Presence Of TEA Research Articles

Vasorelaxant effect of phenylpropanoids: Methyl eugenol and eugenol in human umbilical cord vein

Methyl-eugenol (ME) and eugenol (EUG) are phenylpropanoids with vasodilatory effects. While EUG's vasorelaxant effect in human umbilical artery (HUA) is known, their action in veins is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate ME and EUG in human umbilical vein (HUV). Isolated HUV underwent tension recordings. ME and EUG caused 100 % relaxation in HUV, with EC50 values corresponding to: 174.3 ± 7.3 and 217.3 ± 6.2 µM for ME and EUG respectively in presence of K+; 362.3 ± 5.4 and 227.7 ± 4.9 µM for ME and EUG respectively and in presence of serotonin (5-HT). It was observed that in presence of BaCl2 and CaCl2 evoked contractions, ME (800 and 1000 µM) and EUG (1000 and 1400 µM) prevent the contractions. In presence of K+ channel blockers it was observed that ME promoted relaxation compared to its control, except in presence of 4-AP, suggesting a possible Ca2+-dependent K+ channel activation for this molecule; EUG increased all EC50 in presence of the K+ blockers except in presence of TEA 1 mM. Greater pharmacological potency was observed for ME. This study highlights natural substances' effects on HUV contractile parameters, suggesting ME and EUG as potential vasodilators in maintaining fetal oxygenation and venous flow during gestational hypertensive syndromes.

An efficient methodological approach for synthesis of selenopyridines: generation, reactions, anticancer activity, EGFR inhibitory activity and molecular docking studies.

In the present work, we successfully synthesized Se-alkyl selenopyridines 1 and 3, selenopheno[2,3-b]pyridine 2, and bis-selenopyridine 4 derivatives using an eco-friendly method by utilizing NaHSe instead of toxic hydrogen selenide. The effect of the temperature on the reaction was screening at various temperatures. The regiospecific reaction of selenopyridine 1 with bromine afforded an unexpected product 4,6-diamino-5-bromo-2-[(cyanomethyl)selenyl]-pyridine-3-carbonitrile (5), which was cyclized to selenopheno[2,3-b]pyridine (7) by refluxing in the presence of TEA. While its treatment with thiophenol and/or p-chlorothiophenol gave 8a, b. On the other hand, its reaction with aminothiophenol afforded 2-(benzo[d]-thiazol-2-yl)-5-bromoselenopheno[2,3-b]pyridine-3,4,6-triamine (9). Also, N-(2-cyano-4-methyl-5H-1-seleno-3,5,8-triazaacenaphthylen-7-yl)acetamide (11) and a novel series of selenoazo dyes 12a-d were synthesized by treatment of selenopheno[2,3-b]pyridine 2 with acetic anhydride and/or diazonium chlorides of aromatic amines, respectively. Then, we ascertained the potential activity of synthesized compounds against highly metastatic prostate cancer cells (PC-3) and osteosarcoma cells (MG-63) and found that 12a, 12b, 12c, and 12d were more cytotoxic than doxorubicin in both tested cell lines, showing nearly the same anticancer activity with IC50 values ranging from 2.59 ± 0.02µM to 3.93 ± 0.23µM. Mechanistically, the most potent compounds 12a and 12b proved to be potent EGFR inhibitors with IC50 values of 0.301 and 0.123µM, respectively, compared to lapatinib as a positive reference (IC50 = 0.049µM). Moreover, the docking results are in good agreement with the anticancer activity as well as the EGFR inhibitory activity, suggesting these two compounds as promising EGFR anticancer candidates.

Effect of Green and Black Tea on the Dissolution Profile of Amlodipine Tablets

Background: Amlodipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, is widely recognized as an effective and well-tolerated medication for the management of hypertension. Tea is the second most consumed liquid after water. Black and green tea are products made from the leaf and bud of Camellia sinensis. The study aimed to determine the effect of black and green tea on the in vitro dissolution profile of amlodipine tablets. Materials and Methods: An in vitro dissolution interaction study of amlodipine tablets was carried out in the presence and absence of black and green tea at pH 1.2 and 6.8 using USP Apparatus 2 at a constant temperature of 37 ± 0.5 ºC and a rotating speed of 50 revolutions per minute. A total of 24 teabags of black and green tea from the same batch were used and sampling was done at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. Analysis of amlodipine was done using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The study showed that at pH 1.2 amlodipine release was not significantly affected by green or black tea. The percentage release conformed with tolerance specifications in monographs. At pH 6.8, however, amlodipine release decreased significantly in the presence of tea (p=0.02). Using the similarity factor (f2) dissolution profiles were dissimilar (11,43). The degree of amlodipine inhibition at pH 6.8 was 11.5 and 55.3 % for black and green tea respectively. Conclusion: Coadministration of black or green tea with amlodipine tablets could alter the release of amlodipine which may influence therapy outcomes.

Teh dalam Jamuan Kenegaraan Ala Keraton Yogyakarta sebagai Gastrodiplomasi

As one of the most well-known types of drink throughout the world, it is not surprising that the presence of tea in Yogyakarta Palace is high. Tea is always served in the Sultan and family's private dishes, traditional ceremonies, and state banquets. In other countries, tea has even become an identity and a diplomatic tool. Seeing this phenomenon, this research was created to dig deeper into the existence of tea in the Yogyakarta Palace, especially at state banquets and its relation to a form of culinary diplomacy known as gastrodiplomacy. In this qualitative research, it was found that tea was always served as choice of drink at state banquets. However, until now there has not been a special format or procedure for a tea party to entertain state guests. It would be interesting if in the future the palace could develop a Yogyakarta Palace style tea reception in order to maximize the potential for gastrodiplomacy which could have various positive implications for collaboration in various needed sectors.

Effects of hydrogen sulfide on relaxation responses in the lower esophageal sphincter in rabbits: the potential role of potassium channels.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a significant physiologic inhibitory neurotransmitter. The main goal of this research was to examine the contribution of diverse potassium (K+) channels and nitric oxide (NO) in mediating the H2S effect on electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced neurogenic contractile responses in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). EFS-induced contractile responses of rabbit isolated LES strips were recorded using force transducers in organ baths that contain Krebs-Henseleit solutions (20ml). Cumulative doses of NaHS, L-cysteine, PAG, and AOAA were evaluated in NO-dependent and NO-independent groups. The experiments were conducted again in the presence of K+ channel blockers. In both NO-dependent and NO-independent groups, NaHS, L-cysteine, PAG, and AOAA significantly reduced EFS-induced contractile responses. In the NO-dependent group, the effect of NaHS and L-cysteine decreased in the presence of 4-AP, and also the effect of NaHS decreased in the NO-dependent and independent group in the presence of TEA. In the NO-independent group, K+ channel blockers didn't change L-cysteine-induced relaxations. K+ channel blockers had no impact on the effects of PAG and AOAA. In addition, NaHS significantly relaxed 80-mM KCl-induced contractions, whereas L-cysteine, PAG, and AOAA did not. In the present study, H2S decreased the amplitudes of EFS-induced contraction responses. These results suggest that Kv channels and NO significantly contribute to exogenous H2S and endogenous H2S precursor L-cysteine inhibitory effect on lower esophageal sphincter smooth muscle.

A subfraction obtained from the venom of the tarantula Poecilotheria regalis contains inhibitor cystine knot peptides and induces relaxation of rat aorta by inhibiting L-type voltage-gated calcium channels.

Venoms from tarantulas contain low molecular weight vasodilatory compounds whose biological action is conceived as part of the envenomation strategy due to its propagative effects. However, some properties of venom-induced vasodilation do not match those described by such compounds, suggesting that other toxins may cooperate with these ones to produce the observed biological effect. Owing to the distribution and function of voltage-gated ion channels in blood vessels, disulfide-rich peptides isolated from venoms of tarantulas could be conceived into potential vasodilatory compounds. However, only two peptides isolated from spider venoms have been investigated so far. This study describes for the first time a subfraction containing inhibitor cystine knot peptides, PrFr-I, obtained from the venom of the tarantula Poecilotheria regalis. This subfraction induced sustained vasodilation in rat aortic rings independent of vascular endothelium and endothelial ion channels. Furthermore, PrFr-I decreased calcium-induced contraction of rat aortic segments and reduced extracellular calcium influx to chromaffin cells by the blockade of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. This mechanism was unrelated to the activation of potassium channels from vascular smooth muscle, since vasodilation was not affected in the presence of TEA, and PrFr-I did not modify the conductance of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv10.1. This work proposes a new envenomating function of peptides from venoms of tarantulas, and establishes a new mechanism for venom-induced vasodilation.

Exploring Solar Cells Based on Lead- and Iodide-Deficient Halide Perovskite (d-HP) Thin Films

Perovskite solar cells have become more and more attractive and competitive. However, their toxicity induced by the presence of lead and their rather low stability hinders their potential and future commercialization. Reducing lead content while improving stability then appears as a major axis of development. In the last years, we have reported a new family of perovskite presenting PbI+ unit vacancies inside the lattice caused by the insertion of big organic cations that do not respect the Goldschmidt tolerance factor: hydroxyethylammonium HO-(CH2)2-NH3+ (HEA+) and thioethylammonium HS-(CH2)2-NH3+ (TEA+). These perovskites, named d-HPs for lead and halide-deficient perovskites, present a 3D perovskite corner-shared Pb1-xI3-x network that can be assimilated to a lead-iodide-deficient MAPbI3 or FAPbI3 network. Here, we propose the chemical engineering of both systems for solar cell optimization. For d-MAPbI3-HEA, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) reached 11.47% while displaying enhanced stability and reduced lead content of 13% compared to MAPbI3. On the other hand, d-FAPbI3-TEA delivered a PCE of 8.33% with astounding perovskite film stability compared to classic α-FAPI. The presence of TEA+ within the lattice impedes α-FAPI degradation into yellow δ-FAPbI3 by direct degradation into inactive Pb(OH)I, thus dramatically slowing the aging of d-FAPbI3-TEA perovskite.

Synthesis of novel bis-thiazoles, bis-thienopyridines, and bis-triazolothiadiazines linked to diphenyl ether core as novel hybrid molecules

The reaction of the appropriate α-haloketones or α-keto-hydrazonoyl chlorides with the corresponding bis(hydrazinecarbothioamide) in EtOH at reflux in the presence of a few drops of TEA produced good yields of novel bis-thiazoles linked to diphenyl ether as novel hybrid molecules. Furthermore, some novel bis-thiazoles were obtained in high yields by reacting 1,1′-(oxybis(4,1-phenylene))bis(2-bromoethanone) with the appropriate thioamide. Furthermore, by reacting bis(2-bromoethanone) with the appropriate 4-amino-3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole derivatives in ethanol in the presence of TEA, novel bis(5,6-dihydro-s-triazolo[3,4-b]thiadiazines) linked to diphenyl ether moiety were obtained in good yields. Moreover, by reacting bis(2-bromoethanone) with the appropriate pyridinethiones in ethanolic sodium ethoxide at reflux, good yields of bis(thienopyridines) linked to diphenyl ether moiety were obtained. The structures of new compounds were confirmed using elements and spectral data.

Lead acetate versus cadmium sulfate in the modulation of main physiological pathways controlling detrusor muscle contractility in rat

Heavy metals have a deleterious effect on lower urinary tract functions. Scant data has been reported about metals’ effect on altering detrusor muscle contractility. Rats were given lead acetate (3, 30 mg/kg), cadmium sulfate (0.1, 1 mg/kg) or ferrous sulfate-iron overload-(3, 30 mg/kg), in a subacute toxicity study (21 days, ip). In-vitro tension experiments were conducted using isolated rat detrusor muscle. Measurement of heavy metal concentrations in blood and tissue homogenates was performed, as well as histopathological examinations. Subacute toxicity induced by treatment with lead and cadmium was manifested as a decrease in EFS, ACh, and ATP-mediated contraction of isolated detrusor muscle. Iron overload only decreased EMAX of EFS and ACh-mediated contraction. Lead (30 mg/kg) caused an upward shift in the dose response curve of isoprenaline-induced relaxation, with a significant decrease in EMAX. Lead (30 mg/kg) or cadmium (1 mg/kg) inhibited adenosine (10−5 M)-induced relaxation. Comparisons to control tissues showed a selective accumulation of metals in the detrusor muscle. Histopathological examinations revealed edema and inflammation in the urinary bladder. Directly added lead (10 mM) inhibited detrusor muscle contraction in-vitro, and its effect was decreased in presence of atropine, and potentiated in presence of TEA, L-NAME, or MB. Cadmium's (0.1 mM) inhibitory effect was reduced in presence of nifedipine or trifluoperazine. In conclusion, lead, cadmium, or iron induce detrusor hypoactivity: The inhibitory effect of lead may be mediated by modulating muscarinic receptors but not the K+/NO/cGMP pathway, whereas cadmium inhibitory effect may be mediated by inhibiting the Ca2+/calmodulin pathway.

Influence of tetraethylammonium cation on electrochemical CO2 reduction over Cu, Ag, Ni, and Fe surfaces

Enhancing the selectivity and activity of desired CO2 reduction products while suppressing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) will facilitate the commercialization of electro-reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbons. Except for gold, polycrystalline surfaces of all transition metals used for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) suffer from low CO2RR selectivities and activities at lower overpotentials. As ionic liquid cations stabilize key CO2RR intermediates and destabilize the HER intermediates, we studied the influence of tetraethylammonium (TEA+) cation on CO2RR and HER activities, experimentally, over transition metal electrodes (Cu, Fe, Ag, and Ni). We observed an enhancement in CO2RR activity and major CO2RR product formation in the presence of TEA+ cation on Cu and Ag. In addition, HER activity was enhanced on Ni and Fe surfaces but suppressed on Ag and Cu surfaces. Density functional theory (DFT) based computational studies were employed to rationalize these observations. Experimental and computational results suggest that the decreased activation energy for water dissociation enhanced the HER activity on Ni and Fe. Further, the increased activation energy for water dissociation suppressed HER activity on Cu and Ag. Moreover, the increase in *COO– (or CO2–⋅) binding energy in the presence of TEA+ cation is crucial for enhancing CO2RR activity and major CO2RR product formation on Cu and Ag. Thus, this study of the influence of TEA+ cation on CO2RR/HER activity over transition metal electrodes helps in exploring other ionic liquid cation-electrode combinations in terms of CO2–⋅ intermediate stabilization and water dissociation suppression for selective electrochemical CO2 reduction to fuels.

Description of The Event of Anemia in Women of Real Age of Coral Cadets in Ciseeng, Bogor City 2021

Nutrition is one of the determining factors to achieve excellent and optimal health. Anemia is still a nutritional problem in the world, especially in developing countries, including Indonesia. Anemia is a condition in which a person's hemoglobin (Hb) level in the blood is lower than normal. Infertile women are one of the groups at risk for anemia. Several research results in several regions in Indonesia show that the prevalence of anemia infertile women is still high. We aim to describe the incidence of anemia in women of childbearing age in Ciseeng, Bogor, 2021. Using a qualitative study design, employing FGD, in-depth interviews, and active observation. All informants suffer from moderate anemia with Hb levels between 8.7 g/dl to 10.8 g/dl and have several symptoms or signs of anemia, namely 5L, dizziness, fatigue, pale nails, lips, and eyelids. The lack of iron-containing foods and the presence of tea in the breakfast menu of the informants is one of the factors that make the informants suffer from anemia, due to the disruption of iron absorption by the tannins contained in tea. Most of the informants have abnormal menstrual patterns and this is one of the determinants of the incidence of anemia experienced by the informants. An overview of matters relating to the incidence of anemia in women of childbearing age at youth organizations in Ciseeng Bogor, including a description of nutrient intake, breakfast behavior, tea/coffee drinking behavior, menstruation, nutritional knowledge. All key informants had Hb levels below 12 g/dl, ie 8.7 – 10.8 g/dl. Three informants had Hb levels below 10 g/dl, 12 others had Hb levels 10-11 g/dl. The results of this Hb examination indicate that all informants suffer from anemia which is classified as moderate anemia according to the classification of anemia according to WHO.

Pharmacological evaluation of Euphorbia hirta, Fagonia indica and Capparis decidua in hypertension through in-vivo and in vitro-assays

ObjectiveThis study determines the efficacy and probable underlying mode of action to the folk usage of Euphorbia hirta, Fagonia indica and Capparis decidua in hypertension. MethodsThe aqueous-methanol extracts of E. hirta (EH.Cr), F. indica (FI.Cr) and C. decidua (CD.Cr) were tested for antihypertensive effects in rats using non-invasive and in-vasive blood pressure measuring apparatus. In-vitro assays were carried out using isolated rat aortae using PowerLab station. ResultsEH.Cr, FI.Cr and CD.Cr at 500 mg/kg (orally) caused a fall in the mean systolic blood pressure in arsenic-induced hypertensive and normotensive rats, similar to nifedipine. In rat aortae, EH.Cr, CD.Cr and FI.Cr reversed low (20 mM), high (80 mM) K+ and phenylephrine (P.E)-driven contractions, while F. indica partially inhibited high K+ contractions. In the presence of TEA, F. indica remained unable to relax low K+ contractions. EH.Cr and CD.Cr moved Ca++ concentrations response curves to the right, like nifedipine. All fractions of EH.Cr and CD.Cr except aqueous, pet-ether and chloroform fractions of FI.Cr displayed Ca++ antagonistic activity. FI.Cr, its ethyl acetate and aqueous fraction exhibited TEA-sensitive potassium channel activation. On baseline tension, test materials also produced phentolamine-sensitive vasospasm. ConclusionE. hirta, F. indica and C. decidua possess antihypertensive activity in arsenic-induced hypertensive rats possibly mediated via endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. In normotensive rats, E. hirta and C. decidua showed antihypertensive activities through endothelium-dependent and Ca++ antagonistic pathways, while F. indica exhibited potassium channel activation and Ca++ antagonistic like effects in its vasorelaxation. Additional weaker vasospastic effects were derived through α-adrenergic like pathways.

Benzofuran-oxadiazole hybrids: Design, Synthesis and antimicrobial activity studies

The six benzofuran-oxadiazole derivatives (4a-d) and (5a-b) have been designed, synthesized, characterized and evaluated for antimicrobial activity. The key synthetic intermediate 5-bromo-N'-hydroxybenzofuran -2-carboxamidine (3) was prepared from 5-bromobenzofuran-2-carboxylic acid (1) in two consecutive steps involving reaction with NaN3, in presence of TEA, Xtalfluor-E, PPh3 in dry DCM at 0oC followed by the treatment of resulting carbonitrile (2) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in presence of sodium methoxide under reflux in aqueous ethanol. Reaction of carboxamidine (3) with different aryl esters in presence of K2CO3 under reflux conditions in toluene afforded 3-(5-bromobenzofuran-2-yl)-5-substituted phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles (4a-d) while the refluxion of a solution of carboxamidine (3) in dichloromethane with chloro/bromo acetyl chloride in presence of TEA and a catalytic amount of HBTU furnished 3-(5-bromobenzofuran-2-yl)-5-(chloromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadia zole (5a) and 3-(5-bromobenzofuran-2-yl)-5-(bromomethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (5b).

Luminescent molecularly imprinted polymer nanocomposites for emission intensity and lifetime rapid sensing of tenuazonic acid mycotoxin

Tenuazonic acid ((5S)-3-acetyl-5-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-4-hydroxy-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-one, TeA) is a widespread Alternaria fungi mycotoxin in food produce. This toxin may be allergenic and provoke hay fever and asthma. Therefore, rapid methods to selectively detect TeA are needed. With this aim, we have engineered a novel trifunctional (red-luminescent, polymerizable, TeA-sensitive) ruthenium(II)-bipyridyl complex with 2,2′-biimidazole. Its peripheral N–H moieties recognize the enolate form of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds (including TeA) in partially aqueous media. Such a binding decreases the luminescence intensity and lifetime (0.2 μs) of the Ru(II) probe. The probe also bears acrylate groups that allow radical copolymerization with methacrylamide and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the presence of TeA, to yield 9-nm thick luminescent molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) shells onto 200-nm silica cores. The SiO2@Ru-MIP nanocomposite displays a very fast response (<5 s) suitable for real-time detection of TeA. No cross-sensitivity to other common food mycotoxins that also contain a β-hydroxycarbonyl moiety (alternariol, β-zeranol, cyclopiazonic acid) is observed. Detection limits of 63.8 μg L⁻1 and 75.2 μg L⁻1 under steady-state and time-resolved luminescence detection, respectively, have been measured without further optimization. The use of emission lifetime variations to monitor the levels of a target analyte has never been reported for a luminescent MIP-based sensor.

Diastereoselective synthesis of highly substituted tetrahydroquinolines using benzoylacetonitrile via aza Diels–Alder reaction

Diastereoselective aza-Diels–Alder reaction between in situ generated 2-aminophenyl-substituted enones and α-cyano-α,β-unsaturated aromatic ketone has been developed. In the presence of TEA as a catalyst prepared highly substituted tetrahydroquinolines with an all-carbon quaternary center in an in situ fashion. Both tetrahydroquinoline isomers (exo and endo) with excellent diastereoselectivity and high yields were synthesized in very mild conditions.

Synthesis of chiral salan ligands with bulky substituents and their application in Cu-catalyzed asymmetric Henry reaction

Several new chiral N,N’-dimethylated salan ligands with bulky substituents were synthesized and their in-situ generated Cu(II) complexes were evaluated in the asymmetric Henry reaction. Substituents on the aryloxide moieties of these ligands were found to show remarkable effect on the enantioselectivity. Cu(II) complex generated from the ligand with 1,1-diphenylethyl groups at the ortho-position of the aryloxide moieties and Cu(OAc)2·H2O was found to show good catalytic performance, giving the 2-nitro-1-phenylethanol product in 85% yield with 94% ee in the presence of TEA in THF at -20 °C. The catalyst systems were examined with different aldehydes and the corresponding products were obtained in good yields (up to 94%) with 85% to 95% ee in the presence or absence of TEA. Diastereoselective reactions using nitroethane as the nucleophile afford syn-β-nitroalcohols in good yields (48%-66%) with good dr (up to 11.5:1 syn/anti) and high ee values (92%-96%).

Functional characterization of three flavonol synthase genes from Camellia sinensis: Roles in flavonol accumulation

Flavonol derivatives are a group of flavonoids benefiting human health. Their abundant presence in tea is associated with astringent taste. To date, mechanism pertaining to the biosynthesis of flavonols in tea plants remains unknown. In this study, we used bioinformatic analysis mining the tea genome and obtained three cDNAs that were annotated to encode flavonol synthases (FLS). Three cDNAs, namely CsFLSa, b, and c, were heterogenously expressed in E. coli to induce recombinant proteins, which were further used to incubate with three substrates, dihydrokampferol (DHK), dihydroquercetin (DHQ), and dihydromyricetin (DHM). The resulting data showed that three rCsFLSs preferred to catalyze (DHK). Overexpression of each cDNA in tobacco led to the increase of kampferol and the reduction of anthocyanins in flowers. Further metabolic profiling of flavan-3-ols in young tea shoots characterized that kaempferol derivatives were the most abundant, followed by quercetin and then myricetin derivatives. Taken together, these data characterized the key step committed to the biosynthesis of flavonols in tea leaves. Moreover, these data enhance understanding the metabolic accumulation relevance between flavonols and other main flavonoids such as flavan-3-ols in tea leaves.

Synthesis and Characterization of some 2-Azetidinones Derived from 3-Nitro Phthalic Anhydride and Evaluation their Biological against Bacteria and Fungi

Reaction of the moiety 3-nitro phthalic anhydride with p- Phenylene diamine in (40 ml) acetic acid to give compound (p-amino phenyl)-3-nitro phthalimide (A1).Which that react with different aromatic aldehyde in ethanol absolute to give compounds hydrazone (A2-A5), then react this compounds (A2-A5) with chloro acetyl chloride in presence of TEA by using DMF as solvent to obtain 2-azetidinones (A6-A9).The compounds of all the newly synthesized structures were confirmed by and ,IR, 1H NMR as well as melting point. Some of these new structures showed antimicrobial activity (A7-A8) and anti-bacterial activity (A7-A8).Antibacterial activity of some prepared compounds against two types of bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) and E.coli (Gram negative). Some the compounds showed high inhibition activity against bacteria and two fungi (Candida albicans) and (Candida tropicalis.).

Luteolin suppresses colonic smooth muscle motility via inhibiting L-type calcium channel currents in mice.

As a naturally occurring flavone, luteolin has received much attention due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer functions. In the present study, we investigated the effect of luteolin on colonic motility and its mechanism using isometric muscle recording and the whole-cell patch-clamp technique in mice. Luteolin dose-dependently inhibited colonic smooth muscles motility and CMMC significantly. BayK8644, an L-type Ca2+ channel agonist, significantly attenuated the luteolin-induced inhibition. Moreover, the calcium currents recorded in colonic smooth muscle cells were dramatically inhibited by luteolin. However, no significant changes were found in the luteolin-induced inhibitory effect in the presence of TEA, a nonselective K+ channel blocker, glibenclamide, an ATP-dependent K+ channel blocker, and apamin, a small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel blocker. Additionally, luteolin did not affect potassium currents. Furthermore, TTX, a Na+ channel blocker, L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, ODQ, an inhibitor of NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase, and Ani9, a specific ANO1 channels blocker, had no effect on the luteolin-induced suppression. These results suggest that luteolin inhibited colonic smooth muscle motility by inhibiting L-type calcium channels in mice but not through potassium channels, the enteric nervous system (ENS), NO signaling pathways or ANO1 channels of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs).

Special issue in honour of Prof. Reto J. Strasser - Photosynthetic activity as assessed via chlorophyll a fluorescence suggests a role of potassium channels in root to shoot signaling

Potassium is indispensable for plant growth. Recently, a role of K+ channels has emerged in sensing and transducing stress and nutrient status. Tetraethylammonium (TEA+) is a specific blocker of K+ transport and affects K+ channel gene expression. Two barley varieties with contrasting salinity tolerance, and a chlorophyll b-less mutant, were grown either in the presence of TEA+ alone or combined with NaCl, at two different concentrations of external K+ and Ca2+, and were analyzed nine days after germination. Chlorophyll a transients monitored via JIP-tests were used to evaluate the state of the photosynthetic machinery. In contrast to reported responses to K+ deficiency, TEA+ inhibited shoot growth while inducing root growth and increasing photosynthetic performance. Both TEA+ and NaCl induced the appearance of negative K-bands in OJIP kinetics and an increase in PIABS, indicating a stimulation of photosynthesis by increased sink strength in the context of root to shoot signaling.