Present Analytical Method Research Articles

Temperature and size modulation of the lattice thermal expansion on transition metallic nanostructures

By combining the bond-order-length-strength theory, local bond average approach and core–shell model, a new analytical method for temperature- and size-dependent thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of transition metallic nanostructures has been established. It shows that both cohesive energy and cubic Debye temperature are inversely proportional to the TEC in the crystalline materials, that both cohesive energy and Debye temperature decrease with the reduction in size, which leads to the size effect of TEC, and the bond nature parameter modulate the intensity of size-dependent TEC. In agreement with the measurements, the Debye temperature, rigidity factor and bond nature parameter for 12 kinds of transition metals were quantitatively obtained. The present new analytical method for thermal properties of transition metals is simple and accurate, which is beyond the scope of existing methods in thermal-modulation and -management of nano-photoelectronic devices.

An Evolutional Topology Optimization of Electric Machines for Local Shape Modification and Visualization of Sensitivity Distribution Based on CMA‐ES

This paper presents an evolutional topology optimization of electric machines, which works like gradient‐based local search methods, based on the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA‐ES). The present method enables to improve the performance of initial machine shapes without computing the deviation of the objectives. Moreover, for the resultant shapes obtained by the present topology optimization method, this paper also presents a sensitivity analysis method based on the normal distribution which is used to seek for solutions in CMA‐ES. Using the present sensitivity analysis method, important parts which contribute to improve a machine characteristic can be visualized. The two present methods are applied to the optimization problem of a synchronous reluctance motor. It is shown that initial rotor shapes defined by designers can effectively be modified using the present optimization method. Moreover, it is also shown that the sensitivity distributions with respect to some machine characteristics are visualized by the present method. In addition, each machine characteristic is respectively improved by modifying the machine shape according to the respective sensitivities. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Selection of Floor Covering Materials Using Life Cycle Cost Analysis on The Apartment Development Project South Tangerang

Developing an area can be started with infrastructure development. One example of such infrastructure is an apartment with a function as a means of residence and economic development in the area around the apartment. The South Tangerang X Apartment development project is one of the objects studied in this research. This study aims to select alternative materials for floor work based on the building cycle using life cycle cost (LCC) analysis with such a large project value. The research method used is Pareto diagram analysis to select the work to be analyzed. The LCC analysis uses a present worth analysis method with a gate-to-gate phase. This study indicates that the LCC analysis on Apartment Project X South Tangerang found the results on alternative KR1B HT floor work, namely alternative 2 of IDR. 1,437,912,015 on the KR1A HT flooring; the chosen alternative is alternative 2 of IDR. 989,177,787 on the chosen alternative KR4 HT floor work, namely alternative 2 of IDR. 1,510,914,248, and for the KR5A marble floor, the chosen alternative is alternative 2 of IDR. 617,202,771. The result of the LCC generated savings of IDR. 2,364,054,553.

RP-HPLC bioanalytical Method of Itopride hydrochloride for determination and its Pharmacokinetic applications

Itopride hydrochloride (ITH) is currently used for the management of acute prokinetic disorders. In recent research, the determination of ITH in plasma, a new economic, prompt, and isocratic RP-HPLC bioanalytical approach, was established. This method is valid for quantifying the low concentration of drugs in plasma trials which is the demand to be improved. A HILIC column with a separation phase of MeOH: Buffer (30:70 v/v) and a flow with one millilitre per minute, as well as a UV sensor at 258nm, was used to achieve chromatographic high separation. The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using blood from rabbits after administration of oral suspension containing ITH particles (1mg/kg). The retention time for both ITH and ornidazole, an internal standard (IS), was found to be 6.249min and 4.843 respectively. The statistical interpretation of the results was confirmed. The linearity assortment of the drug was 2-15µg/mL, and the recovered ITH and IS were found to be 100.1% and 99.8% with accuracy, whereas the analysis of the sample was 99.87%, respectively. In addition, the oral pharmacokinetic parameters were successfully analyzed by using this method for ITH and OND. The highest plasma concentration (Cmax) of ITH was 6.805 (mcg/mL) at (Tmax) 1hr and half-life was found at 4.022 hours, correspondingly. The present analytical method has been efficiently used to study the pharmacokinetics of drug combinations.

How about the Attitudes towards Nature? Analysis of the Nature and Biology Primary School Education Curricula in Poland

One of the most important goals in biology education is shaping positive attitudes towards nature, social and global problems, as well as health. Environmental education is an essential element because without pro-environmental attitudes, every environment-protecting action is less successful, and the results have much less impact on society. In the following article, we tried to combine this idea with the school curriculum, which is one of the most important documents used in education. The research question addressed in this paper is to what extent does biology/nature primary school’s education curriculum highlight shaping attitudes (at sensory, functional, and rational levels), and how did it change during the educational reform in Poland? The sample is the Polish core curricula for nature and biology for primary school. National curricula have been revised by the analysis of the content methods before and after the 2017 reform of the education system. The results showed that while sensory and functional levels are represented quite equally in the curricula, the rational level is neglected and has decreasing tendency (when comparing curricula before and after educational reform in 2017). It is presented an interdisciplinary method of analyzing the core curriculum, particularly what relates to attitudes. The presented analysis method is, by definition, interdisciplinary, combining the approach of cognitive sciences, psychology, and science education. On the basis of the research, new elements that should or might be taken into consideration in school practice are proposed. The proposed approach assumes that the combination of teaching ideas and values (that are deeply rooted in our nature) will be successful in shaping pro-environmental attitudes toward nature and health.

Analytical method for joint optimization of FFE and DFE equalizations for multi-level signals

Abstract Channel equalization is the efficient method for recovering distorted signal and correspondingly reducing bit error rate (BER). Different type of equalizations, like feed forward equalization (FFE) and decision feedback equalization (DFE) are canceling channel effect and recovering channel response. Separate optimization of tap coefficients for FFE and DFE does not give optimal result. In this case FFE and DFE tap coefficients are found separately and they are not collaborating. Therefore, the final equalization result is not global optimal. In the present paper new analytical method for finding best tap coefficients for FFE and DFE joint equalization is introduced. The proposed method can be used for both NRZ and PAM4 signals. The idea of the methodology is to combine FFE and DFE tap coefficients into one optimization problem and allow them to collaborate and lead to the global optimal solution. The proposed joint optimization method is fast, easy to implement and efficient. The method has been tested for several measured channels and the analysis of the results are discussed.

Pattern Recognition for Ultraviolet and Fourier Transform Data: A Walkthrough of Techniques and Direction

Pattern recognition has been a thriving field of research in many applications, particularly spectral data classification requiring vast, complex, and high-dimensional data. It aims to extract patterns from data and distinguish the acquired data in order to create a new type of description and pattern. This study walks over pattern identification algorithms for spectral data, namely Ultraviolet (UV) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) especially within the past five years. In addition, this article will address the present trend analysis, obstacles, and future methods for the pattern identification field of research, with a specific emphasis on UV and FTIR spectroscopic data.

Study on the Regularity of Ammonia-Related Refrigeration Accidents in China from 2010 to 2020.

The frequent occurrence of ammonia-related refrigeration accidents (ArRAs) restricts the safety and sustainable development of cold storage. As an essential tool for safety management, accident statistical analysis can provide a crucial decision-making basis for accident prevention and control. The present study combined descriptive statistics and comparative analysis methods to explore the characteristics and regularities of 82 ArRAs in China from 2010 to 2020. The results showed that the annual evolution of ArRAs presents a bimodal “M” mode in which 2013 and 2016 were the peaking years of accidents. The monthly distribution has an agglomeration effect, and the period from June to September had a high incidence period of accidents. The ArRAs mainly occurred in East China and Central China in the spatial dimension. Zhejiang, Shandong, Hubei, and Sichuan are the pivotal provinces for preventing and controlling ArRAs. Human factors and equipment failure are the leading causes of ArRAs. Accident numbers and casualties have inconsistent trends due to the uncertainty and variability of ArRAs’ consequences. The safety situation of ammonia-related refrigeration enterprises has improved but still needs to strive to prevent and control major accidents. This study draws valuable references for safety decision-making by ammonia-related refrigeration enterprises and safety regulators.

Robust prestack seismic facies analysis using shearlet transform-based deep learning

Abstract One of the primary purposes of seismic stratigraphy is to evaluate the components of seismic layer relationships within a depositional chronology. Prestack seismic images contain a wealth of information, such as variations in the offset and azimuth of a seismic event, and naturally produce higher-resolution seismic facies analysis results than poststack data. However, prestack data usually suffer from potential unreliability issues due to low signal-to-noise ratios. As this is often overlooked, the present facies analysis methods sometimes fail to extract accurate features from prestack images, which inevitably influences the facies analysis results. To address this issue, this article provides a robust data-driven technique for extracting offset-temporal features via shearlet transform-based deep convolution autoencoders (STCAEs). Unlike the present facies analysis in the time domain, STCAE can optimally represent prestack images at multiple scales and directions through the two-dimensional shearlet transform, which preserves fine edges while suppressing noise in prestack images. Subsequently, robust features are extracted from prestack images in a data-driven manner through a contractive convolutional autoencoder network. We compare our method with other advanced methods and demonstrate the advantages of the proposed approach in classifying seismic layers in prestack data.

Reliability assessment of reinforced slopes with unknown probability distribution

In the proposed study, reliability assessment of the reinforced slope (RFS) is carried out using an efficient and accurate technique of Fourth Moment Normal Transformation (FMNT). The probabilistic analysis is performed using both analytical and numerical methods. FMNT can estimate the probability of failure (Pf) of a RFS with unknown marginal distribution of input random variables. Only the first four moments of any random variable with unknown distribution are required to estimate the Pf of RFS. The use of FMNT with commercially available numerical software packages is precisely explained. The accuracy of the proposed technique, when used with different distributions of random variables, is also illustrated. The present results show considerable efficiency of FMNT in estimating the Pf when used in the analytical domain as well as with a numerical software. A detailed comparison in terms of the efficiency of the proposed formulation is also made with similar literature. FMNT is very useful for the designers to perform the reliability-based analysis of RFS. The present analytical method is also capable of incorporating the pseudo-static seismic forces into calculations.

Accurate closed-form eigensolutions of three-dimensional panel flutter with arbitrary homogeneous boundary conditions

Highly accurate closed-form eigensolutions for flutter of three-dimensional (3D) panel with arbitrary combinations of simply supported (S), glide (G), clamped (C) and free (F) boundary conditions (BCs), such as cantilever panels, are achieved according to the linear thin plate theory and the first-order piston theory as well as the complex modal analysis, and all solutions are in a simple and explicit form. The iterative Separation-of-Variable (iSOV) method proposed by the present authors is employed to obtain the highly accurate eigensolutions. The flutter mechanism is studied with the benefit of eigenvalue properties from mathematical senses. The effects of boundary conditions, chord-thickness ratios, aerodynamic damping, aspect ratios and in-plane loads on flutter properties are examined. The results are compared with those of Kantorovich method and Galerkin method, and also coincide well with analytical solutions in literature, verifying the accuracy of the present closed-form results. It is revealed that, (A) the flutter characteristics are dominated by the cross section properties of panels in the direction of stream flow; (B) two types of flutter, called coupled-mode flutter and zero-frequency flutter which includes zero-frequency single-mode flutter and buckling, are observed; (C) boundary conditions and in-plane loads can affect both flutter boundary and flutter type; (D) the flutter behavior of 3D panel is similar to that of the two-dimensional (2D) panel if the aspect ratio is up to a certain value; (E) four to six modes should be used in the Galerkin method for accurate eigensolutions, and the results converge to that of Kantorovich method which uses the same mode functions in the direction perpendicular to the stream flow. The present analysis method can be used as a reference for other stability issues characterized by complex eigenvalues, and the highly closed-form solutions are useful in parameter designs and can also be taken as benchmarks for the validation of numerical methods.

Development of HPTLC method for the simultaneous estimation of quercetin, curcumin, and ascorbic acid in herbal formulations

Antioxidants can scavenge free radicals in the human body and have been associated with a protective effect on the human body against a variety of diseases. As a part of normal cellular function, free radical production occurs continuously within the body at a cellular level. Excess-free radical production from endogenous or exogenous sources may result in a variety of diseases. Vitamins (A, C, and E), carotenoids, polyphenols, and flavonoids are some examples of common natural antioxidants. Among the different antioxidants quercetin, curcumin, and ascorbic acids have been extensively studied, and numerous reports on their antioxidant activity are available in the literature. Antioxidants are regarded as a key player in the current pandemic situation, and they play a key role as a preventive and controlling tool. There are a variety of herbal formulations and immune booster therapies available, many of which claim to contain various antioxidants and are effective against covid-19. Numerous herbal formulations and immune booster therapies are available and claimed to have different antioxidants and other constituents. In the present study simple, rapid, accurate, precise, and sensitive high-performance thin-layer chromatographic analytical method was developed for simultaneous estimation of quercetin, curcumin, and ascorbic acid. The developed method can effectively employ for different polyherbal formulations. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines. In the present study, an aluminum plate precoated with 60F 254 silica gel was used as a stationary phase whereas chloroform: ethyl acetate: formic acid (6:6:2.5 v/v/v) was used as a mobile phase. Chromatographic detection was performed with a Camag TLC scanner at 265 nm. The linearity range for the proposed method was found to be 500–1000 ng/band for all three analytes. The antioxidant potentiality of selected antioxidants was evaluated by an optimized UV visible spectroscopic-reducing power method. The reducing power method was optimized for the concentration and volume of reagent, incubation temperature, and time. The results of the study revealed that quercetin is having the best antioxidant potential compared to curcumin and ascorbic acid.

Correlation Network Analysis for Amino Acid Identification in Soil Samples With the ORIGIN Space-Prototype Instrument

The detection of biomolecules on Solar System bodies can help us to understand how life emerged on Earth and how life may be distributed in our Solar System. However, the detection of chemical signatures of life on planets or their moons is challenging. A variety of parameters must be considered, such as a suited landing site location, geological and environmental processes favourable to life, life detection strategies, and the application of appropriate and sensitive instrumentation. In this contribution, recent results obtained using our novel laser desorption mass spectrometer ORganics INformation Gathering Instrument (ORIGIN), an instrument designed for in situ space exploration, are presented. We focus in this paper on the detection and identification of amino acid extracts from a natural permafrost sample, as well as in an analogue mixture of soils and amino acids. The resulting dataset was analysed using a correlation network analysis method. Based on mass spectrometric correlation, amino acid signatures were separated from soil signatures, identifying chemically different molecular components in complex samples. The presented analysis method represents an alternative to the typically applied spectra-by-spectra analysis for the evaluation of mass spectrometric data and, therefore, is of high interest for future application in space exploration missions.

Reinforcement Design of the Support Frame of a Petrochemical Heater

In this paper, we investigated the operating security of the support frame of a petrochemical heater under the action of a strong wind. When the fatigue limit was exceeded, the support frame was damaged. We monitored the heater before reinforcement and then applied the finite element method to analyze and compare nine different kinds of reinforcement methods for the support frame. From the results of the finite element analysis, fatigue failure of the support frame before reinforcement occurred at locations where the computed stresses from the finite element analysis were large, thus partially justifying the adequacies of the present analysis methods and results. Among the nine reinforcement methods, we suggest case 9 to reinforce a support frame so that its operating security under the action of a strong wind can be improved. At the end of this paper, several future studies are suggested, including verification of the reinforcement for the support frame and the establishment of the system for automatic stress monitoring and analysis.

Full understanding of K3GaF6:Cr3+ properties under hydrostatic pressure based on the Tanabe−Sugano energy-level diagram

The aim of this study is to make clear the photoluminescence (PL) properties of Cr3+-activated phosphors under the application of hydrostatic pressure (p). A determination of the excited-state zero-phonon line (ZPL) energies in the 3d3-configuration ions is possible from a set of Racah (B and C) and crystal-field splitting parameters (Dq), and vice versa. Detailed analyses of PL and PL excitation spectra are demonstrated to make possible exact determination of the excited-state ZPL energies, E (2Eg)ZPL and E (4T2g)ZPL, as a function of p. Inputting such pressure-dependent ZPL energies into a newly proposed set of Racah parameter expressions, it is possible to obtain reliable metal−ligand field parameters for 3d3 activator ions in red-emitting phosphors. An example of the analysis method is given on the Cr3+-activated K3GaF6 fluoride phosphor and suggests a change in its phosphor nature from type F–Cr-A [E (2Eg)ZPL > E (4T2g)ZPL] to type F–Cr–B [E (2Eg)ZPL < E (4T2g)ZPL]. The present analysis method can be used to obtain broad perspectives and insight for deeply understanding metal−ligand chemistry and related phenomena in the various 3d3 ion-activated phosphors under the application of external perturbation like hydrostatic pressure or lattice temperature.

Computational method of underwater acoustic radiation from a spherical shell coupled with nonlinear systems

During the continuous research and practical application of nonlinear vibration isolation systems, new problems arise for the vibro-acoustic calculation of underwater targets. The present frequency-domain analysis method can only deal with linear problems, so the acoustic radiation calculation of underwater targets coupled with nonlinear systems can only be performed in the time domain. When it comes to the real-time calculation, the huge computation cost will definitely bring challenges to the practical application. To solve this problem, a new calculation method is established for the underwater vibro-acoustic problems of structures coupled with nonlinear systems, taking elastic spherical shells as research objects in this paper. This method realizes the time-frequency domain conversion of the fluid-structure coupled vibration equation of an elastic spherical shell through the Fourier transform. The explicit difference method is further used to calculate the vibration response of the spherical shell, while the Newmark method is used to calculate the vibration response of the internal nonlinear system. An efficient integrated calculation of the two coupling parts is then achieved by considering boundary conditions at the connection point. Without the time-domain acoustic field solution, this method is able to calculate the vibration response of both the internal nonlinear system and the spherical shell, as well as the radiated acoustic power generated by the spherical shell vibration in real time. The calculation complexity and efficiency are radically improved. The nonlinear system discussed in this paper is a nonlinear mass-spring oscillator system installed at the bottom of a spherical shell. Finally, the correctness of the method described in this paper is verified through specific numerical examples, and a series of calculations and analyzes are carried out to explore the influence of nonlinear effects on the acoustic radiation of underwater structures. The calculation method described in this article is not limited to spherical shells, and is still applicable to general underwater targets.

Implementation of balancing domain decomposition method for parallel finite element analysis involving inactive elements

AbstractThe present study developed a numerical method to implement domain decomposition (DD) solvers with the diagonal‐scaling preconditioner, the balancing domain decomposition (BDD) preconditioner and the BDD with diagonal scaling (BDD‐DIAG) preconditioner, for inactive elements. The inactive element, which is a finite element having zero stiffness, is used in several fields such as multi‐pass welding analysis, additive manufacturing analysis, damage analysis, and topology optimization. For this sort of analysis, we adopted the one‐time decomposition approach, in which the DD process is performed once at the beginning of the analysis. Based on this approach, we formulated the matrix–vector multiplication, the preconditioning and the vector operations in the algorithm of the conjugate gradient method, along with the inactive elements and floating degrees of freedom caused by the inactive elements. Consideration of the inactive elements is enabled by the slight modifications of matrices and vectors in the algorithm. Numerical examples confirmed the scalability of the BDD and BDD‐DIAG preconditioners with the present implementation method. Moreover, the capability of the present method for damage analysis, topology computation, and thermal elastic–plastic analysis of metal additive manufacturing problems was demonstrated.

Quantitative estimation of sitagliptin and dapagliflozin propanediol monohydrate in synthetic mixture using 1 order derivative spectroscopy simultaneous spectrophotometric analysis

Current research paper describes highly specific and reproducible 1 order derivative spectroscopic method for quantitative analysis of Sitagliptin which is a DPP4 inhibitors and Dapagliflozin which is SGLT2 inhibitors from its synthetic mixture. Both drugs are from Anti Diabetics class. Present analytical method was developed on Shimadzu double beam spectrophotometer equipped with UV probe 2.42 as software using methyl alcohol as solvent. Quantification of Sitagliptin was carried out at zero cross over point of Dapagliflozin that is 275 nm and for Dapagliflozin, it was achieved at 232 nm which is zero cross over point of Sitagliptin. Method shows linear response in the range of 25-125 µg/mL of Sitagliptin and 2.5-12.5 µg/mL of Dapagliflozin. Method was found to be accurate with recovery between 99.3 – 100.1 % for Sitagliptin and 98.2 – 100.7 % for Dapagliflozin. The developed method was validated as per ICH Q2 R1 guidelines and was successfully applied for quantitative analysis of synthetic mixture of Sitagliptin and Dapagliflozin.

Techno-economic analysis and Monte Carlo simulation of green hydrogen production technology through various water electrolysis technologies

The green hydrogen produced by water electrolysis combined with renewable energy is inevitable for a sustainable and clean energy society. However, the green hydrogen production cost is still more expensive than fossil fuel-based methods such as steam methane reforming and it is the biggest challenge. In this study, to determine the most economical way to obtain green hydrogen, a technoeconomic analysis was performed on four different water electrolysis technologies, that is, alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PEMEC), solid oxide electrolysis with electric heaters (SOEC (E.H)), and solid oxide electrolysis combined with a waste heat source (SOEC (W.H)). It is assumed that the SOEC (W.H) system is linked to the adjacent power plant and receives waste heat. The net present value calculation, sensitivity analysis, and Monte Carlo method were performed for the 4 cases presented above. Calculated unit hydrogen production cost was 7.60, 8.55, 10.16, and 7.16 $/kgH2 for AWE, PEMEC, SOEC (E.H), and SOEC (W.H), respectively. The analysis results show that the SOEC (W.H) has the most competitive case due to sensible heat energy saving and higher stack efficiency. Sensitivity analysis determined the most influential cost factor, and consequently, it seems necessary to reduce capital costs along with subsidizing electricity costs and tax rates to compete with gray hydrogen.

Assessment of the Current Collection Quality of Pantograph–Catenary With Contact Line Height Variability in Electric Railways

The numerical tools are widely used to facilitate the design of the railway catenary. Only radical results are obtained as the current assessment is generally performed without any practical errors. In this article, the most common error, the contact line height variability, is appropriately included in evaluating the current collection quality. Based on the real-life contact line height data collected from a high-speed network, the heights of the key points in the contact line are extracted, of which the pointwise stochastics is represented by the power spectrum density (PSD) function. Random samples are generated by the inverse Fourier transform based on the Monte Carlo method. An advanced initialization procedure is presented to properly include the contact line height variability in the initial configuration. A stochastic analysis with a high cutoff frequency is performed to evaluate a double pantograph–catenary system’s current collection quality. Unlike the deterministic result obtained by the perfect design data, the contact line height variability causes uncertainty. The present analysis method indicates some risks of safety accident and contact loss that the traditional simulation cannot capture with ideal design data or low cutoff frequency.