Present Situation Research Articles

Challenges in the Management of Complex Soft-Tissue Sarcoma Clinical Scenarios.

With nearly 15,000 new cases of soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) in the United States each year, early diagnosis and therapeutic management is imperative for successful patient outcomes. Primary STS is conventionally treated with a combination of wide-margin resection, neoadjuvant or adjuvant radiation therapy, and, in specific cases, adjuvant chemotherapy. However, in situations of complex disease presentation, guidelines for treatment are less clearly outlined. Limited metastatic disease, local recurrence, fungating STSs, and unplanned or incomplete resections of STSs present unique challenges for the multidisciplinary care team. The management of complex STS clinical scenarios usually involves limb-salvage resection or amputation as well as some combination of radiation therapy and/or ablative interventional radiology techniques. As a result, a multidisciplinary team approach is essential for treating patients in these challenging scenarios, with a recent focus on the integration of plastic and reconstructive surgery into the treatment algorithm.

The Criminal Law, the Intelligence and Security Act and the Protective Security Requirements

New Zealand was a pioneer in the codification of its criminal law. The Criminal Code Act was passed in 1893, after a lengthy gestation period. The work owed its origins to law reform activities in India, a tendency spread from India to other British jurisdictions, notably Canada and parts of Australia, but never England. The requirement that common law offences were no longer valid and criminal offences had to be clearly defined in statutes passed by Parliament became accepted orthodoxy here and never questioned. But it is possible, as this article argues, that New Zealand has forgotten the legal implications of its own history of codification. This article argues that s 78AA of the Crimes Act 1961, inserted by the Intelligence and Security Act 2017, is in breach of the codification principle. The vice of the provision is that the content of the Protective Security Requirements is dependent upon the actions of the executive and what it posts on the Internet, not upon law passed by Parliament. It is submitted that the present situation is poor legislative practice and leaves the state of the law in doubt. For security issues to be handled in this fashion is less than satisfactory in a free and open society. The article goes on to analyse the background of New Zealand's criminal law codification and outlines the extensive range of the modern law dealing with the intelligence agencies and how it has expanded in recent years. This history of the agencies is briefly canvassed, including controversial features that have arisen in the past. It concludes that remedial action is necessary and mentions work that is going on within the executive to bring about change. It concludes that issues of legality, human rights and the agencies deserve careful attention and require analysis of the risks to an open society from these developments.

TARGETING ACADEMIC SURGEONS RESTORING THE DIGNITY OF SURGICAL EDUCATION-TRAINING IN INDONESIA: A MODEL OF EXCELLENCE IN PROFESSIONAL ACHIEVEMENT

Background: Due to the dynamic changes in the strategic environment and development of science and technology, the Indonesian national education system has undergone various adjustments, including surgeons' education training programs. To some extent, various essential changes, marginalization, and pragmatization of surgical services have degraded the dignity of surgical education-training programs in Indonesia. This study aims to analyse several causal factors appropriately to direct to an appropriate target based on the present and future situation to prevent inappropriate solutions.Methods: This narrative review is based on related articles freely downloaded, which discuss the what and why of uncertainty in the provision of education-training today and suggest how changes must be made to restore the dignity of Surgeons in Indonesia. Current Indonesian conditions are mainly based on implementation at the Surgery Department, Medicine of Faculty Universitas Indonesia and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.Results: It is challenging to obtain data on evaluating the educational process and the quality of surgeon graduates. Based on observation, there are four main problems, including the recruitment of teaching staff, Ministry of Education and Culture policies, adequateness of learning materials, and the phenomenon of semester-based graduation. These problems lead to quasi-referral and case management of defensive surgery, which gradually declines the surgeon profession's dignity.Conclusion: The fundamental solution to restoring the dignity of surgeons in Indonesia is to provide an education-training which produce academic surgeons.

Food security, food waste and food sharing: The conceptual analysis

Authors emphasize that food in the modern world is becoming less accessible due to the present global economic, geopolitical and climatic situation. At the same time a large share of food produced in the world goes to waste. It means that there is a need to implement tools that could provide people with access to food and reduce amount of food waste. Food sharing, a novel tool of collaborative food consumption, can be used to solve this problem. The paper introduces the concept of distributive food sharing and describes its different types. A description of the present state of distributive food sharing in Russia. We state that the environment for development of distributive food sharing in Russia is not favorable. The main conclusion of the article is the need to create conditions for the development of the concept of food sharing to provide those in need with food and minimize waste.

Canadian Content in the Pages of Drug Metabolism and Disposition: A Comprehensive Historical Analysis.

Scientists from Canadian institutions have a rich history of making interesting and important contributions to the journal Drug Metabolism and Disposition (DMD) over the past 51 years. A goal of this minireview is to highlight these contributions and pay tribute to many of the scientists at Canadian institutions that have aided in the evolution of the discipline through their DMD publications. We conducted a geographical and research sectoral analysis of the temporal trends of DMD publications originating from Canadian sources. The fraction of total DMD papers of Canadian origin achieved a peak during the 1990s and since that time, this metric has displayed a pronounced and steady decline to the present situation, where the country needs to be concerned about its potentially vulnerable global status within the realm of drug metabolism and disposition science. Stronger and timely investment by Canadian academic institutions in drug metabolism and disposition science may help to restore the nation's research excellence in this discipline and ensure a more robust pipeline of appropriately trained scientists to take on careers in academia, industry, and government. Significance Statement The substantial contributions made by scientists at Canadian institutions to the journal Drug Metabolism and Disposition (DMD) are highlighted and celebrated in this minireview. Analysis of temporal trends in the fraction of total DMD papers of Canadian origin paints a concerning picture of Canada's current global status in the realm of drug metabolism and disposition science. Further investment in this discipline at Canadian universities may be needed.

Measuring anthropogenic impact of the ox-bow lakes in moribund Ganges deltaic India

Measuring the anthropogenic impact score (AIS) of the ox-bow lakes in order to explore the present situation and future ways of restoration is very necessary, particularly in highly populated areas. The present work targeted to do this considering 68 contributing parameters under eight AIS constituting components like pollution impact score (PIS), habitat alteration impact score (HAIS), hydrological alteration impact score (HYAIS), landscape alteration impact score (LAIS), etc. and tried to explore the major determinants behind. Machine learning (ML) algorithms were applied for computing component level and overall, AIS. A supervised correlation attribute evaluator (CAE) was applied for detecting major determinants.The result revealed out of total 44 major ox-bow lakes 40.90 % to 59.09 % (9.97 km2 to 14.69 km2) were identified as highly impacted both at the component level and overall scale as per the best predicted Random Forest (RF) model. Hydrologically connected lakes were less impacted than isolated ones. Genetically main river (Bhagirathi-Hooghly) left ox-bow lakes are less affected than those of the off-shoot channel. Larger size lakes witnessed less impact than medium and smaller lakes. Pollution, habitat, and hydrological components were found as the most dominant components of AIS. Reclamation, pollution, and eutrophication factors were identified as the dominant factors. AIS is negatively associated with fish yield and positively associated with the livelihood vulnerability of the dependent fishermen community. Since hydrological connectivity is a big issue; maintenance of it could be a good approach to its sustainability.

The Crab at the End of the World

The Chinese Mitten Crab, a freshwater crab species originating from China, was accidentally introduced in Europe in the early 20th century when Western steamers, returning from China, emptied their ballast water tanks in German harbours. From there, in the course of the last century, the species gradually colonized the coastlines of the North Sea and the Atlantic southwards, but also much of the rest of the world. This visual essay is based upon material collected by Rotor for an installation at the 2018 Bruges Triennial. The narrative starts form the massive but scarcely known presence of the crab in the world-famed canals of the city of Bruges to tell the story of the species' amazing resilience and age-old adaptedness to anthropogenic environments. This is also a reconstruction of the Mitten Crab's unique travel patterns, partly the result of the species own migratory drive, but partly also following, unwittingly, the tendency of humans to travel ever further, ever faster. Like the exhibition, the essay explores the habits and motivations of an invasive species while deliberately suspending judgment. This is not to excuse the species of harming local biodiversity. But to recognize the fair share of responsibility we as humans bear in the present situation. 

Present situation of satellite remote sensing technology in China

Satellite remote sensing technology has become widely used in all sectors of life as satellite equipment has improved and remote sensing technology has evolved. Satellite remote sensing technology has the advantages of objective acquisition mode, accurate picture information, rapid data acquisition, and a large number of applications, and is primarily utilized in a wide variety of dynamic monitoring and analytical work in diverse fields. China has achieved fruitful results in the development and application of remote sensing technology in recent years, launching a variety of satellites including land, meteorology, oceans, cities, water bodies, environment, ecology, disasters, mapping, and other series, and applying the information obtained in many fields, including land, agriculture, forests, grassland, meteorology, oceans, cities, water bodies, environment, ecology, disasters, mapping, and other fields. This study examines and summarizes the present application results of satellite remote sensing technology in environmental monitoring, urban planning, and finance, and serves as a reference for people interested in the field of satellite remote sensing technology. This technology has been widely applied in the field of environmental testing in water bodies, meteorology, land, and disaster; in urban planning, it is primarily used for building location selection and engineering supervision; and in finance, it is used for economic risk assessment.

Multi-Purpose IoT-Based Women Safety System Design and Development

Women nowadays deal with a variety of security issues in society. Despite the fact that numerous technologies have been developed specifically for women, abduction, and sexual misconduct still happen in our nation. An automated detection system that establishes an alarm message with the location of the IOT when women are in unsafe circumstances is necessary to safeguard their safety. This project proposes the implementation of a multipurpose women’s safety system based on IoT. It consists of sensors like IR and GPS, a microcontroller, and a Wi-Fi module. When a woman feels threatened in the present situation, she must grasp onto the device’s trigger. When the gadget is turned on, it uses the GPS (Global Positioning System) to track the present location and transmit an emergency notice to the IoT application and consensus mail ID. The Internet of Things (IoT) feature is employed to continually track the location and update the website. A cloud website called BLYNK monitors and provides updated information to the user.

Artificial Intelligence in Human Resource Management: Advancements, Implications and Future Prospects

The present condition, challenges, and potential applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in human resource management (HRM) are all explored in this survey article. As an innovation, artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to completely revolutionize several facets of human resource management (HRM). Examining the usage of AI-powered tools and systems in different HR processes, the present situation with AI in HRM is examined. These encompass learning and development, performance management, employee engagement, and recruiting. The use of AI algorithms and machine learning approaches to automate regular HR operations, analyze vast amounts of employee data, and provide insightful data to aid decision-making is addressed in this article. However, integrating AI into HRM also poses a number of difficulties that must be resolved. Bias, privacy issues, and transparency are just a few of the ethical and legal ramifications of using AI in decision-making processes that are discussed in this survey. The study emphasizes how accountability and fairness must be maintained in AI systems by responsible design, oversight, and periodic evaluation. With an emphasis on job displacement and workforce reorganization, the possible influence of AI on the human workforce is also explored. To effectively traverse this change, strategies including work role redefinition, employee up skilling, and establishing a collaborative atmosphere between humans and AI are suggested. The possible advantages and breakthroughs that AI might bring to HRM practices are highlighted as the future perspectives of AI in HRM are examined. As new applications for AI in HRM, sentiment analysis, predictive analytics, intelligent decision support, and personalized employee experiences are all highlighted. In order to fully realize the promise of AI in HRM, the study underlines the significance of data infrastructure, data governance frameworks, and a data-driven culture. Overall, this survey study offers an in-depth review of the existing situation, difficulties, and prospects for AI in HRM. It aggregates current information, identifies research gaps, and gives practitioners and scholars new perspectives on how AI will fundamentally alter the way HRM activities are carried out in the future.

Multicriteria assessment of alternative cropping systems at farm level. A case with maize on family farms of South East Asia

CONTEXTIntegration of farms into markets with adoption of maize as a cash crop can significantly increase income of farms of the developing world. However, in some cases, the income generated may still be very low and maize production may also have strong negative environmental and social impacts. OBJECTIVEMaize production in northern Laos is taken as a case to study how far can farms' performance be improved with improved crop management of maize with the following changes at field level: good timing and optimal soil preparation and sowing, allowing optimal crop establishment and low weed infestation. METHODSWe compared different farm types' performance on locally relevant criteria and indicators embodying the three pillars of sustainability (environmental, economic and social). An integrated assessment approach was combined with direct measurement of indicators in farmers' fields to assess eleven criteria of local farm sustainability. A bio-economic farm model was used for scenario assessment in which changes in crop management and the economic environment of farms were compared to present situation. The farm model was based on mathematical programming maximizing income under constraints related to i) household composition, initial cash and rice stocks and land type, and ii) seasonal balances of cash, labour and food. The crop management scenarios were built based on a diagnosis of the causes of variations in the agronomic and environmental performances of cropping systems, carried out in farmers' fields. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSOur study showed that moderate changes in crop management on maize would improve substantially farm performance on 4 to 6 criteria out of the 11 assessed, depending on farm types. The improved crop management of maize had a high economic attractiveness for every farm type simulated (low, medium and high resource endowed farms) even at simulated production costs more than doubling current costs of farmers' practices. However, while an improvement of the systems performance was attained in terms of agricultural productivity, income generation, work and ease of work, herbicide leaching, improved soil quality and nitrogen balance, trade-offs were identified with other indicators such as erosion control and cash outflow needed at the beginning of the cropping season. SIGNIFICANCEUsing farm modelling for multicriteria assessment of current and improved maize cropping systems for contrasted farm types helped capture main opportunities and constraints on local farm sustainability, and assess the trade-offs that new options at field level may generate at farm level.

Optimizing Smart Energy Infrastructure in Smart Ports: A Systematic Scoping Review of Carbon Footprint Reduction

To lessen the environmental impact of the maritime industry, ports must decarbonize in conformity with various standards such as the European Green Deal and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this regard, they must demonstrate integrated low-emission energy production, distribution, and supply, as well as sustainable alternative infrastructure for refueling ships, cargo handling equipment, and other vehicles inside port boundaries. To address this issue, ports must progress toward smartening their operations. This requires intelligent infrastructure and components, with smart energy infrastructure being one of the most crucial ones. It is a part of port energy management systems (EMSs) and works based on modern technology to balance energy demand, distributions, and supply while transitioning to renewable energies. This study investigates the “scoping review” of “smart energy infrastructure” deployment and its efficiency in seaport EMSs to reduce the port’s carbon footprint (C.F). The “Introduction” section discusses the subject’s significance. The “Materials and Methods” section explains the process of selecting and revising references and relevant material. The “Findings” section then examines the several aspects and sections of a smart port and smart energy infrastructure, as well as how they function. The “Discussion” section explains the interpretation based on the present situation. Finally, the “Conclusion” part gives scientific thoughts and comments on the work-study debate and ideas for future research in the same field to help port authorities achieve sustainability.

Sustainability of corrosion protection for offshore wind turbine towers

When coatings industries have ambitions to develop more sustainable products it is important to know what path to follow. Quantitative evaluations in the form of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) offers guidance for sustainability directions. The direction will depend on the type of coating. This work analyses sustainability performance of protective coatings, using the coating of an offshore wind turbine tower as a case. All steps in the manufacturing are assessed and the relevant environmental impacts are evaluated along the life cycle of the turbine tower. The assessment shows that the vast majority of the impacts, including climate change, originate from manufacturing of the steel. Therefore the durability of the coating system to protect the steel and prolong the lifetime, minimizing the need for repair, etc. should be the main priority for a sustainable direction. The coating system must keep the steel structures corrosion free for at least as long as the designed lifetime, as it is much more costly in terms of environmental impacts to repair or replace steel than to protect it properly from the start. When the protection is secured, the sustainable development path from the present situation where thermal sprayed metal (TSM) is used for galvanic protection of the wind turbine tower, will be to develop:-Coating systems where toxic substances are substituted by less toxic or non-toxic substances.-Coating systems where the thermal sprayed metal (TSM) layer is substituted by zinc-rich epoxy or Zinc silicate coatings.-Coating systems where the organic solvents are substituted by water.-Coating systems which would make it possible to reduce the amount of steel used.-Coating systems where the organic binder material is substituted with alternatives with lower carbon footprint-Ease of recycling the structure material for reuse in new structures.

Survey of the feeding management of giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) and tamanduas (Tamandua tetradactyla) in the EAZA ex-situ programme.

Feeding giant anteaters and tamanduas as insectivorous species provides a lot of challenges for zoological institutions. In the last decades an in-house mixture, called 'Dortmund mixture', was the most common feed used in giant anteaters and tamanduas in many countries within the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria ex-situ Programme (EEP). Some nutritional problems occurred due to imbalances in the diets. The more recent nutritional recommendations for both species advise an adapted and balanced complete feed formulated for insectivorous species due to different problems arising with an in-house mixed feed as Dortmund mixture. To objectify the present situation a questionnaire was designed and sent out to 78 institutions of the EEPs for giant anteater(s) and tamandua(s). The questionnaire was divided into different sections and asked for data on husbandry, health status, feeding, especially feed composition, feed supplementation and faecal consistency. It was completed by 45 institutions with data for 130 animals, 89 giant anteaters and 41 tamanduas. The data thus represent 54% and 59% of the EEP populations. For both species, a complete feed is mainly utilised. Especially institutions that have integrated anteaters and tamanduas into their facilities during the last 10 and 20 years, use a complete feed. Regarding the in-house mixtures, there are distinct differences, both in composition and amount of each ingredient used. The evaluation of the feeds used for enrichment, for example, shows a clear species difference. While in tamanduas mainly insects are used for this purpose, in giant anteaters it is mainly fruits and avocado. In contrast to the past, many anteaters today are fed an adapted complete feed. Surprisingly, concerning feeding supplements the use of fat-soluble vitamins and combined vitamin-mineral preparations is still common in both species. More effort needs to be put into enforcing current feeding recommendations, especially for the giant anteaters.

Guiding the integration of analytics in business operations through a maturity framework

AbstractThe analytics function is growing in importance as the digitisation of business operations and markets leads to the generation of ever-increasing amounts of data. Analysing this data in a manner aligned with company priorities and structures can generate value through supporting effective decision-making, rapid product innovation, supply chain visibility and other aspects of intra- and inter-company operations. To guide the growth we derive a novel maturity framework focused on driving the Analytics-Business alignment, covering a number of diverse organisational facets such as data, leadership support, processes, data management, governance, technology and people. It differentiates itself by using a firm theoretical foundation and providing guidance for analytics capability development instead of simply diagnosing the existing maturity level. To guide development, it distinguishes between two aspects of maturity – a “state” aspect, which is used to assess the present situation in an organisation, and a “management” aspect, which evaluates management attitude in order to establish the next stage of analytics growth. The framework has been implemented in a web-based tool and its utility has been demonstrated by obtaining feedback from 64 managers from a variety of sectors, who have praised its ability to integrate diagnosis of the current situation with guidance on the next steps necessary to develop analytics maturity.

Predicting vegetation dynamics in Deux Balé National Park, Burkina Faso, using land change modeler

In recent years, the natural vegetation of Burkina Faso has undergone unprecedented anthropisation. To date, most studies have focused only on diachronic analysis based on satellite imagery. Land use dynamics studies give an account of the past and present situation, but do not provide quantitative and qualitative information on the future of this vegetation. On the other hand, a prospective analysis of the dynamics would enable us to better assess the future of our forest ecosystems. Predictive data are essential for decision-making and implementing appropriate policy responses relating to sustainable forest resources management. The main objective of this study was to predict the vegetation dynamics of the Deux Balé National Park by modelling the year 2025. Thus, we selected the variables that best explained the anthropization process. A land change model was selected for the study. The model was calibrated using only variables with a V-Cramer coefficient greater than or equal to 0.1. This model is based on error budgeting and prediction. Visual and statistical comparisons of the simulated and actual 2016 maps allowed for better calibration of the model to simulate changes in the area of land-cover classes by 2025. The results revealed that, between 2016 and 2025, a significant regression of savanna vegetation will occur in favor of anthropized areas and gallery forests. Thus, from this period, gallery forests and anthropized areas covered up to 138 ha and 2914 ha, respectively. However, the savanna vegetation area decreased by 1186 ha, 961 ha, and 893 ha from 2016 to 2025, respectively. Therefore, urgent action must be taken to preserve the potential of the forest resources in parks.

Silver molybdate nanocrystal-reinforced high-performance anti-coronavirus composite polymer coating

In response to the present epidemic situation, this work proposes an anti-coronavirus composite polymer coating with nano-Ag2MoO4 as the core component to reduce the potential safety hazards caused by excessive use of disinfectants. Nano-β-Ag2MoO4 with mixed morphology was produced with industrialized preparation technology. Among them, oval nanoparticles are core components with antiviral properties, and long rod-shaped particles are used to identify whether the stirring process meets the standard. After x-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy testing, nano-β-Ag2MoO4 stored for 4 years still meets the design requirements in terms of purity, crystal phase, shape, and scale, which solves the problem of the long-term effect of core components. In the existing water-based paint production process, the mixing process and formula of nano-β-Ag2MoO4 were explored, and the large-scale production process of anti-virus water-based paint was solved. Resistance tests against the HCoV-229E coronavirus showed that the anti-coronavirus activity rate of the nano-β-Ag2MoO4 coating at a weight concentration of 200 ppm was 99.5% within 2 h, which verified the effectiveness of the composite polymer coating.

Convalescent Plasma Therapy against COVID-19: An Update on the Changing Facets of the ongoing Pandemic.

The severe respiratory infections in the current pandemic coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) have influenced more or less every human life. The first person to get infected with this virus was reported in the capital of Hubei province (Wuhan), China, in late December 2019. Since the disease has been declared a pandemic, research scholars and experts have been manufacturing new vaccines or targeted therapies to curb the spread of SARS-CoV-2. However, only limited options have emerged so far, which yet require complete scientific validation by long-term data collection regarding safety and efficacy. In the wake of the recent emerging wave of the pandemic viz omicron variant, changing facets of the viral genome and dearth of preventative and therapeutic possibilities for the management of COVID-19, the usage of Convalescent Plasma Therapy (CPT) may be looked at as a potentially viable option of treatment in the existing situation. Earlier, immune plasma has been used with success in the management of H1N1 influenza virus, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-1 epidemics. In the present unpredictable situation created by the COVID-19 pandemic, the CPT is used with a positive outcome amongst many infected individuals in different parts of the world with acceptable efficacy. This article aimed to present an up-to-date evaluation of existing literature on the efficacy of convalescent plasma as a potential therapy, its safety and effectiveness and the challenges in treating COVID-19.

A quantum chemistry background of sickle cell anemia and gaps in antisickling drug development

Sickle cell anemia disease has been a great challenge for the world in the present situation. It occurs only due to the polymerization of sickle hemoglobin (HbS) having Pro-Val-Glu (PVG) typed mutation, while the polymerization does not occur in normal hemoglobin (HbA) having Pro-Glu-Glu (PGG) residues. According to data from the literature, Val-beta6 of Pro-Val-Glu is hydrophobic in nature, which appears to fit into a hydrophobic pocket in the adjacent HbS. After the insertion of Pro-Val-Glu into a hydrophobic pocket on the adjacent HbS, the polymerization is started. This is a questionable point on how the replacement of glutamic acid with valine in HbS makes it more reactive to fit into a hydrophobic pocket on adjacent HbS for polymerization. No data from the literature on the reactivity of HbS for polymerization was found yet. This is the first time that the theoretical calculation was done in both HbA and HbS where they were structurally different. After that, a comparative study between PVG and PGG was done at quantum level for the evaluation of the reactivity to fit into a hydrophobic pocket on adjacent HbS. At a quantum level, it was found that the HOMO-LUMO gap of Pro-Val-Glu was lower than that of Pro-Glu-Glu. According to the data from the literature, the lesser HOMO-LUMO gap promotes the initiation of the polymerization reaction. On the basis of the results, it was also shown how the mutation point (Pro-Val-Glu) in HbS becomes more reactive to polymerization, whereas Pro-Glu-Glu in HbA does not. The computational method developed for the first time will be very helpful not only for molecular biologists but also for computational and medicinal chemists. Additionally, the required modifications based on gaps in anti-sickling drug development are also suggested in the presented article.

2022년 러시아의 우크라이나 침공과 중부유럽

This study outlines Russian-Ukrainian relations, summarizes Czech support for the Ukrainian war effort following the 2022 Russian invasion, and compares Czech and Hungarian responses to the invasion. While the Czech Republic and most of the rest of Central and Eastern Europe have fully supported Ukraine, Hungary has strengthened its energy sector ties with Russia and confronted Ukraine regarding policies concerning Hungarian minorities in Ukraine. These differing responses of Hungary and the Czech Republic are informed in different ways by their historical memory of the Cold War. In the Czech Republic, the Ukrainian crisis has evoked memories of the 1968 Soviet invasion of then-Czechoslovakia and the dismantling of Czech sovereignty. Czechs associate the injustice of the Russian invasion of Ukraine— purportedly to control the “contagion” of freedom—with the Soviet invasion of their homeland in 1968. Similarly, some Hungarians remember the significance of the democratic developments of 1956. However, this memory is politicized by erasing any criticism of Russia as a party to the invasion and emphasizing the responsibility of the U.S. in the present situation.