Presence Of Pathogenic Bacteria Research Articles

Comparative analysis of antimicrobial activity leaf extracts against prevalent Bacterial flora Associated with doorknobs at MIET, Meerut (U.P)

Microorganisms can be found everywhere, bacteria and fungi contaminate the human body, our houses, workplaces, and our environment. Fortunately, among many billions of bacteria, only 1500 can be dangerous to our health, causing different diseases such as pneumonia or skin infection. The human hand serves as a medium for the propagation of microorganisms from place to place, and from person to person. Although, it is nearly impossible for the hand to be free of microorganisms, as the presence of pathogenic bacteria may lead to chronic or acute illness. Every day, door handles are often hotspots for bacteria, public handles especially because of the frequent and inevitable use of most door handles, it can often be expected that bacteria are present. Many factors determine the suitability and population of bacteria. The material of the handle itself contributes to the growth of bacteria, with most door handles being constructed with stainless steel which is a more suitable home for bacteria. The material affects the time bacteria can survive on door handles; but more so, the temperature and humidity of the surrounding air, depending on these bacteria can thrive anywhere from a few hours to a few weeks. Human hands usually harbor microorganisms both as part of the body's normal flora as well as transient microbes contacted from the environment. People come into contact with a variety of fomites on a regular basis, and bacterial and fungal infections are on the rise.Investigators looked at the microbial growthconnected to the use of door knobs by students at MIETCOLLEGE OF EDUCATION BAGHPAT BYPASS MEERUT. 50 door knobs were randomly chosen for microbiological analysis. The samples were examined by means of conventional microbiological techniques. Haemolytic Streptococci, Bacillus species, coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Proteus species, and Staphylococcus aureus were among the bacteria that were identified from the earphones. Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp., and Rhizopus spp. were the fungi that were isolated. Staph. aureus, 12 (24%), are among the bacteria that were isolated from the door knobs. A substantial difference in the mean occurrence values of the isolates from the two groups was shown by statistical analysis (P 0.05). The study came to the conclusion that microbial growth does increase with frequent and continuous use of door knobs in comparison to nonfrequent use of door by comparing the occurrence values of the isolates from the two groups of door knobs users. The isolates found were screened for their antimicrobial activity and rose leaf propanol extract has the best antimicrobial effect against the isolated microbes. . Key Word; Microbial Contamination, Door, Handles, Knobs, s bacteria, medicinalplants, antimicrobial activity.

O-277 Exploring the relationship between the vaginal microbiota and vaginal symptoms

Abstract Study question What is the relationship between self-reported vaginal symptoms and the composition of the vaginal microbiome? Summary answer Our study reveals a complex and multifactorial relationship between vaginal symptoms and the composition of the vaginal microbiome. What is known already Vaginal dysbiosis (VD) is a microbial condition characterized by the absence of beneficial lactobacilli and the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the vagina. VD is associated with elevated risks of sexually transmitted infections, preterm birth, pregnancy loss, infertility, and suboptimal outcomes in in vitro fertilization. Clinical manifestations often include increased vaginal discharge and malodour, although it’s noteworthy that a substantial proportion of women with VD remain asymptomatic, which makes diagnosing these women challenging. Study design, size, duration Our study was conducted as part of a Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) evaluating Vaginal Microbiota Transplantation (VMT) as a novel approach for treating vaginal dysbiosis without antibiotics. This study included 263 women aged 18-40 years. Participants/materials, setting, methods We employed shotgun metagenomic sequencing to analyse the vaginal microbiome on cycle day 10+/-2 days. Moreover, we collected data on vaginal symptoms, hormonal contraceptive use, and sexual behaviour. Main results and the role of chance Among the 263 participants, 65% exhibited eubiotic microbiomes, 23% had dysbiotic microbiomes, and 12% had intermediate microbiomes. Vaginal symptoms were reported by 33%, while 63% remained symptom-free. In terms of dominance, L. crispatus dominated in 40% of samples, followed by L. iners (30%) and G. vaginalis (9.1%). In symptomatic women, L. iners (22%) and L. crispatus (21%) were common taxa, while asymptomatic women showed higher prevalence of these taxa: L. crispatus (50%) and L. iners (34%). Symptoms analysis showed two significant clusters dominated by L. crispatus or L. iners, along with smaller dysbiotic clusters led by G. vaginalis and F. vaginae. Dysbiotic samples exhibited higher rates of increased discharge and malodor, while stinging and itching were more prevalent in eubiotic samples. Positive associations were noted between specific microbial taxa and distinct symptoms. Exploring external factors, contraceptive use revealed weak associations with microbial changes. Sexual behavior patterns also influenced microbial composition, notably in women with varying numbers of male sexual partners within the last 3 months. These findings provide valuable insights into the intricate interactions between vaginal microbiota, symptoms, and external factors, shedding light on the complex landscape of vaginal dysbiosis. Limitations, reasons for caution Our study is limited by the cross-sectional design, and causality cannot be inferred. Self-reporting of symptoms may introduce bias. Additionally, our findings may not be generalizable to all populations sin the majority of the women in our cohort are younger and likely to have higher education Wider implications of the findings Our findings highlight the complexity of VD symptomatology and underscore the need for further research into the relationship between vaginal symptoms, microbiota and clinical outcomes. Trial registration number NCT04855006

Identification of Salmonella sp Bacteria in Processed Balado Shrimp Sold in Food Stalls Around Mulyosari Area

Background & Objective: Food quality is an issue of great concern in developing countries. Because many nutrients are obtained through food. Balado shrimp is a typical Padang dish with a spicy, sweet and savoury taste that is widely admired by all ages from children to adults. The presence of pathogenic bacteria, one of which is Salmonella sp, which contaminates balado shrimp food can cause health problems in the human body until death. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence or absence of Salmonella sp bacteria in processed shrimp balado sold in food stalls in the Mulyosari area. Method: In this study use as many as 30 samples of shrimp balado sold in food stalls Mulyosari area. This sample examination uses a streaking plate procedure and IMViC test. Data analysis using descriptive qualitative. Result: The results of this study showed that there were 3 samples identified Salmonella sp. Of the 30 samples, there was a range of 10% contaminated with Salmonella sp bacteria and 90% were not contaminated with Salmonella sp bacteria. Conclusion: This indicates that positive samples of balado shrimp must be further examined to determine the feasibility of consumption.

Microbiological Risks of Traditional Raw Cow's Milk Cheese (Koryciński Cheeses).

Traditional and regional foods have been increasing in popularity among consumers in Poland for many years. The observed trend of searching for natural and authentic taste encourages many producers to craft products from raw milk, including Koryciński cheeses. The aim of this study was to assess the microbiological hazards resulting from the presence of pathogenic bacteria in Koryciński cheeses available in retail trade. The tests were carried out using accredited methods, including the detection of the presence of Salmonella spp., the enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes, the enumeration of coagulase-positive staphylococci, and the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins in food when the number of coagulase-positive staphylococci in the sample exceeded the limit of 105 cfu/g. The research material consisted of 45 Koryciński cheeses. The tests conducted revealed that Salmonella spp. was not detected in any of the examined cheeses. However, coagulase-positive staphylococci were present in 68.9% of the samples. In as many as 15 tested cheeses, the level of S. aureus contamination was above 105 cfu/g; therefore, these samples were tested for the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxins. The presence of staphylococcal enterotoxins was found in one Koryciński cheese. In four cheeses, the number of L. monocytogenes exceeded the level of 102 cfu/g, the limit specified in Regulation 2073/2005 on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs. The obtained research results confirm the validity of monitoring the microbiological quality of Koryciński cheeses and the need to increase awareness of ensuring proper hygienic conditions of production, including the increased risk associated with unpasteurized milk products.

Chitogel with deferiprone following endoscopic sinus surgery: improved wound healing and microbiome.

Adhesion formation, sinus ostial narrowing, and presence of pathogenic bacteria are associated with poor outcomes following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis. Chitogel has been shown to improve wound healing, restore a healthier microbiome, and reduce post-operative infections post ESS. Deferiprone has antibacterial properties and has been shown to reduce adhesion formation. The aim of the study was to assess whether the addition of low concentration deferiprone to Chitogel further improves surgical outcomes following ESS compared with Chitogel alone. In this double-blinded trial, 45 patients undergoing ESS were prospectively recruited. At the end of the surgery, patients were randomised to receive Chitogel alone, Chitogel with 1 mM of deferiprone, or Chitogel with 5 mM of deferiprone to one side of the sinuses (allowing the other side to serve as control). Patients underwent routine follow-ups with symptom questionnaires and nasoendoscopies performed at 2, 6, and 12 weeks post-operatively. Sinus ostial measurements, microbiology, and microbiome swabs from bilateral middle meatuses were collected intraoperatively and at 12 weeks post-operatively. A significant improvement in the endoscopic appearance of the sinuses and frontal ostial patency was noted at 12 weeks post-operatively (p < 0.05) in all three treatment groups compared with the control. There was no significant difference noted between patients who received Chitogel alone and those who received Chitogel with 1 or 5 mM deferiprone. Chitogel alone, Chitogel with 1 mM deferiprone, and Chitogel with 5 mM deferiprone used following ESS led to a significant improvement in endoscopic appearance of the sinuses and frontal ostial preservation at 12 weeks post-operatively. No significant difference was found with the addition of deferiprone to Chitogel.

Balancing the Anti‐Bacterial and Pro‐Osteogenic Properties of Ti‐Based Implants by Partial Conversion of ZnO Nanorods into Hybrid Zinc Phosphate Nanostructures

AbstractBacterial infection and inferior osseointegration are major complications associated with titanium (Ti) based implants. Although surface‐engineered zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods exhibit remarkable antibacterial ability, their potential biomedical applications are hampered by their pronounced cytotoxicity. Herein, inspired by the in vivo degradation process of znic, ZnO nanorods are converted into thermodynamically more stable zinc phosphate (Zn3(PO4)2 ）through a simple hydrothermal treatment in a hydrogen phosphate solution. By adjusting the conversion ratio, the surface morphology, release of zinc ions (Zn2+), and generation of reactive oxygen species can be finely tailored to overcome the cytotoxicity of ZnO nanorods while preserving their antibacterial capability. Furthermore, an optimized amount of Zn2+ released from the ZnO/Zn3(PO4)2 hybrid coating enhances osteogenic differentiation and extracellular matrix mineralization of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by reprogramming their metabolic configuration. An implant‐related infection model in rabbit femurs indicates that the hybrid ZnO/Zn3(PO4)2 coating can even promote osseointegration in the presence of pathogenic bacteria. This surface modification strategy which endows Ti‐based implants with superior anti‐bacterial and pro‐osteogenic properties holds great clinical potential for orthopedic and dental applications.

Anti-bacterial activity of essential oils against multidrug-resistant foodborne pathogens isolated from raw milk.

The presence of pathogenic bacteria in food is considered as a primary cause of food-borne illness and food quality deterioration worldwide. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of five essential oils (EOs) against multidrug-resistant foodborne pathogens. In the current study Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella) and the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus were isolated from raw milk and biochemically characterized. The anti-bacterial effect of different antibiotics and EOs (thyme, oregano, lemongrass, mint, and rosemary) was determined using the standard disc diffusion method. The antibiogram study revealed that Gram-negative bacteria were highly resistant to penicillin while Staphylococcus was resistant to streptomycin, amoxicillin, and lincomycin. Moderate resistance was observed to doxycycline, amikacin, enrofloxacin, kanamycin and cefixime. Isolates were found less resistant to gentamycin, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin. EOs showed a broad range of antimicrobial activity against all bacteria except P. aeruginosa. Of these, thyme was more effective against most of the multi-drug resistant bacterial strains and formed the largest zone of inhibition (26 mm) against Escherichia followed by oregano oil (18 mm) against Staphylococcus (p<0.05). Klebsiella spp and Citrobacter spp showed resistance to mint and lemongrass oil respectively. The EOs such as lemongrass, mint and rosemary were less active against all the bacteria. The findings of the recent study suggest the use of EOs as natural antibacterial agents for food preservation.

Antibacterial activity of Ricinus communis plant extract against antibiotic resistant Helicobacter pylori and Gluconobacter oxydans isolated from fresh apple juices samples.

Bacteria were isolated from samples of Fresh Apple juices from shops of three different localities of Lahore. Analysis of samples from Liberty, Anarkali and Yateem khana Markets show different levels of contamination. There were pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria in all samples and were identified by the morphological and biochemical tests. Most of the plasmids of pathogenic bacteria were 4kb in their molecular size. Ribotyping of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was done to confirm Helicobacter pylori strain and Gluconobacter oxydans. The highest sensitivity of 210mm was shown by Enterobacter sp. against Aztheromysine disk (15µg) while Micrococcus sp. was highly resistant against all of the Antibiotics applied. The antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria was also checked against Ricinus communis plant's extracts, all isolated bacterial pathogens were resistant but only, E.coli was inhibited at 300µl of the extracts. Presence of pathogenic bacteria in Apple juice samples was due to contamination of sewage water in drinking water while some of these pathogenic bacteria came from Apple's tree and other from store houses of fruits.

The activation of carbon materials to control airborne pathogenic bacteria in the pig house by efficient adsorption

The presence of pathogenic bacteria at high levels in the air of concentrated animal production building aggravates cross transmission and impedes the biosafety of animal husbandry. Carbon material shows great potential in microbial adsorption to reduce the misuse of chemical disinfectants in livestock and poultry houses, but the complex environmental conditions and low efficiency in gas phase pose significant challenges to its practical implementation. A novel modified method of carbon felts, acidified and then ammoniated, was developed in simulated experiments. An intensive field study in a pig house was conducted to deploy carbon felts and adsorb airborne microorganisms efficiently. They had above 90% sterilizing activity against a broad spectrum of pathogenic bacteria in the laboratory. And the highest sterilization rate was 75.52% with operation of carbon felts in the pig house and could be maintained below 3 × 104 CFU m−3 for 18 d. Specifically, the relative abundance of several major pathogenic bacteria was significantly reduced in the air of pig house. Our research activates the antibacterial activity of carbon materials in the gas phase and further provides a promising strategy to improve animal health and welfare by purifying the air in livestock and poultry houses.

Susceptibility of Vibrio spp. from Viscera Organ and Flesh of Lates calcarifer Against Antibiotics

Cultivation of Lates calcarifer is widely developed in Indonesia due to its high market demand and economic value. The biggest challenge in aquaculture is the diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria. The presence of pathogenic bacteria can disrupt the cultivation process and even lead to mass mortality in fish. Vibrio spp. is one of the pathogenic bacteria found in the cultivation of white snapper. The growth and development of Vibrio spp. bacteria can be controlled by the use of antibiotics. However, excessive and improper use of antibiotics can trigger the development of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, resistance testing is necessary to determine the level of resistance of Vibrio spp. bacteria from the viscera organ and flesh of L. calcarifer to 8 types of antibiotics, namely Gentamicin, Co-Amoxiclav, Tetracycline HCl, Ciprofloxacin HCl, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Azithromycin, and Doxycycline. Resistance testing of Vibrio spp. bacteria from the viscera organ and flesh of L. calcalifer to these 8 types of antibiotics is carried out using the disc diffusion method. Vibrio spp. bacteria from the viscera organ of fish have resistance to Ampicillin and Co-Amoxiclav with a resistance percentage of 35.7%, while Vibrio spp. bacteria from the flesh of L. calcarifer have resistance to Ampicillin and Azithromycin with a resistance percentage of 57.1%. Vibrio spp. bacteria from the viscera organ and flesh are sensitive to Gentamicin with a percentage of 100%. Vibrio spp. bacteria from the viscera organ and flesh of L. calcarifer have different resistance and sensitivity to various types of antibiotics. Overall, the Vibrio spp. obtained in this study are still sensitive to antibiotics.

Metataxonomic analysis of milk microbiota in the bovine subclinical mastitis.

Subclinical mastitis is one of the most widespread diseases affecting dairy herds with detrimental effects on animal health, milk productivity, and quality. Despite its multifactorial nature, the presence of pathogenic bacteria is regarded one of the main drivers of subclinical mastitis, causing a disruption of the homeostasis of the bovine milk microbial community. However, bovine milk microbiota alterations associated with subclinical mastitis still represents a largely unexplored research area. Therefore, the species-level milk microbiota of a total of 75 milk samples, collected from both healthy and subclinical mastitis-affected cows from two different stables, was deeply profiled through an ITS, rather than a traditional, and less informative, 16S rRNA gene microbial profiling. Surprisingly, the present pilot study not only revealed that subclinical mastitis is characterized by a reduced biodiversity of the bovine milk microbiota, but also that this disease does not induce standard alterations of the milk microbial community across stables. In addition, a flow cytometry-based total bacterial cell enumeration highlighted that subclinical mastitis is accompanied by a significant increment in the number of milk microbial cells. Furthermore, the combination of the metagenomic and flow cytometry approaches allowed to identify different potential microbial marker strictly correlated with subclinical mastitis across stables.

Bacillus velezensis ZN-S10 Reforms the Rhizosphere Microbial Community and Enhances Tomato Resistance to TPN.

Tomato pith necrosis (TPN) is a highly destructive disease caused by species of the Pseudomonas genus and other bacteria, resulting in a significant reduction in tomato yield. Members of the genus Bacillus are beneficial microorganisms extensively studied in the rhizosphere. However, in most cases, the potential of Bacillus members in controlling TPN and their impact on the rhizosphere microbial composition remain rarely studied. In this study, Bacillus velezensis ZN-S10 significantly inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas viridiflava ZJUP0398-2, and ZN-S10 controlled TPN with control efficacies of 60.31%. P. viridiflava ZJUP0398-2 significantly altered the richness and diversity of the tomato rhizobacterial community, but pre-inoculation with ZN-S10 mitigated these changes. The correlation analysis revealed that ZN-S10 maybe inhibits the growth of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and recruits beneficial bacterial communities associated with disease resistance, thereby suppressing the occurrence of diseases. In summary, the comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome was conducted to explore the impact of ZN-S10 on the composition of rhizosphere microorganisms in the presence of pathogenic bacteria, aiming to provide insights for further research and the development of scientific and eco-friendly control strategies for this disease.

Nucleus-forming vibriophage cocktail reduces shrimp mortality in the presence of pathogenic bacteria

The global aquaculture industry has suffered significant losses due to the outbreak of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Since the use of antibiotics as control agents has not been shown to be effective, an alternative anti-infective regimen, such as phage therapy, has been proposed. Here, we employed high-throughput screening for potential phages from 98 seawater samples and obtained 14 phages exhibiting diverse host specificity patterns against pathogenic VPAHPND strains. Among others, two Chimallinviridae phages, designated Eric and Ariel, exhibited the widest host spectrum against vibrios. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that a cocktail derived from these two nucleus-forming vibriophages prolonged the bacterial regrowth of various pathogenic VPAHPND strains and reduced shrimp mortality from VPAHPND infection. This research highlights the use of high-throughput phage screening that leads to the formulation of a nucleus-forming phage cocktail applicable for bacterial infection treatment in aquaculture.

The NLR immune receptor ADR1 and lipase-like proteins EDS1 and PAD4 mediate stomatal immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis.

In the presence of pathogenic bacteria, plants close their stomata to prevent pathogen entry. Intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors recognize pathogenic effectors and activate effector-triggered immune responses. However, the regulatory and molecular mechanisms of stomatal immunity involving NLR immune receptors are unknown. Here, we show that the Nicotiana benthamiana RPW8-NLR central immune receptor ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (NbADR1), together with the key immune proteins ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (NbEDS1) and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (NbPAD4), plays an essential role in bacterial pathogen- and flg22-induced stomatal immunity by regulating the expression of salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis or response-related genes. NbADR1 recruits NbEDS1 and NbPAD4 in stomata to form a stomatal immune response complex. The transcription factor NbWRKY40e, in association with NbEDS1 and NbPAD4, modulates the expression of SA and ABA biosynthesis or response-related genes to influence stomatal immunity. NbADR1, NbEDS1, and NbPAD4 are required for the pathogen infection-enhanced binding of NbWRKY40e to the ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1 promoter. Moreover, the ADR1-EDS1-PAD4 module regulates stomatal immunity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Collectively, our findings show the pivotal role of the core intracellular immune receptor module ADR1-EDS1-PAD4 in stomatal immunity, which enables plants to limit pathogen entry.

Deteksi Molekuler Bakteri Patogen pada Makanan Fermentasi Tempe Dage berdasarkan marka gen 16S rRNA

Tempe Dage is fermented food product originating from Banyumas Regency, Central Java. The appearance of Dage tempeh is slightly different from tempeh in general with lots of black spots on its surface. Even though it is often consumed by the people of Banyumas, there is no information regarding the presence of pathogenic bacteria in Dage tempeh which have the potential to harm human health. Therefore, this study aims to detect the diversity of pathogenic bacteria in the Tempe Dage microbiome using the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) approach. The research steps were from bacterial culture with Reasoner’s 2A (R2A) medium, genomic DNA extraction, Ilumina platform-based sequencing based on the Variable region of the 16S rRNA gene, and bioinformatics analysis. The results of bioinformatics analysis on the EZBioCloud webserver (https://www.ezbiocloud.net/contents/16smtp) showed that the Dage tempe samples contained several pathogenic bacteria which were detected, such as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio metschnikovii and Salmonella bongori. These results provide novel information regarding the presence of pathogenic bacteria in traditional Dage food which can be further analyzed using a conventional culture approach.

Recent Advances in the Determination of Milk Adulterants and Contaminants by Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy.

The presence of chemical contaminants, toxins, or veterinary drugs in milk, as well as the adulteration of milk from different species, has driven the development of new tools to ensure safety and quality. Several analytical procedures have been proposed for the rapid screening of hazardous substances or the selective confirmation of the authenticity of milk. Mid-infrared spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared have been two of the most relevant technologies conventionally employed in the dairy industry. These fingerprint methodologies can be very powerful in determining the trait of raw material without knowing the identity of each constituent, and several aspects suggest their potential as a screening method to detect adulteration. This paper reviews the latest advances in applying mid-infrared spectroscopy for the detection and quantification of adulterants, milk dilution, the presence of pathogenic bacteria, veterinary drugs, and hazardous substances in milk.

P-453 Bacterial semen infections of North-African men: A 10-year retrospective study of 10.386 semen samples between January, 2013 and December, 2022

Abstract Study question What is the situation of bacterial semen infections in North African men between 2013 and 2022? Summary answer The proportion of positive-bacterial-semen-cultures of North-Afrian men was of 5.9%: Tunisian-patients positive rate was of 5.8%. Algerians of 7.9% and of Lybian was of 4.7%. What is known already Numerous bacteria can influence spermatogenesis process at different levels and disrupt spermatozoa development, maturation, and transport. Presence of pathogenic bacteria in the male-genital-system has been mainly associated with poor sperm function, leading to infertility. Bacterial semen infections such as infections by Chlamydia-trachomatis (CT), Mycoplasma-hominis (MH) and genitalium (MG), Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) and parvum (UP), Escherichia coli (EC), Enterococcus-faecalis (EF), Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and haemolyticus (SH), Helicobacter pylori, Streptococcus agalactiae, Gardnerella-vaginalis, Anaerococcus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are among the most common isolated bacteria, affecting semen quality and interfering with male fertility. (Wang et al., 2021; Farsimadan and Motamedifar, 2020). Study design, size, duration Retrospective study including 10.386 Sperm-culture-analyzes performed between January, 2013-December, 2022 of patients from North-Africa (Tunisians, Algerians and Libyans) aged between 19 and 73 years-old (y.o) (average-age: 43.2 y.o ± 7.16). Semen samples were divided in two main groups, Group-1: Bacterial-Semen-Infected-samples and Group-2: Semen without bacterial-infection. The investigation of the situation of North-African men’ semen-bacterial-infections was based on the types of bacteria analyzed, the years from 2013 to 2022 (year by year) and the nationalities of the patients. Participants/materials, setting, methods 10.386 North-African-patients composed of 79% of Tunisian-patients (n = 8201), 11% of Algerian-patients (n = 1142) and 10% of Libyan-patients(n = 1038) presented to the Laboratory for Semen-infection-diagnosis. Semen-samples were analyzed according to World-Health-Organization(WHO)-guidelines. Real-time-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) and biochemical-identification using Vitek2®ID-cards (BioMérieux) were used for bacterial-semen-infections’ detection such as with atypical-bacteria, aerobic/anaerobic bacteria. Statistical-analyzes were performed using SPSS22.0 for Windows-software. Kolmogorov–Smirnov-test for normality-analysis and comparisons by Student-t-test/Mann–Whitney-U-test, as appropriate. Pearson/Spearman’ tests for correlations were used as appropriate, P-value &amp;lt;0.05 was considered as significant. Main results and the role of chance A total of 10.386 semen cultures were performed with 613 positive-bacterial-semen-cultures, showing an annual variation rate of 0.7% from the first year to the last year of the study. The proportion of positive bacterial semen cultures was of 5.9% and was stable throughout the study period (4.8% to 7.3%) in except of 2018 (9.5%) and 2022 (12.5%). Leucocytes concentration which is positively correlated to bacterial-semen-infections in our study (r = 0.165; p &amp;lt; 0.001) have shown a significant increase in its average levels between 2019 and 2021 in comparison with the other years of the study. UU was the most present atypical bacteria in Goup-1 with 270 infected-samples, UP was the second with 134 infected-samples and then MH with 71 infected-samples and CT with 19 infected-samples and MG with 13 infected-samples. For aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in Group-1, EC was present with 17.3%, EF with 10.5%, SH with 5.7%, SA with 5.2% and NG with 2.2%. Positive semen cultures of Tunisian patients in our study presented a rate of 5.8%. Algerian positive bacterial semen cultures’ rate was of 7.9% and of Lybian patients was of 4.7%. Our study may represent an update on bacterial-semen-infections of North-African men over the past decade. Limitations, reasons for caution Our study is a retrospective-statistical-survey that included patients presenting to the laboratory for bacterial-semen-infection-diagnosis due to a pathology and/or inflammation of the genital tract or for a simple fertility-diagnosis. Meta-analysis studies in addition to more prospective-randomized-controlled-trials in collaboration with other Microbiology/Andrology laboratories are necessary to confirm or deny our results. Wider implications of the findings These results should interest epidemiologists, reproductive biology fundamentalists, urologists, microbiologists, gynecologists, and embryologists who want to improve the investigations on the semen bacterial infections in North-African men with or without fertility problems. Trial registration number Not applicable

Unveiling sex-based differences in developing propionic acid-induced features in mice as a rodent model of ASD.

Males are more likely to develop autism as a neurodevelopmental disorder than females are, although the mechanisms underlying male vulnerability are not fully understood. Therefore, studying the role of autism etiologies considering sex differences in the propionic acid (PPA) rodent model of autism would build greater understanding of how females are protected from autism spectrum disorder, which may be used as a treatment strategy for males with autism. This study aimed to investigate the sex differences in oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and gut microbiota impairment as etiological mechanisms for many neurological diseases, with specific reference to autism. Forty albino mice were divided into four groups of 10 animals each with two control and two treated groups of both sexes received only phosphate-buffered saline or a neurotoxic dose of PPA (250 mg/kg body weight) for 3 days, respectively. Biochemical markers of energy metabolism, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and excitotoxicity were measured in mouse brain homogenates, whereas the presence of pathogenic bacteria was assessed in mouse stool samples. Furthermore, the repetitive behavior, cognitive ability, and physical-neural coordination of the animals were examined. Collectively, selected variables related to oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and gut bacteria were impaired concomitantly with altered behavior in PPA-induced rodent model, with males being more susceptible than females. This study explains the role of sex in the higher vulnerability of males to develop autistic biochemical and behavioral features compared with females. Female sex hormones and the higher detoxification capacity and higher glycolytic flux in females serve as neuroprotective contributors in a rodent model of autism.

Studi Kasus: Jumlah Sel Somatik dan Komposisi Susu dari Sapi Perah Positif Mastitis Subklinis Milik PT. Great Giant Livestock

An increase in the number of somatic cells to more than 400.000 cells/mL and the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the milk during normal lactation are two characteristics of subclinical mastitis. The purpose of this study was to compare subclinical mastitis-positive cows with healthy cows in terms of somatic cells count and milk composition, as well as the relationship between these two variables. Acquire from PT. Great Giant Livestock, a total of 29 fresh milk samples from 9 dairy cows tested positive for subclinical mastitis. The Breed method was used to determine the somatic cell count. Lactoscan was used to count the milk composition including fat, protein, lactose, solid non-fat, total solids, and density. The correlation between the somatic cell count and milk quality was tested using the Rank Spearman and the differences in milk quality between healthy cows and subclinical mastitis-positive cows were analyzed using Mann Whitney U. According to the data, subclinical mastitis-positive cows had more somatic cells than healthy cows. Furthermore, subclinical mastitis-affected cows provide milk of lower quality. Dairy cows with subclinical mastitis and healthy cows had significantly different milk composition (p&lt; 0,05). The correlation between the number of somatic cells and milk composition was highly significant (p&lt; 0,05). Subclinical mastitis-positive cows have a higher number of somatic cell and lower milk composition compared to healthy cows. The somatic cells count has a relationship with the composition of milk.

Bacteriological Assessment of Critical Areas in Three Selected Units in Jodhpur Dental College General Hospital, Jodhpur Rajasthan, India

The hospital environment plays a crucial role in the chain of infection spread. Thus, there is need to attack the chain of infection at its weakest link as the most effective way in combating and/or preventing nosocomial infections. The study aims to assess the common aerobic pathogenic bacteria in the different departments of Jodhpur National University Dental Hospital and to establish the best disinfectant as well as disinfection procedure. A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted. Air and surface samples were taken before and after dental procedures from all the three departments within durations of 14 days. Different antiseptics were used so as to compare their effectiveness. Swabs taken from different places were streaked on blood agar plates and incubated at 37oC under aerobic conditions for 24 hours. After incubation, isolates obtained were appropriately identified. After aerobic incubation of the settle plates at 370C for 24hours, the colonies on each plate were counted and recorded as the number of bacteria carrying particles settling over the area of the plate in a given period of time. The level of bacterial contamination of air is usually expressed as the number of bacteria carrying particles per cubic millimeter. A total of 274 surface samples and 97 air samples were collected. Bacteria were isolated in all air samples while only 255 surface samples had growth. The predominant species in all services was Bacillus spp, followed by coagulase negative Staphylococci, Micrococcus luteus, aerobic spore formers and least was Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacteria isolated in the air were similar to those isolated from surfaces. In conclusion, lack of a universal procedure for surveillance of nosocomial infection, presence of pathogenic bacteria, poor hand hygiene and heavy contamination of some important surfaces are the most important problems in our hospitals.