Language Preservation Research Articles

Initiatives on preserving the Inuktitut language in Nunavut

The subject of this research is the main initiatives undertaken in Nunavut aimed at preservation and development of the Inuktitut, which is the language of one of the three indigenous peoples of Canada – the Inuit. According to UNESCO, the Inuktitut alongside the majority of languages of the indigenous peoples of Canada, is currently classified as “definitely endangered”, and its preservation requires new solutions of the government. Indigenous languages are not only a means of communication, but also represent a complex system of the centuries-old knowledge, play a significant role in the identity of indigenous peoples, conservation of their culture, worldview, and self-determination. The problem of preservation of language as the crucial element of ethno-cultural heritage becomes increasingly important in the modern era of globalization, which has captured all countries and continents. The novelty of this study consists in analysis and assessment of the experience of the Canadian region Nunavut in implementation of bilingual education models in the regional educational institutions, as well as in the use of information technologies for popularizing the Inuktitut language. Despite the fact that the overall language situation in Nunavut remains complicate, immersion into the language on the levels of preschool and school education, development of media, television and radio broadcasting, the last two decades mark positive trends in the number of Intuits with the command of Inuit language. The experience of Nunavut is of practical importance for the development and implementation of federal and regional programs aimed at supporting the languages and cultures of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of Russia.

Speaking out: A mathematical model of language preservation

Languages evolve as an effect of communal competition while environmental and social dynamics characterize a language. There are thousands of languages spoken around the world but many of them are in danger of going extinct because of language competition and shifts. Modeling language preservation is important because the rise and fall of a language directly impacts the culture attached to it. We present a study of language competition and preservation between a bilingual population and two monolingual populations using a mathematical model involving nonlinear systems of differential equations. Building upon the ideas of previous models in the literature, the model utilizes population proportions with a simple structure that yields noteworthy behavior including a stable spiral with all three language groups preserved. We investigate how bilinguals and monolinguals can coexist as well as how they can affect one another.Los idiomas evolucionan como efecto de la competencia comunitaria, mientras que las dinámicas ambientales y sociales caracterizan a un idioma. Se hablan miles de idiomas en todo el mundo, pero muchos de ellos están en peligro de extinción debido a la competencia lingüística y los cambios. Modelar la preservación del lenguaje es importante porque el auge y la caída de un idioma impacta directamente en la cultura que se le atribuye. Presentamos un estudio de la competencia y preservación del lenguaje entre una población bilingüe y dos poblaciones monolingües utilizando un modelo matemático que involucra sistemas no lineales de ecuaciones diferenciales. Sobre la base de las ideas de modelos anteriores en la literatura, el modelo utiliza proporciones de población con una estructura simple que produce un comportamiento notable que incluye una espiral estable con los tres grupos lingüísticos preservados. Investigamos cómo los bilingües y los monolingües pueden coexistir y cómo pueden afectarse unos a otros.

Этноязыковая ситуация в Горно-Бадахшанской Автономной Области Республики Таджикистан

In this paper I researched the language situation of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast’ of Tajikistan. In the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast’ the status of Pamiris is now very low, and even they are ignored. And their languages are serving as a colloquial language in everyday life. Until the 1920s, Pamir languages are regarded as a different languages, but in 1926 it fell to dialects of Tajik language. In post-Soviet Tajikistan, Pamir languages are still a minority languages. Although the Language law adopted by Tajikistan in 1989 created conditions for the preservation, use and development of Pamir languages of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast’, there is still ostensible preservation, use and development, and described their function problems as autonomous areas of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast’, the status of these languages is still low. The issue of ethnic minority language was completely excluded from everyday life during the Tajikistan civil war, and as political centralization accelerated after the civil war, there is no meaningful policy for Gorno-Badakhshan at present. The declarative status of Gorno-Badakhshan s need to support and develop ethnic minority languages is only ostensible and does not exist.

Этноязыковая ситуация в Республике Хакасия (по результатам социологического исследования)

Introduction. The article presents results of the sociological study to have examined the ethnolinguistic situation in the Republic of Khakassia conducted in 2020 among the titular ethnic group. Goals. The study aims to revel reasons underlying the loss of the Khakass language by its native speakers and factors that can contribute to its preservation. Materials and Methods. The article covers a range of aspects, such as the role of the mother tongue as a native language, motivation for learning the latter, and the problem of preserving it. The data collection method employed is that of formalized interviews. Data processing was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 19 application package. Results. The work concludes as follows: the increase of the role of a native language is determined by the level of ethnocultural education and presence of related values; the motivation for learning Khakass is an indirect cultural transmission; the population’s attitude to the preservation of the native language depends on the shaped social environment and presence of ethnocultural centers in areas densely inhabited by native speakers.

ESTETIKA BAHASA TUTUR BAHASA MADURA DALAM ACARA TRADISI MANTU (Kajian Etnografi Komunikasi dalam Pelestarian Kearifan Lokal)

The underlying problem of the preservation of the Madurese language is twofold. First, the current phenomenon, the Madurese language as one of the local wisdom and its position as a regional language is less proud for its users. Second, the preservation of the Madurese language depends on its speakers and traditions. Madurese language has levels of mandhap, tenga’an, tenggi, and royal linguage. The traditional procession of the mantu in Madura can be used as a container for the preservation of the Madurese language. Remember, in the procession of the event there is a speech from each besan or who represents it. His speech uses various levels of speech that are in line with all levels of the listening community present. The targets of the study are as follows: (1) a description of the use of speech levels that includes good and correct choice of words, expressions, proverbs, and greetings in Madurese; (2) a description of the politeness of language and the ethics of local wisdom through the use of speech levels that include word choices, expressions, proverbs, and greetings in good and correct Madurese speech; (3) an overview of the aesthetics and sanctity of the event through the use of speech levels that include good and correct choice of words, expressions, proverbs, and greetings of the Madurese language. This is based on the study of communication ethnography on speech, namely speech situations, speech events, and speech actions. This study uses a descriptive-qualitative research approach with the following procedure. The source of data used is the speaker's speech, informants, events, and literature with data collection techniques through speech recordings, interviews, observations, and documentation. The results of the study illustrate that the use of speech levels in Madurese speech in traditional mantu events. The use of speech level in accordance with the rules of good and correct use of Madurese language has aesthetics and ethics and can be formulated in the form of speech templates.

Этнокультурные процессы в Бурятии в 2010-е гг.: проблемы сохранения бурятского языка (по материалам СМИ)

Introduction. The article newly examines regional mass media materials of the 2010s for current problems of Buryat language preservation, the latter being an important element of Buryatia’s ethnocultural processes. The term ‘ethnocultural processes’ is understood as a part of contemporary Buryat history, a true expression to denote the development of nation building ideas, including ones related to native language preservation. Materials. The paper considers a number of issues, namely: the need for universal language learning, activities by the Buddhist Traditional Sangha of Russia (BTSR), efficiency of application of federal budget subsidies, literary language and dialects, etc. The reliable media sources confirmed by field and literary materials attest to that ethnocultural processes in Buryatia pertaining to the preservation of the regional titular nation’s language remain relevant throughout the post-Soviet era. Results. The Government’s measures (often essentially formal), initiatives of public organizations (primarily those by BTSR) do contribute to the preservation of the language at a certain level, but yield no transformative results — the share of fluent speakers decreases, which is also caused by the succession of generations. The extremities of obliging all pupils to learn the language are not that harmless and can lead to an imbalance in interethnic relations in the region. Other alarming trends discussed are as follows: the use of the topic for speculative declarations by certain groups and as a background for manifestations of tribalistic attitudes, struggles for subsidies, etc. For the bulk of the population, including some Buryats, language preservation through compulsory schooling is undesirable for its low teaching efficiency and lack of usage prospects determined by insufficient demand in society. Conclusions. The discussion initiated by the mass media forced government agencies of the republic to continue the former at round tables with the participation of officials, scientists, and the public. That resulted in certain positive results, namely: efforts of BTSR were objectively assessed as efficient, and the need to study dialects and subdialects along with the literary language was recognized, the latter establishing a certain consensus between the parties, which shall possibly promote the ethnocultural processes to a new level.

Native American Caregivers' Developmental Priorities for Young Children

Native American tribes and families are highly pluralistic in their ideologies, beliefs, traditions, and values. Very little research has described the parenting and child-rearing beliefs of Native American caregivers. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of Native American caregivers' developmental priorities and preferences regarding their young children's development. Participants included 21 Native American caregivers from a reservation in the Mountain West region of the United States. Ethnographic interviewing techniques described by C. E. Westby (1990) were used to collect caregiver perspectives. Through the use of a naturalistic inquiry paradigm, the process of template analysis was used to organize concepts and identify central themes and subthemes regarding caregivers' priorities and preferences for their children's development. The following 4 themes were identified: (a) supporting Native culture and language preservation, (b) teaching preacademic skills, (c) acquiring social and emotional competence, and (d) teaching self-care and independence. Clinical implications based on these themes and subthemes are discussed in the context of intervention with young Native American children and their families.

Enhancing Language Services to Native American Children: A Look From the Inside

Enhancing Language Services to Native American Children: A Look From the Inside

Konservasi Bahasa Bali pada Kegiatan Kesubakan di Desa Mambal

Over time, the use of regional languages ​​has changed significantly in its use. Given the ever-evolving times, changing mindsets and lifestyles that demand differences from the previous era. Currently the use of mother tongue or Indonesian and English is more desirable in its application due to the demands of an increasingly advanced era. With this phenomenon, the use of regional languages ​​is slowly becoming less attractive, especially the younger generation. To prevent this from happening, a solution is needed, namely by providing teaching or socialization in the form of conservation and revitalization of local languages. The community service program organized by Warmadewa University which aims to educate and increase the interest of the younger generation regarding the preservation of the Balinese language in cultural activities, this also has a relationship with aspects of culture and language. This activity is carried out using a descriptive qualitative method that describes real phenomena that occur in a society. The result of this dedication is that the younger generation shows an interest in fertility activities in order to continue one of the hereditary cultures that has been recognized by the world, namely Subak.

The Perception of Cia-Cia Tribe Students in Southeast Sulawesi Toward South Korea: The Case of Education Aid for Cia-Cia Language Preservation

Since the beginning of the "Korean Wave" in the 2010s, Korean language and the Hangeul alphabet are integral parts in the dissemination of South Korea's soft power across the world. For instances, the South Korean government provided support for the preservation of Cia-Cia language of Cia-Cia ethnic group in Bau-Bau, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia - a program that was originally initiated by Hunminjeongeum Society Foundation in 2008. This study examines the perception of students with Cia-Cia ethnic background toward South Korea. Questionnaire surveys and interviews are used to further look into their perceptions. This study, that started from a thesis, finds that the students who participated in the program have positive perceptions of South Korea. Furthermore, the demonstration of Korean culture and the use of Korean language become more apparent in the students’ daily life, creating a new social reality in the local community. Such finding suggests that international assistance has effectively become a part of South Korea's soft power expansion strategy.Keywords: Cia-Cia, Language, Foreign Aid, Korea, PerceptionSejak merebaknya "Korean Wave" pada dekade 2010-an, Bahasa Korea dan Aksara Hangeul adalah bagian integral dalam penyebaran soft power Korea Selatan di seluruh dunia. Pemerintah Korea Selatan, misalnya, memberikan dukungan untuk pelestarian bahasa Cia-Cia dari Suku Cia-Cia di Bau-Bau Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesia - sebuah program yang awalnya diprakarsai oleh Yayasan Hunminjonggeum Society pada tahun 2008. Studi ini mengukur persepsi siswa dengan latar belakang etnis Cia-Cia terhadap Korea Selatan. Survei kuesioner dan wawancara digunakan untuk melihat lebih jauh persepsi mereka. Studi ini berangkat dari tesis yang dilakukan dan menemukan bahwa siswa-siswa yang terlibat dalam program tersebut memiliki persepsi yang positif tentang Korea Selatan. Selain itu, peragaan budaya Korea dan penggunaan Bahasa Korea menjadi lebih jelas dalam kehidupan sehari-hari siswa-siswa tersebut sehingga menciptakan realitas sosial baru di komunitas lokal. Temuan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa bantuan internasional dapat dan telah secara efektif digunakan sebagai strategi ekspansi soft power Korea Selatan. Kata-kata Kunci: Cia-Cia, Bahasa, Bantuan Luar Negeri, Korea, Persepsi

ADAPTATION OF SOUTH CAUCASIAN IMMIGRANTS IN MODERN-DAY SWITZERLAND

The article examines the main aspects of the adjustment of political and work immigrants from the South Caucasus (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan) who settled in Switzerland in the 1990s and 2000s. Field ethnographic materials were collected in 2018-2019. In the course of the study, the peculiarities of the perception of the culture, lifestyle, and the value system of the Swiss were analyzed. Separately, the author examined the types of immigrants’ employment in the new country. The article’s main focus is the age factor in the adjustment and integration processes. The study also addresses the problems of the preservation of Caucasian cultures and languages ​​under the conditions of immigration and the formation of communication environments for South Caucasians in Switzerland. The author concludes that the South Caucasian immigrants are united by professional and social criteria rather than ethnic kinship. The adults adapt to the new conditions, and the youth integrates and acquires a Swiss identity. Elements of Caucasian cultures, languages ​​and environment are gradually being lost in Switzerland.

Russian immigration to Brazil in the first half of the 20th century: migration routes and adaptation patterns

In the article under consideration, the author examines three main waves of the Russian-speaking immigration to Brazil and, particularly, to the State of São Paulo and its capital of the same name, during the first half of the 20th century. The first wave refers to the period from 1921 to the late 1930s. We consider the arrival of general Wrangel’s soldiers and officers, in 1921; the resettlement of Russian-speaking farmers from Romanian Bessarabia in 1923-1930s; and the ‘secondary’ migration of Nansen refugees from Europe during the 1930s. The second wave represents the post-war subsidized migration of Russian displaced persons (DPs), and the third one is the resettlement of the Russians from China during the 1950s. The author relies on a vast number of authentic sources from public and private archives, such as Russian-language periodicals in Brazil, Brazilian regulatory acts, and interviews with the descendants of Russian emigrants. Delivering a comparative analysis of the aforementioned waves the author concludes that the patterns of the Russian speakers’ adaptation in Brazil need to be considered in the light of political and economic conditions in the country in a particular period of immigrants’ arrival. It is also noted that anti-Soviet sentiments in Brazilian politics, starting from the mid-1930s, had a negative impact on preservation of the Russian language and Russian culture in the country.

Sosialisasi Istilah Bidang Teknologi dalam Bahasa Indonesia Baku dan Penerapannya di Ruang Publik

Technological development leads to the creation of technological terms. The terms are dominantly created in English language. It affects the non-English technology-user. Many users are from Indonesia. In its usage, English terms are mixed with Indonesian. The mixture of language is indicated to interfere the Indonesian language users. In order to preserve the purity of Indonesian language, equivalent words to those technology terms are given. Nevertheless, the equivalent has not been optimally applied. Hence, there is a need for conducting community service activities entitle Sosialisasi Istilah Bidang Teknologi dalam Bahasa Indonesia Baku dan Penerapannya di Ruang Publik. The participants are students of Universitas Amikom Purwokerto. The activities are aimed to give the participants knowledge and motivation to use Indonesian technology terms as produced with the reference of English technology terms. Furthermore, there is also introduction about Seranai Padanan Asing Indonesia, one of the features that can be found in the web of Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Ministry of Education and Culture, Republic of Indonesia. Students in higher education are regarded as a part of society that is expected to apply Indonesian equivalent terms of technology, at least in writing thesis or another formal academic text. They can utilize SPAI for finding the equivalent. By applying the Indonesian terms, they directly support the preservation of Indonesian languageTechnological development leads to the creation of technological terms. The terms are dominantly created in English language. It affects the non-English technology-user. Many users are from Indonesia. In its usage, English terms are mixed with Indonesian. The mixture of language is indicated to interfere the Indonesian language users. In order to preserve the purity of Indonesian language, equivalent words to those technology terms are given. Nevertheless, the equivalent has not been optimally applied. Hence, there is a need for conducting community service activities entitle Sosialisasi Istilah Bidang Teknologi dalam Bahasa Indonesia Baku dan Penerapannya di Ruang Publik. The participants are students of Universitas Amikom Purwokerto. The activities are aimed to give the participants knowledge and motivation to use Indonesian technology terms as produced with the reference of English technology terms. Furthermore, there is also introduction about Seranai Padanan Asing Indonesia, one of the features that can be found in the web of Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Ministry of Education and Culture, Republic of Indonesia. Students in higher education are regarded as a part of society that is expected to apply Indonesian equivalent terms of technology, at least in writing thesis or another formal academic text. They can utilize SPAI for finding the equivalent. By applying the Indonesian terms, they directly support the preservation of Indonesian language

Национальное своеобразие тематики произведений А. Кривошапкина

The article considers peculiarities of themes of Andrey Krivoshapkin’s works. The study aims to identify the main theme in creative work of the Even writer. A. Krivoshapkin’s works tackle issues of the ethnic group’s survival and preservation of the native language. The main characters of his writings are the Deer and the Even. It is ascertained that the writer’s dominant theme is life of his people. The research is novel in that it is the first to study the original theme of the Even writer’s creative work and to state that depicting the special world of the Even and his national character, he creates a full-blooded portrayal of the Arctic peoples’ way of life. As a result, it is proved that A. Krivoshapkin is a communicator of the national spirit, who has expressed hopes and expectations of all the peoples of the North.

Aplikasi Stemming Kata Bahasa Lampung Dialek Api Menggunakan Pendekatan Brute-Force dan Pemograman C#

Lampung is one of the areas on the island of Sumatra that has the regional language and script of Lampung. In this province there are two main regional dialects, namely the dialect of fapi and the dialect of nyo. Research efforts for the preservation of the Lampung language digitally have been conducted by researchers from various Universities. The research stemming from Lampung dialects of api is based on the findings of the fact that the dictionary-based Lampung dialects of the Lampung language dialect cannot translate the affix words. Stemming of Lampung language dialects of api is worked with a Brute-force approach. In the Lampung language there are inflexional verbs and derivational verbs. Inflexional verbs are verbs formed from bases that are also categorized verbs while derivational verbs are verbs formed from bases that are categorized in addition to verbs such as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns and numerals. The purpose of this research is to (1) conduct word stemming with a Brute-force approach, (2) produce an application as a Lampung language word Stemmer dialect of api using C # programming language and online database using Firebase. The methods used in this study consisted of (1) Researchers are looking for, identifying, recording, manually typing 2000 words following the basic words of the Lampung dialect of api, (2) creating a stemming algorithm with a Brute-force approach (3) testing applications that have made. As for the result obtained is the application is able to do word stemming for words that have been identified in 2000 words and if stemming can not be done then the facility is provided to update the database used in the application to be used for stemming because the stemming application is very supportive of the application dictionary-based translation engine. The urgency of Stemming application research is to address the affix word in the Lampung language machine translation machine translation application for further research

The Case for Rare-Language Specialists at HYPIA

Many sociolinguistic scholars and practitioners express worry and distress about the continued rate of language extinction. They repeatedly argue for sustained efforts to preserve rare languages around the world, but the efforts required to realize their goals are substantial. This paper presents a case for rare language preservation at the International Association of Hyperpolyglots, as a distinct category of membership that helps to raise awareness about rare languages and the need for their preservation.

Expanding the law’s vocabulary – Indigenous-language legislation and multilingual treaty interpretation

ABSTRACT Although not widely publicized or studied, Australian parliaments are increasingly breaking new ground in enacting statutory text in Indigenous languages. There are important public discussions to be had about the symbolic significance of this process and the practical benefits it may reap for language preservation. This article looks at a more technical, but no less important, issue: how Indigenous language statutory text is to be interpreted by English-speaking courts. This issue demands urgent resolution so that interpretative anxieties do not deter continued progress in this field. The potential resolution suggested by this article is that Indigenous language statutory text be interpreted using the same principles applied to non-English treaties. A worked example illustrates how this interpretative approach might work in practice.

РУССКОГОВОРЯЩИЕ СООБЩЕСТВА В ВЕНГРИИ И ЧЕХИИ: СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ, ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ, ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ С РОССИЕЙ

This article is devoted to the study of features of the formation and the current state of Russian-speaking communities in two countries — Hungary and the Czech Republic. In this article we uses data from the 2011 census, data from the current population registration of Hungary and the Czech Republic, UN data on the foreign population in the countries of the world according to the 2019-revision, materials of Russian-language publications in Hungary and the Czech Republic, as well as the results of a sociological survey of the Russian-speaking population of Hungary, conducted in 2019. We describe the socio-demographic structure and features of the settlement of the Russian-speaking population in Hungary and the Czech Republic. It is shown that an important factor in the consolidation of Russian-speaking communities in these countries is the preservation of the Russian language and possibilities of using it in various daily practices: communication in everyday life, looking for a job, organizing a business focused on the Russian-speaking segment of the national economies of the host countries. In this context, the active position of the Russian state in supporting Russian compatriots abroad is of fundamental importance. The paper analyzes some instruments of interaction between Russia and compatriots in Hungary and the Czech Republic: support and joint activities for the preservation and dissemination of the Russian language, cultural, scientific and educational projects, and projects aimed at increasing the interest of young compatriots to Russia.

What effects does awake craniotomy have on functional and survival outcomes for glioblastoma patients?

Neurosurgeons adopt several different surgical approaches to deal with glioblastomas (GB) located in or near eloquent areas. Some attempt maximal safe resection by awake craniotomy (AC), but doubts persist concerning the real benefits of this type of surgery in this situation. We performed a retrospective study to evaluate the extent of resection (EOR), functional and survival outcomes after AC of patients with GB in critical locations. Forty-six patients with primary GB treated with the Stupp regimen between 2004 and 2019, for whom brain mapping was feasible, were included. We assessed EOR, postoperative language and/or motor deficits three months after AC, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Complete resection was achieved in 61% of the 46GB patients. The median PFS was 6.8months (CI 6.1; 9.7) and the median OS was 17.6months (CI 14.8; 34.1). Three months after AC, more than half the patients asymptomatic before surgery remained asymptomatic, and one third of patients with symptoms before surgery experienced improvements in language, but not motor functions. The risk of postoperative deficits was higher in patients with preoperative deficits or incomplete resection. Furthermore, the presence of postoperative deficits was an independent predictive factor for shorter PFS. AC is an option for the resection of GB in critical locations. The observed survival outcomes are typical for GB patients in the Stupp era. However, the success of AC in terms of the recovery or preservation of language and/or motor functions cannot be guaranteed, given the aggressiveness of the tumor.

КОРЕННЫЕ МАЛОЧИСЛЕННЫЕ НАРОДЫ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТНОПОЛИТИЧЕСКОМ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ АЛТАЙ

The article is devoted to the analysis of contemporary ethnopolitical processes in the Altai Republic. It is based on a polyparadigm approach and a wide range of sources. In the 1980–1990s, a number of organizations emerged in the Altai Republic; they represented the interests of the region’s minorities: the Kumandins, Chelkans, Tubalars, Teleuts. These groups, which were assessed as subethnoses in the academic and social-journalistic discourse, had crisis parameters in the preservation of languages and cultures, but demonstrated a high level of political activity. In the 2000s, the Kumandins, Chelkans, Tubalars, and Teleuts’ political choice was made in favor of the status of indigenous small peoples, which did not prevent them from considering themselves as a part of the Altai community as a whole. The authors’ study showed that the priorities of ethnic structuring of the Altai’s ethnopolitical space in the 2000s combined with integration trends. The realization of the rights of the indigenous peoples of the Altai Republic formed a new socio-cultural and ethno-political reality. The characteristic features of this reality are: activation of the national and ecological-cultural movement of indigenous small peoples and mobilization of ethnicity, cultural and linguistic identity; multi-level nature of identity. By analyzing the socio-cultural and ethno-political practices of the indigenous small peoples of the Altai Republic, the article demonstrates that despite all the difficulties associated with preserving the unity of the republican community, the movement of the region’s indigenous minorities has built a system of effective dialogue with the state and the regional community, taking into account Russian and international political and legal support.