Foreign Presence Research Articles

Spatial Analysis of Drug-Prone Areas in Jakarta to Enhance City Resilience

Resilience has emerged as a central theme in urban planning, offering a strategic framework to manage city development while promoting sustainability. This is particularly important for Jakarta as it ranks among the world's significant cities highly susceptible to diverse challenges and disruptions. This includes vulnerability to drug crime cases. As one of the efforts to overcome vulnerability, it is necessary to analyze drug-prone areas in Jakarta based on urban villages. The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial distribution of drug-prone areas in Jakarta using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and to analyze the role of factors determining the level of drug-prone areas in Jakarta province by applying an ordinal logit regression model. The results of this research show that almost all independent variables have no significant impact on the level of drug-prone areas. The result shows that the presence of foreigners has a significant impact on the level drug prone areas. The research findings recommend tighter monitoring of the presence of foreigners.

ESG and firm performance: The effects of foreigners on board and export orientation

AbstractThis study investigates whether environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosures enhance industry‐adjusted firm performance and whether the presence of foreigners on board and export orientation affect this relationship. The Taiwan dataset from 2013 to 2020 indicates that ESG practices positively affect accounting‐ and market‐based performance (i.e., adjusted Tobin's Q and adjusted MTB ratio). However, ESG has no significant relationship with purely market‐based performance (i.e., adjusted Jensen Alpha and adjusted FF3). The results illustrate a significant joint effect of ESG with foreigners on board and export experience on accounting and market‐based performance. The findings provide deeper insight into the complex relationship between sustainability practices, ownership structures, and international businesses. Our findings remain consistent when using alternative estimation methods to account for endogeneity and selection bias.

The Political Economy of China’s Presence in Africa

Abstract This paper seeks to examine the political economy of China in Africa to unpack whether this foreign presence represents a miracle or a mirage for the continent. Data was gleaned from books, articles, official documents and the 2021 Afrobarometer Dispatch 489 survey (AD489). The paper argues that China is a rational actor that engages with Africa to advance its national interests. The Chinese presence in Africa has elicited divergent reactions from Africans of different social groups. The non-interference principle of the Beijing Consensus has led African power elites to embrace China as a reliable partner. Yet, the reactions of local Africans are mixed. While some applaud China’s contributions to infrastructure development, others criticise it for employing debt-trap diplomacy to assert hegemonic dominance on the continent, exploit African labour and extract resources. The criticism from Africans has led China to attempt to formulate corporate social responsibility policies, establish environmentally sustainable industries and ensure favourable working conditions.

Disentangling the impact of foreign bank presence on domestic banks performance: Does the degree of foreign ownership in domestic banks matter?

While extant studies typically measure foreign bank presence only considering the percentage share of foreign-owned banks among the banking industry of one country, there comes one interesting question: whether the impact of the micro-level foreign presence, i.e. foreign investment in domestic banks, may be similar? Drawing on theoretical arguments from FDI spillover and corporate governance, this paper hypothesizes that macro-level foreign bank presence mainly threatens domestic banks’ performance due to increased competition, whereas micro-level foreign presence enhances banks’ efficiency. Empirical analyses based on a cross-country bank-level dataset from 2002 to 2020 support these hypotheses. The mechanism analysis shows that macro-level foreign presence hampers domestic banks’ outputs, while micro-level foreign presence helps reduce banks’ input prices. Furthermore, the impact of macro-level foreign presence is more pronounced in less developed economies, while the positive impact of micro-level foreign presence is significant in more developed economies or those with low banking concentration. Our findings enrich the literature on foreign bank presence by considering micro-level foreign investment in domestic banks, and expand the FDI and corporate governance literature by incorporating the banking context.

Multiscale dimensions of the foreign working citizens participation to the Italian labour market: intra-regional heterogeneities across the North–South divide

This article delves into the distinctive intra- and interregional geographical heterogeneity of Italy, emphasizing demographic and socio-economic variations and the role of foreign employment, considering the labour market as a fundamental driver for migration and local inclusion. The article identifies a gap in understanding the employed foreign population as a multiscale process in Lombardy and Campania, representative regions as case studies from the North and South divide using a MGWR approach. The results reveal contrasting effects of the Italian labour force’s unemployment rate (URI). In Lombardy, a positive effect suggests working competition between labour force components while, in Campania, the relation is less clear. The analysis underscores significant local heterogeneity, emphasizing the importance and urgency of employing local scale analysis for accurate statistics. The study emphasizes the multiscale nature of the analysed process, demonstrating variable effects across different regional contexts. While the study is limited to two regions and cross-sectional data, it marks the first attempt in Italy to address the foreign presence as a multiscale process, highlighting the need for localized and multiscale approaches in understanding spatial processes related to demography and population issues.

Assessing Productivity Dynamics in the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry: A Comparative Analysis of the Foreign and the Domestic Ownership Influences

This study investigates the impact of competition (foreign vs. domestic) on the total factor productivity of domestic firms. We used two specific indicators to measure foreign and domestic competition in the Indian pharmaceutical industry: market shares and The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, constructed for a five-digit NIC level, highlighting the intensity of product-level competition. The Levinsohn and Petrin methods calculate the total factor productivity, and dynamic panel data estimators are applied to estimate the model. The research findings indicate that foreign presence has a notable and statistically significant influence on the productivity levels of domestic firms. In contrast, the impact of domestic competition is found to be inconsequential. This research addresses the policy debate by providing convincing evidence that the existence of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) can increase local business productivity through knowledge spillovers and competitiveness.

Political Philosophy of Shaykhīsm: Conservative Nationalism in the Time of Crisis

AbstractMuḥammad Karīm Khān Kirmānī (d. 1871) wrote Khātamayah nāṣirīyyah (Naṣīrean Epilogue), a concise treatise of a few pages, in 1865 (eighteenth of Rajab of 1273 hijri); thirteen years after the emergence of the Bābī movement and seven years after the execution of Sayyid ʿAlī Muḥammad Shīrāzī (d. 1850) in Tabriz. In this treatise, he expresses his loyalty to both the fourth Qajar monarch, Nāṣir al‐Dīn Shah (d. 1896) and Twelver Shīʿīsm. Furthermore, he expounds on the political inclination of Kirmānī Shaykhīsm as well as the suspicious affiliation of his school with the Bābīs, which was a matter of speculation for the court. Khātamayah nāṣirīyyah, which took its name from the Shah, should be treated as Kirmānī's political manifesto, reflecting his uncomfortable attitude toward the presence of foreigners in a Muslim country, which was resented by the monarch as well. Kirmānī not only takes sides with him, but also warns him of the harm of becoming too close to infidels, which may even result in the dominance of kuffār on Muslim territories.Kirmānī's outlook toward politics was largely shaped by the Bābī movement. As no hint of having any political philosophy is traceable in his writings prior to 1260 H/1852, and since Khātamayah nāṣirīyyah was written shortly after the suppression of the movement, one can come to the conclusion that the socio‐religious anxiety and the radical tone of Bābīsm made him adopt such a conservative approach, which seemed to be the only tenable way of representing his patriotism. Moreover, Khātamayah nāṣirīyyah, should be treated as the official response of the Shaykhī school to the messianic radicalism of Shīrāzī and his followers. Khātamayah nāṣirīyyah has a sister text, Nāṣirīyyah dar jihād (Naṣīrean in Jihād), which was finished in the same year, although it is lengthier and discusses Jihād, inter alia, in a more nuanced way. In some copies, Nāṣirīyyah is published with Khātamah as its epilogue.In this paper, I will read and analyze both Khātamayah nāṣirīyyah and Nāṣirīyyah dar jihād to investigate Kirmānī's stance on politics, religion and nationalism. Relevant to this are his arguments against any probable affiliation with Bābīsm. As a product of its time, Khātamayah nāṣirīyyah reflects the concerns of a jurist‐theologian who was able to foresee how the religious messianism and social radicalism of Bābīsm and similar movements, can bring considerable changes to state, society and faith.

Prinsip Non-Refoulement Penanganan Pengungsi dan Relevansinya dalam Perspektif Kebijakan Selektif Keimigrasian

Immigration is a matter of the movement of people into and out of Indonesian territory which is motivated by several factors such as socio-cultural, political and economic which are the reasons why foreigners migrate. The Immigration Office is under the Directorate General of Immigration and is the responsibility of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights and has the authority to regulate the presence and activities of foreigners while they are in Indonesian territory. Immigration adheres to a selective policy system, which means that only useful and useful foreigners are allowed to enter Indonesian territory and do not disturb the country's sovereignty. International law applies the principle of non-refoulement, namely prohibiting the expulsion or refusal of foreigners to return to their country of origin for certain reasons. This principle aims to protect the human rights of refugees. National interests are not linear with international legal interests. Therefore, refugees cannot be separated from Immigration's responsibility in carrying out supervision and providing enforcement of immigration law. This research uses a normative-empirical research method which refers to the provisions in primary and secondary legal studies. Researchers collect related data from legal principles, legal conceptions, views, legal doctrines, statutory regulations and the legal system as the main focus.

THE SYSTEM OF REGULATION OF FOREIGN INVESTMENTS IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN THE FACE OF GLOBAL CHALLENGES

Foreign direct investments play a significant role in development strategies in developing countries. They are fundamentally important for the country's economic development. Foreign direct investments certainly support the national economy facing domestic investment resources shortage, and may cover the gap between investment resources and national investments. So, foreign direct investments can affect economic development and accelerate economic development. China is an example of a country that has demonstrated incredible growth in a relatively short period of time, becoming an important player in the global economic system. Over the years, foreign direct investments in the country has steadily increased, and a significant role in this investment incentive was played by China's investment policy of the early 2000s, which was aimed at attracting investments into the country, thereby stimulating various production industries. In this context, it is worth mentioning special economic zones that were established to increasingly "open China" to investors and contribute to accelerating economic growth. Additionally, China demonstrates stable economic growth and serves as a popular destination for investments due to the implementation of comprehensive measures aimed at the development of production and other sectors of the economy, a balanced and long-term policy regarding state regulation of investments, as well as measures aimed at implementing state control over foreign investment and protection of national security and interests. Despite the partial openness of this country, as well as its characteristic features, including those determined by the political regime, these aforementioned circumstances provide a basis for understanding the significance of utilizing China's experience, which other countries can adopt to their own political realities. So, China is well known as an importer of investments, but in recent years its role as an exporter of investments has been increasing. China's international presence abroad is growing, and it may happen that China even overtake the United States in the near future. Foreign investments give China an opportunity not only to strengthen its own economy, but also to apply its economic power to increase its influence abroad. Partly guided by Beijing's strategy to enter foreign markets and the "One Belt, One Road" Initiative, which encourage investments in foreign markets, Chinese firms have been actively expanding their foreign presence in a number of sectors in recent years, along with active investments attracted to their country, including through the numerous special economic zones.

The United States’ Intervention in Afghanistan: the Dysfunction of a Centralized Authority in a Diverse Nation

This article reviews the US-led nation-building strategy effort in Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. The history of the nation-building efforts is retraced from the creation of the Republic to its ultimate collapse. The central argument of the paper stresses the dysfunctionality of the centralization approach adopted by several successive administrations in Kabul with the backing of the United States. The inquiry reveals the problems of implementation of this strategy as well as the failure of this idea in general. In terms of implementation, centralization efforts were met with widespread corruption and cronyism. A more important aspect of the problem is that the centralization strategy did not account for the diversity of the Afghan society. Ethnic coalitions struggled for power inside the country, countering the efforts of the central administration headed by the president to extend its influence beyond Kabul. These processes transformed Afghan politics into a zero-sum game rendering the whole nation-building effort ineffective. In the end, the Republic collapsed with withdrawal of the foreign presence essentially confirming the dysfunctionality of centralization approach. Currently, the Taliban relies on essentially the same strategy although being deprived of foreign aid. Whether this effort to re-assert Pashtun dominance in the absence of foreign intervention will succeed remains to be seen.

The Effect of Internationalization on Bank Performance in Republic of Korea

The goal of this paper is to discover the effect of internationalization on bank performance of 8 internationalized commercial banks from Republic of Korea (ROK). Resource-based view is applicated as theoretical framework. To reach the goal, this research used panel data regression by fixed effect model. The dependent variable of this research is ROA. Meanwhile the independent variables are number of foreign presences, TNI, and South Korea’s macroeconomic conditions. The research using secondarily data that collected from FSS of ROK and BOK. The result reveals that internationalization gives positive effect to the performance of the commercial bank in ROK.

The making of trade unionism in Libya (1943–1957): internal and transnational struggles

ABSTRACT Little is known about Libyan trade unionism and its role in the Arab workers’ movement. Drawing on a variety of archival sources, this article contributes a general overview of trade unionism in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica from the time of the British Administration (1943–1951) until 1957. In this period, the Libyan General Workers Union (LGWU) emerged as the main workers’ organisation and the first trade unions laws were promulgated. Since 1957, with the establishment of the Petroleum Workers Union and the presence of foreigners working in oil companies, the LGWU’s supremacy as a representative of Libya’s workers waned, and Libyan unionism entered a new phase. This article chronicles the unknown history of Libyan trade unionism and highlights the significance of trade union internationalism, specifically, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions in Libyan labour affairs. This research discusses internal enablers as well as frictions within the labour movement, which ultimately hampered its social and political influence.

Multinational enterprises and local firms’ export market entry: A panel data analysis of Vietnam's food processing industry

AbstractThis study develops new insights into the spillover effects of foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) on local firms’ export market entry, using the case of Vietnam—a notable global manufacturing hub located in Southeast Asia. The empirical analysis is based on a disaggregated firm‐level panel dataset of 25,032 observations of Vietnamese food processing firms during the period 2011–2016. The food processing industry is an essential part of the country's thriving manufacturing sector, with enormous potential for exports. The random‐effects Probit estimation results suggest that the presence of foreign MNEs significantly raises the likelihood that private local firms become exporters and thereby start integrating into global value chains. Further regressions reveal that foreign presence is also linked to higher export intensity among domestic firms, and that the magnitude of the estimated spillover effects is conditional on the specific measures of foreign MNE presence, the ownership structure in local industry, and the size of local firms. The findings highlight the considerable potential for foreign MNEs to influence local firms’ export prospects and validate the policy efforts to attract foreign direct investment inflows to the examined industry.

ANALISIS PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN TERHADAP PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA KEMIGRASIAN TIDAK DAPAT MENUNJUKKAN DOKUMEN PERJALANAN DI INDONESIA

Immigration crimes are acts of deviation and violations in the immigration sector where these deviations and violations in the immigration sector can be prosecuted through immigration action or through the judicial process. One form of criminal violation in the immigration sector as mentioned above is the crime of misuse of a residence permit without being able to show travel documents in Indonesia. The results of the research are the factors that cause the immigration crime of not being able to show travel documents/residence permits in Indonesia, including legal substance factors, legal structure factors, and legal culture factors. Law enforcement efforts carried out by the TPI Bandar Lampung Class I Immigration Office against perpetrators of immigration crimes who cannot show travel documents/residence permits in Indonesia can be carried out through Immigration Administrative Actions (actions without the application of criminal sanctions) and Pro Justiciary Actions (judicial processes). The responsibility for perpetrators of migration crimes who cannot show travel documents in Indonesia is in accordance with Decision Number: 05/PID.R/2018/PN.Tjk, namely that the perpetrator must be held accountable for his actions because he cannot show travel documents with a fine of Rp. 1,000,000,- (one million rupiah), subidair imprisonment for 7 (seven) days. The advice given is that it is necessary to increase the number of Immigration PPNS to monitor the presence of foreigners in Lampung Province and increase public legal awareness regarding indications of residence permit violations committed by foreign nationals in the Lampung Province area.

Geographical proximity, foreign presence and domestic firm innovation: the micro-level evidence

ABSTRACT The question as to whether foreign presence benefits or harms domestic firm innovation is yet to reach a definitive answer. This paper provides micro-level evidence to shed light on this topic. By incorporating insights from economic geography into the literature on foreign presence, we developed a geography-based foreign presence, defined as foreign presence weighted by geographical proximity between a focal domestic firm and each foreign firm in the same region. Based on theoretical reasoning and informed by the literature on geographical proximity and foreign presence, we proposed an inverted ‘U’-shaped relationship between a domestic firm’s geography-based foreign presence and its innovation performance in the context of the world’s largest emerging economy, China. We argue that such a relationship is steepened for domestic state-owned firms and when the foreign firms within the region present a high level of innovation performance. By analysing a sample of Chinese firms in manufacturing industries between 1998 and 2014, we found support for our propositions.

From South Asia to Southern Europe: a comparative analysis of Sri Lankans’ residential segregation in the main Italian cities using high-resolution data on regular lattice geographies

The present work proposes a spatial analysis of the residential segregation and settlement models of Sri Lankans in the eight main Italian municipalities. Hosting more than half of the total Sri Lankan population residing in Italy, the selected urban areas allow Sri Lankans’ residential model to be globally framed across the country. The purpose of this work is threefold. First, it provides a general assessment of the allocation pattern of a foreign community that has seldom been studied and yet is characterized by peculiar settlement choices. Second, it attempts to compare the settlement patterns of Sri Lankans across different urban contexts. Third, it aims to detect the possible spatial polarization of Sri Lankans in specific neighbourhoods and to verify its spatial correlation with other key variables that constitute proxies of urban neighbourhoods’ socioeconomic inequalities. The study runs multiple aspatial linear models to assess the global variation in concentrations of Sri Lankans related to several socioeconomic predictors. Furthermore, it implements geographically weighted regressions to explicitly model the spatial dependence between Sri Lankans’ location quotients and several predictors. It refers all the considered variables to a single geographic reference grid, enabling the homogenization of different areal unit arrangements and comparisons across space. Except for Milan and Rome, the findings suggest that Sri Lankans tend to reside in central neighbourhoods characterized by a high foreign presence and a decreased trend of Italian population. Conversely, the impact of the cost of living and the state of the built environment is heterogeneous across space, with a sort of centre-periphery duality in Southern cities and more fragmented situations in the other urban contexts. This evidence proves the relevance of local scale analysis and the need to build up urban observatories on spatial inequalities and segregation processes.

Legal Consequences For Foreign Guaranteers in Indonesia Who Do Violation

Every foreigner who holds a Visit Stay Permit, Limited Stay Permit, and Permanent Stay Permit is required to have a Guarantor who guarantees the existence and activities of guaranteed foreigners while in Indonesian Territory. The absence of detailed regulations and special legal protection for a guarantor has various impacts and consequences. One of them is the lack of responsibility of a guarantor. This research is legal research, which focuses on legal studies on positive law. The problem approach used is the philosophical approach, the statutory approach and the conceptual approach. primary legal materials in the form of laws and regulations relating to research problems and secondary legal materials, namely legal materials that provide explanations of primary legal materials, such as legal books, journals, published magazines relating to the problem. The results of the research show that the responsibility of a guarantor is to supervise and monitor the activities of the foreigners he guarantees in Indonesian territory, to be responsible for the presence and activities of foreigners while in Indonesian territory, Article 63 paragraph (2) of Law no. 6 of 2011, which confirms the guarantor's obligation to report if there is a change in civil status, immigration status and change of address or becomes the subject of immigration administrative action in the form of deportation, the guarantor's sanctions for violations are more administrative in nature. More severe criminal sanctions are often not carried out in law enforcement. Supposedly a foreigner who violates the provisions of Article 116, the guarantor can already be said to have violated the provisions of article 118 because he does not fulfill obligations related to the existence of the guaranteed foreigner.

The role of China’s Investment in Shaping the Redevelopment of Afghanistan

Background. The Afghanistan-China strategic relationship is multifaceted, characterized by economic convergences, security cooperation, and mutual diplomatic support. China's Belt and Road Initiative has played a significant role in deepening ties, especially through infrastructure development in Afghanistan. Purpose. In this paper authors tried to explore Afghanistan and China relations, how China plays an important role in the redevelopment of Afghanistan, discuss the prospects and challenges facing Chinese–Afghan relations, including from a regional perspective and also discussed how China fits into the vacuum left by the US withdrawal. Method. The method used applies a qualitative method that focuses on looking at social phenomena that occur in society. Results. At the same time, a rather stable Afghanistan free from threats by militant and terrorist groups could provide opportunities for China and other regional states to contribute to its post-conflict economic reconstruction and development. Conclusion. At the period since the Taliban took over an Afghanistan emptied of its foreign presence, there has been much more speculation that China will step in to fill the geopolitical, security and economic vacuum left by the West’s withdrawal. China surely has direct interests in a stable, developed and well-governed Afghanistan, not least to prevent spillover and assets in the wider regions of Central and South Asia.

The backgrounds and motives of Iran for severing its diplomatic relations with Britain 1951-1954 M

Iran went through important incidents during the second half of the twentieth century that affected its political and social reality. These events coincided with the accession of Muhammad Mossadegh to the position of Iranian prime minister, who was elected twice between 1951-1953. In turn, he carried out many reforms, including the issuance of the Social Security Law and land reform, but the most important of them was The law of nationalization of the Iranian oil industry, which has been in the hands of the British since 1913. Mosaddegh believes that the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company is the arm of the British government to control Iranian oil, which contradicts the goals of the National Front that Mossadegh founded with a group of his colleagues, as it seeks to end the foreign presence in Iran At the same time, Mosaddegh reduced the powers of the Shah to a large extent and made them honorary functions, which annoyed Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi and his sister Ashraf Pahlavi, who was more severe than her brother and was trying to impose her personality in Iran and wanted to preserve the throne of her brother, Muhammad Reza Pahlavi, and the situation between Iran and Britain worsened. After the expulsion of the British company's employees, which prompted Britain to take action, file a complaint against Iran before the UN Security Council, and take legal action I am against oil buyers from Iran and contracting with international oil companies not to deal with Iran

Internationalization and digitalization: Their differing role on grocer and non-grocer retailer performance

This study investigates the interplay between two critical phenomena in retailing, i.e., internationalization and digitalization, while accounting for retail sector differences. On one hand, internationalization allows retailers to access a wider range of markets, and on the other, digital channel expansion enhances customer reach and convenience within international markets. More specifically, we examine the relationship between retailer internationalization and performance (I-P relationship), and how this relationship is contingent upon the idiosyncrasies of retail sectors (i.e., grocery vs. non-grocery), digitalization, and their combined effects. Building on the liability of foreignness perspective, we first argue that the I-P relationship is U-shaped, because internationalizing retailers initially incur greater costs in their international expansion owing to their unfamiliarity with foreign markets, but as their foreign presence increases, they benefit from greater market power, experience, and scale economies. Then, we contend that as grocers suffer from higher levels of liability of foreignness due to increased requirements for host country embeddedness, non-grocers benefit more from internationalization with any gains and losses further amplified by digitalization. Hypotheses are tested against a panel of the 234 largest international retailers in the world over a 21-year period (1997–2017) and findings support the conjectures.