austria.

Contribution of the Far Eastern Region to the Victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War and the End of World War II

In 1941—1945. The inviolability of the Far Eastern borders with limited human resources, a poorly developed system of communication links and a lack of financial resources was maintained using the country's socio-political and military-economic capabilities. The demographic situation determined the mobilization capabilities of the region, the imbalance between the number of urban and rural residents, the personnel potential of military-industrial and civilian enterprises has increased, the problem of labor resources has become aggravated. The deployment of a military contingent in the Far East was, on the one hand, an incentive for the development of life-supporting industries, and on the other, an additional burden for limited regional resources. The introduction of a rationed supply of food and basic necessities to the population guaranteed a minimum of material benefits for the majority of the population. In the most difficult conditions, it was possible to preserve the social infrastructure at a level that ensures the reproduction of the labor force. The movement “Everything for the front, everything for the victory!” became a symbol of Soviet patriotism, citizenship and sacrifice. The war of the Soviet Union against Japan received the support of the world community. The Tokyo and Khabarovsk military tribunals established that the main Japanese criminals violated international law, treaties and agreements, unleashing aggressive wars against other countries, and committed a grave crime against humanity. The signed international agreements provided not only for the defeat of fascist Germany, Italy, militarist Japan and their allies, but also for the preservation of peace and the settlement of contradictions. The commonality of goals, the just nature of the war helped the Soviet people endure an incredibly difficult and prolonged test and win the Great Patriotic War, and bring the end of World War II closer.

БАЛКАНСКОЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ВНЕШНЕЙ ПОЛИТИКИ ЧЕШСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ

The article examines one of the directions of the foreign policy of the Czech Republic - the Balkan one. Based on the analysis of government documents on foreign policy, it is noted that this vector cannot be considered a priority. Nevertheless, the development of the situation in the Balkans is of considerable interest in Czech society. The main topic discussed in the article is the integration of the Balkan states into the European Union. The article reveals the connection between the foreign policy strategy of the Czech Republic and the current state of the Czech political scene, where the discussion on the recognition of Kosovo's independence plays a significant role. In connection with the active use of the «southern Balkan route» by migrants, certain problems of the migration policy of the Czech Republic are considered in the context of the fight against illegal migration. The main research method is content analysis of foreign policy documents of the Czech government and speeches of Czech politicians. The author concludes that the Czech Republic actively supports the process of European integration of the Balkan states, considering it an indispensable condition for the stable economic and political development of all countries in the region and a guarantee of the preservation of peace and security in Europe as a whole.

The “Entente cordiale” and the rivalry of Great Britain and France in North Africa in 1830s–1840s. The example of Morocco

The article examines the relationship between the two leading powers of the 19th century, Great Britain and France, against the background of colonial rivalry in North Africa. Analyzing relevant English, French, and Moroccan diplomatic documents, the author concludes that the issue of establishing a dominant influence in Morocco was one of the main issues in the relations between Great Britain and France in 1830–1840. The French takeover of Algeria disrupted the regional and European balance of influence and gave a conflicting character to the relations between the competing powers. The “Entente Cordiale” (“Cordial Accord”), designed to contribute to the preservation of peace in Europe, acted as a deterrent that did not allow Great Britain and France to move to an open phase of confrontation in the Maghreb. The sharp phase of the rivalry between the two powers in Morocco occurred in 1837–1844 and was associated with the name of the hero of the liberation struggle of Algeria from the French invaders, Emir Abd al-Qadir. The Franco-Moroccan War of 1844 ended with the defeat of Morocco, facing the threat of French occupation. Due to the pressure from British diplomacy, the Franco-Moroccan treaty was concluded, and the sultanate existed as an independent country for about sixty years, although in fact the European powers did not stop systematically undermining the country's sovereignty.

Кінець ери глобалізації, деглобалізація, “нова” глобалізація чи перехід до ноосферного співрозвитку?

The article highlights the controversial issues of the state, contradictions and trends of modern globalization in the face of new challenges and threats associated with political, immigration, pandemic, climate, economic and trade shocks – Britain’s exit from the EU, the implementation of the US President’s policy “America Above All”, the beginning of trade de-globalization as a result of the revision of free trade agreements (FTAs) and the trade “war” between the United States and China, the impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic and climate change on deepening the global economic recession, the collapse of national economies and international trade, lack of financial resources for active government support of the health care systems, social protection, small and medium-sized businesses. Political, economic, managerial and academic circles are actively discussing the problems of the “end” of globalization, de-globalization, “new” globalization, the need for a “new world order”, which will actually embody the fundamental values ??of democracy, economic freedom, free trade and, at the same time, will strengthen social responsibility of the world community and its international institutions, the main geopolitical, geo-economic and military centers of power (primarily the United States, China, the European Union, Russia, etc.) for the preservation of peace on the basis of consensus, recognition of global priorities in countering climatic and epidemic threats to human life on Earth , consistent implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals to eradicate poverty in all its forms and manifestations, combat inequality within and between countries, ensure continuous, inclusive and sustainable economic growth and promote social inclusion. The article drew attention to the strengthening of the trends of protectionism and economic nationalism, in particular, the US withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement and attempts to revise the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The article shows the loss of the US leadership in world trade due to the accelerated economic development of other countries, primarily the Asian region. The discussion of these problems at the Davos Economic Forum led to the conclusion about the likely end of Atlanticism and globalization. At the same time, the UN report (2018) highlighted a special section on trade hyperglobalization. The article hypothesizes that the Bali Round (2013) of negotiations on trade began the fourth wave of its globalization, and proposes a new theory of international trade – the theory of globalization impact.

IMPERIAL DISTRICTS AS FEDERAL AND REGIONAL ELEMENTS OF THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE 1500–1806

The creation of the Imperial Circles (= Reichskreise) was an overdue answer to the powerlessness of the Empire and the Estates in matters of the preservation of peace in the countryside, the organization of the Supreme Court, the control of taxes, begging, the poor, customs and coin matters, the conscription of the Imperial Army, health care – formed by the medical Policey with regard to the supply of drinking water, protection against epidemics and plague – and many other points in the early modern process of civilization. These included, for example, the construction of cross-border roads and streets and the settlement of territorial prestige and border disputes. Some of these were certainly more of a requirement than an everyday practice. Since the 16th century, most of the administrative work was then carried out by the increasing competence of county councils. In combination with their territorial system of offices and government, they had new instruments of regional planning control at their disposal. For urgent tasks such as regional and supra-regional road construction, the fight against epidemics and crime, and customs, coinage or trade policy, the county councils (= Kreiskonvente) were often too “small”, especially in the territorial area of southern Germany, but the Reich as a whole was far too “large”" to find and implement practicable solutions. Up to now it was a research desideratum to classify the imperial circles into the European system of federal structures. My contribution aims to close this gap.

A Multi‐Transition Approach to Evaluating Peacekeeping Effectiveness

SUMMARYPast studies of the effectiveness of peacekeeping operations (PKOs) mainly focus on the preservation of peace. If the transitions from peace to conflict or from conflict to peace are correlated based on grievances or war weariness, then a multi‐transition survival analysis provides more efficient estimates and may limit bias. Our main analysis for 133 country‐based conflicts during 1990–2016 shows that estimates of the two transitions display a significant negative covariance, consistent with grievances and the need for a multi‐transition approach. As a robustness check, we match UN PKOs with the absence of UN PKOs to address nonrandom assignments of PKOs. For the matched and unmatched estimates, we find that UN peace enforcement missions induce a transition from conflict to peace, while UN observation, traditional peacekeeping, and peacebuilding missions limit a transition from peace to conflict. We also show that UN troops, rather than UN police, are more effective in transitioning from conflict to peace and in maintaining peace after conflict. Further robustness runs for alternative subsamples (e.g., just civil wars) support the main results. Our findings indicate the appropriate UN PKO mission type and personnel mix to deploy depending on the conflict’s current state.

SAFEGUARDING HORMANI BROTHERS AND SISTERS AND CARRYING OUT LEGAL PROTECTION AGAINST ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION IN MALUKU

Brothers and Sisters of people in Maluku have the same hopes and ideals to always maintain peace in the land of the Kings of this Country. Harmony that is manifested in togetherness, friendship, brotherhood, love between fellow children in Maluku, and the silatu of the womb. It will motivate high civilization between public and indigenous people value if Brothers and Sisters of Maluku maintain peace that will ensure harmony among people. On the other hand, it will preserve ecosystems in Maluku which will create Harman between humans and the environment. This research explains the forms of basudara people’s activities as a form of implementation of peace preservation. This study uses a normative legal approach; normative legal research is carried out using appropriate methods based on the scientific characteristics of legal science. Moreover, this study discusses harmony maintenance of brothers in Maluku that perform Legal Protection against Ecosystem Conservation in Maluku. The research finds that the one form of keeping peace in Maluku is in the form of togetherness, friendship, brotherhood and love. It is believed that these principles will provide positive energy in humanity welfare. Therefore, the Government of Maluku must encourage awareness of both general public and indigenous people of Maluku.

Menjaga Keamanan Negara Menurut Perspektif Maqāsid Syariah Serta Hubungannya Dengan Matlamat Pembangunan Lestari [Sustainable Development Goals]: Kajian Di Malaysia (National Peace Preservation According to the Maqāsid Syariah Perspective and its Relations to the Sustainable Development Goals [Sustainable Development Studies]: A Study In Malaysia)

Peace is an invaluable asset to ensure the prosperity and harmony of a nation. With the existence of peace, the people in a nation can carry out their respective responsibilities and roles perfectly, which consequently further enhance the nation prosperity. There are numbers of Western orientalists suggested that Islam is a religion that advocates violence. While in actuality, Islam uphold the preservation of peace and security at the utmost importance. This calls for a comprehensive argument to properly present the adherence of Islam towards maintaining harmony and prosperity. Therefore, the objective of this study is to highlight the existence of peace preservation in the Islamic concept of Maqāsid Syariah and draw the similarity on the definition of peace in Maqāsid Syariah with UN Guidelines for Sustainable Development Goals (Sustainable Development Goals). The research adopted library research methodology to accentuate the concept of peace preservation in the five elements of Maqāsid Syariah by using textual and contextual analysis on available literature pertaining the subject matter. The results show that the peace preservation of the nation is an integral piece in the concept of Maqāsid Syariah. National peace preservation is the key to maintain the five elements of Maqāsid Syariah which are religion, intellect, self, heritage and wealth. In addition, Maqāsid Syariah delineates peace keeping at the highest priority in maslaḥah requirement. Furthermore, Maqāsid Syariah demonstrates a compelling correlation in its definition of peace with the characteristic sustainable development goals (SDCs) outlined by the United Nations (UN). The importance of this study is to give a general guidance on preservation and maintenance of national peace according to the shariah objectives, which have a strong relationship among them.

Regional, national and confessional factors of formation of national identity of Kazakhstan

The article is devoted to the study of the national identity of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article analyzes the main factors affecting the emerging national identity of the modern Republic of Kazakhstan. Thus, we study a complex process involving many stages, it is obvious only when the ratio of two different identities: civil and national, the most important part of the process of integration of which is the exchange of its elements. The article also provides an assessment of the effectiveness of the state strategy in this area, describes the presence of two main strategies of national-state construction and, accordingly, the dominant models of national identity. The first strategy is aimed at the formation of a single Kazakh nation from a multi-ethnic society on the basis of common citizenship, the second strategy is related to the national identity of the Kazakhs themselves. The prerequisites for the formation of an integral model of national identity as the Foundation for further modernization of society on the basis of civil consolidation and political stability of society, allowing to ensure the priorities of state-building and socio-economic development, preservation of civil peace and spiritual harmony, strengthening of the international authority of the state.

ЮНЕСКО У ХХІ СТ.: НОВІ ВИКЛИКИ

The author studies new challenges of UNESCO’s in the XXI century. The activities of the Organization include such areas as culture, education, science, communication, information. UNESCO was created after The Second World War as one of the main institutions of the United Nations for the preservation of world peace by using establishing connections between the countries in the educational, cultural and scientific areas. Based on the source base (statutes, conventions, declarations, etc.) author analyses the changes of UNESCO’s activities in the new century. In particular, the main areas are a priority in the activities of the Organization, but there are new challenges today. This article focuses on the important program «Education for All» (2000-2015). It is the main task of UNESCO in the field of education. There have been positive changes in the direction of improving educational opportunities, but many important questions are necessary to solve. It is new challenges, which should be completed by 2030. Special attention was given to cultural sphere of UNESCO’s activities, which includes the preservation of the world cultural and natural sites in the XXI century, the protection of intangible heritage, cultural diversity. The author studies scientific sector of UNESCO’s activities in the XXI century. Communication and information are important directions in the XXI century because people live in era of new solutions, constant improvement of information technology, achievements in the field of communications. Author outlines problems in the Organization’s activities such as gender equality and the importance of assisting developing of African countries. The United States is not a member of UNESCO. It is new challenge is for UNESCO in the XXI century. According to the article the author outlines perspective of UNESCO’s activities in the XXI century.

Lietuvos užsienio politika tarpukariu: kova su likimu ar tradicija? | Lithuanian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period: A Battle against Fate or Tradition?

Wilsonianism, the political philosophy of President Woodrow Wilson of the USA, was seen in Europe in 1919 as a way out of the chaotic and almost hopeless situation in international relations that had emerged in the autumn of 1918. The philosophy established a new ideology of international relations based on the equality of sovereign states, a doctrine of collective security, and the preservation of peace and stability. In European and world political history, this was the beginning of a geo-political experiment that, to a large extent, continues to this day. New entities in international politics, such as the Lithuanian state, proclaimed in 1918, had to adapt to the new ideology as well. The essay provides an outline of the stimuli and obstacles to Lithuanian foreign policy in that direction in the period between the two world wars. Based on sources from Lithuanian and Russian archives, published documents and historical research, the author discusses the links between Lithuanian foreign policy and its controversial historical heritage, complex domestic political processes, and attempts to solve the problems it faced in its cooperation with Bolshevik Russia (the USSR).

Through a girl’s eyes: Social ontologies of citizen identity among Jordanian and refugee students in Jordan’s double-shift secondary schools

Jordan, along with Lebanon, has the greatest influx of Syrian refugees in the world. To address the issue of overcrowding in schools, a double-shift system operates in Jordan, whereby Jordanian students receive schooling in the morning; and Syrian and other refugee students, in the afternoon. The purpose of this article is to examine the social ontological perspectives of 92 Arab female youth (Jordanian and Arab refugee) through analysis of their views on citizen identity and the citizenship discourse promoted in 3 all-girl double-shift secondary schools in Amman. The youths’ ontologies are informed by a complex set of identity markers; namely, nationality, religion, culture, ethnicity (Arabness), gender, and developmental stage (youth). The study reveals that youth ontological security is rooted in Arab heritage, Islamic identity, and the state’s emphasis on preservation of peace over student reactions to contemporary political crises in the Middle East. This empirically grounded, qualitative scholarship serves as a call for more youth studies on citizen identity in the Arab world.

Understanding ASEAN Peace Preservation Role in the Korean Peninsula

Since its inception in 1967, ASEAN has an important role to establish regional security and peace building in Southeast Asia. That effort certainly continues up until now. Realizing that the peace preservation needs to be extended to its northern neighbor, ASEAN initiated mechanisms that would enable it to play greater role in the Korean peninsula. However, the association effort to preserve peace in the region is inseparable from criticism which stated that this association was not effective in reconciling the two Koreas. Amidst the pessimism of ASEAN's role in the Korean Peninsula, this paper is presented to respond that argument. Furthermore, by using the constructivism paradigm, this paper argues that the ASEAN approach that believes in norms building to address security challenges in the Korean peninsula uncovers space for peace preservation in other ways amid such options and mechanisms that other powers offer which in fact last briefly and exacerbate hostility. To conclude, the approach has been useful for several reasons, such as maintaining the continuity of the multilateralism ties with North Korea and being an important actor that can be trusted by the two Koreas in the midst of a vortex of influences involving the big powers competition.

Мир как основа человеческой цивилизации: философские и социокультурные представления

The goal — the study of peace and peaceful existence as the basis of the entire human civilization — has been achieved by solving of the following tasks: 1) philosophical and linguistic analysis of the concepts of «peace» and «peaceful existence»; 2) consideration of the problem of peaceful existence in a logical-historical aspect; 3) the study of the praxeological aspect of the problem, that is, specific ways to achieve peace; 4) consideration of the essence and foundations of the social world; 5) highlighting the role of religions and religious denominations to ensure a peaceful existence. Research methods include methods of historical and philosophical, cultural and linguistic analysis, comparative approach. Results. The main aspects of peaceful existence as a basic concept of the whole human history and civilization have been considered. Peace and war as two dialectical foundations of human existence are closely interconnected throughout world history. This proves both the conducted linguistic analysis and the logical-historical approach to the problem of peaceful existence. The state of the peace was not always recognized as indispensable for individual and social being. Following Heraclitus, philosophers often had recognized the benevolent nature of war as a factor that binds states and nations together. But in the twentieth century, the war acquired such qualitative characteristics that any military confrontation can lead to a nuclear apocalypse, although even today many advanced technologies appear precisely in the military industry. In the era of civilizational confrontation caused by globalization processes, the achievement and preservation of universal peace has become a vital task for all mankind. Findings. The notions of a peaceful existence have evolved from thinking about the artificiality of the world and the naturalness of hostility and war for humanity and the individual to the axiomatic concepts that extol world peace on the planet as the only means to avoid nuclear apocalypse. Globalization can contribute to the awareness of the fragility of the entire human civilization and the uniqueness of the sociocultural formations that make it up. In order to achieve peace on the planet, it is necessary to abandon attempts to unify it by force. The entire wealth of human culture cannot be simplified and unified within the framework of a single geopolitical, economic and cultural paradigm. Aggressive attempts of such a kind can lead to the complete destruction of mankind.

МОВА І КУЛЬТУРА В ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЙНІЙ СТРАТЕГІЇ УКРАЇНИ

The article analyzes the main problems of the Ukrainian language and culture development in the European integration strategy of our country. To outline the ways of overcoming those in a conceptual dimension the author addressed to the achievements of the foreign and Ukrainian researchers. The research proves that, despite the strengthening of globalization trends, the language and culture in the European integration strategy of Ukraine remain its main priorities. At the same time, there is an urgent need for the institutionalization of Ukraine's cultural diplomacy. Unfortunately, the slow development of cultural diplomacy is caused by the lack of financial and administrative resources, as well as systematic in the cultural initiatives and competent cultural policy formation in general. It is necessary to deepen the most professional vision of its development problems. In order to do this, it will be useful to address to the more successful European states institutionalization experience, to be interpreted in the light of the Ukrainian realities. Most of them have developed entire networks of cultural diplomacy institutions, aimed at cultural values development in a variety of social and cultural contexts. There are bright examples of such institutions as the British Council, the French Institute, the Czech Centre, the Polish Institute, the Goethe-Institute in Ukraine, with their activities contributing to the intercultural cooperation strengthening. A special attention is paid to the concept of multiculturalism in Western Europe. It is found that it required a political recognition of the minorities’ special “life model” as an equitable model for the majority of the host party. The problem is that the “majority – minority” pair remained in the same positions as in the assimilation concept, with the difference only the minority been supported in its otherness, rather than assimilated to the majority. In reality, in spite of good intentions, multiculturalism, emphasizing the distinctive features of different communities, can lead to segregation, the creation of national and / or confessional districts, in which and in relation to which the same stereotypes and mutual prejudice will be maintained. The article shows that tolerance is not only a desirable state of social and interstate communication, but also an indispensable condition for the preservation of peace on the planet.