Present Antibacterial Activity Research Articles

Potential Antibacterials of Merang Padi Extract (Oryza sativa) on the Growth of Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria

Padi straw (Oryza sativa) is one type of stem produced from padi tree trunks. Antibacterial activity testing was carried out by agar diffusion method using paper disc as a backup by observing the formation of a clear zone indicating the presence of antibacterial activity. Variations in the concentration of the padi straw extract test solution were made with a %w/v ratio between 100% pure padi straw extract and DMSO adjusted at various test concentrations, namely, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. The results showed that the n-hexane fraction of padi straw did not have antibacterial activity because there was no inhibition zone or kill zone indicated by the fraction at both low and high concentrations. While the ethanol extract showed antibacterial activity at a concentration of 15%, the ethyl acetate fraction and the n-butanol fraction had antibacterial activity indicated by the presence of an inhibitory zone at a concentration of 7%. The results of the t-test on the ethanol extract of the test bacteria obtained a Tcount value of 14,687 which means it is very significant or very significantly different because Tcount is greater than Ttable (5% and 1%). This shows that the oxytetracycline antibiotic is better than the potency of the ethanol extract of straw on the test bacteria.

Study of the Physicochemical and Biological Properties of the Lipid Complex of Marine Microalgae Isolated from the Coastal Areas of the Eastern Water Area of the Baltic Sea.

The Baltic Sea algae species composition includes marine euryhaline, freshwater euryhaline, and true brackish water forms. This study aimed to isolate a lipid–pigment complex from microalgae of the Baltic Sea (Kaliningrad region) and investigate its antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Microalgae were sampled using a box-shaped bottom sampler. Sequencing was used for identification. Spectroscopy and chromatography with mass spectroscopy were used to study the properties of microalgae. Antibiotic activity was determined by the disc diffusion test. Lipids were extracted using the Folch method. Analysis of the results demonstrated the presence of antimicrobial activity of the lipid–pigment complex of microalgae against E. coli (the zone diameter was 17.0 ± 0.47 mm and 17.0 ± 0.21 mm in Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis, respectively) and Bacillus pumilus (maximum inhibition diameter 16.0 ± 0.27 mm in C. vulgaris and 16.0 ± 0.22 mm in A. platensis). The cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of the lipid complexes of microalgae C. vulgaris and A. platensis were established and their physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition were studied. The results demonstrated that the lipid–pigment complex under experimental conditions was the most effective against P. pentosaceus among Gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity is directly related to the concentration of the lipid–pigment complex. The presence of antibacterial activity in microalgae lipid–pigment complexes opens the door to the development of alternative natural preparations for the prevention of microbial contamination of feed. Because of their biological activity, Baltic Sea microalgae can be used as an alternative to banned antibiotics in a variety of fields, including agriculture, medicine, cosmetology, and food preservation.

POTENSI GEL HANDSANITIZER EKSTRAK DAUN KITOLOD (Isotoma longiflora L.) SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram positive and commensal bacteria that colonizes 30% of healthy individuals in various parts of the body. Kitolod (Isotoma longiflora L )leaf extract has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and may be developed into hand sanitizer gel preparations. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of the hand sanitizer gel preparation of kitolod leaf extract. Kitolod leaf extract was macerated with 96% ethanol and then formulated into a hand sanitizer gel preparation. Antibacterial activity was carried out using the Kirby Bauer method using a negative control of 10% DMSO and a gel base, while the positive control was a gel hand sanitizer on the market. The results showed that the negative control did not show antibacterial activity, while the positive control, kitolod leaf extract and hand sanitizer gel preparations of kitolod leaf extract gave a clear zone indicating the presence of antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The antibacterial activity of the kitolod leaf extract hand sanitizer gel was classified in the strong category

Antibacterial Screening of Urine Culture using Urine Antibacterial Substance Assay (UABA)

Presence of antibacterial activity in urine will reduce the bacterial load in culture plate, leading to “Insignificant Bacteriuria” as a false positive result. UABA (Urine antibacterial substance assay) is therefore performed to make accurate findings.The aim of the study was to check for the antibacterial activity of urine samples obtained from patients in a tertiary care hospital. Total of 100 urine samples were collected and preliminary tests were performed. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay with the urine samples against the ATCC strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Zone formation was compared with the growth in the urine culture plate and the corresponding patients antibiotic history. The findings were, out of 100 samples 23 samples were true positive and 50 samples were true negative, 35 samples were UABA positive with culture negativity 8 samples were UABA positive and culture positive. Sensitivity and specificity of the test was found to be 76.66% and 71.42% respectively. This study helps in understanding the importance of performing urine culture and sensitivity testing before starting the antibiotic therapy. False negative results can be reduced to promote flawless diagnosis and speedy recovery.

Antibacterial Activity of N-hexane and Diethyl Ether Fraction of Piper betle L. Leaf Against Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli Bacteria


 Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are still cause of superficial and systemic infections. Fractionation of green betel leaf extract was carried out to obtain simpler compounds than the crude extract. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of the n-hexane fraction and the diethyl ether fraction of green betel leaf against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The extract of green betel leaf was fractionated with n-hexane and diethyl ether. The n-hexane fraction (HF) and diethyl ether fraction (DF) were tested for antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method and the concentrations used were 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2; and 2.5 mg/disc. Chloramphenicol paper disc 30 µg/disk as a positive control and DMSO as a negative control. Data analysis was carried out descriptively by observing the inhibition zone around the paper disc which indicated the presence of antibacterial activity. The inhibition zone has measured the diameter of the inhibition area. The test results showed that there was antibacterial activity in the HF and DF of green betel leaf against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, indicated by the presence of an inhibitory zone around the paper disc at all concentrations. The average diameter of the inhibition area produced against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 10.89–12.58 mm and 7.28-11.93 mm for green betel of HF and6.51–11.89 mm and 8.43–15.18 mm for green betel of DF, respectively

Antibacterial Activity of Stylissa carteri Sponge Extract from Manado Bay, North Sulawesi

Marine sponges contain secondary metabolites with unique chemical structures and very interesting pharmacological activities, such as antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral and others to be developed as candidate drugs. The presence of bioactive metabolites in sessile nature such as sponges also reflects the ecological adaptation formed during a long evolutionary process as a defense mechanism of this organism with its environment in the form of resistance to predation, competition and infection factors against pathogenic bacteria, so this study aims to examine the antibacterial activity of extracts and fractions of Stylissa carteri sponge fractions as well as testing the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values. The method used in testing the antibacterial activity is the agar diffusion method (Disc Diffusion Kirby Bauer Method). The presence of antibacterial activity was indicated by the formation of a clear zone around the paper disc after incubation for 24 hours. The results showed that antibacterial activity of S. carteri sponge extract tested on Bacillus megaterium DSM32T bacteria revealed to be the strongest inhibition zone of 21 mm. Further testing on the extract fraction of S. carteri showed that the semipolar fractions showed strong activity against the B. megaterium while the polar fraction was categorized as moderate action, the non-polar fraction showed no activity against the bacteria. The determination of the MIC and MBC values was obtained at 500 ppm and 1000 ppm respectively.

Non-antimicrobial and Non-anticancer Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles Biosynthesized Using Different Plant Parts of Bixa orellana.

As traditional cancer therapy is toxic to both normal and cancer cells, there is a need for newer approaches to specifically target cancer cells. ZnO nanoparticles can be promising due their biocompatible nature. However, ZnO nanoparticles have also shown cytotoxicity against mammalian cells in some cases, because of which there is a need for newer synthesis approaches for biocompatible ZnO nanoparticles to be used as carrier molecules in drug delivery applications. Here, we report the biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using different plant parts (leaf, seed, and seed coat) of Bixa orellana followed by different characterizations. The UV–visible spectra of ZnO showed absorption maxima at 341 and 353 nm, 378 and 373 nm, and 327 and 337 nm, respectively, before and after calcination corresponding to the band gap energy of 3.636 and 3.513 eV, 3.280 and 3.324 eV, and 3.792 and 3.679 eV for L-ZnO, S-ZnO, and Sc-ZnO, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of hexagonal wurtzite structures. Attenuated total reflectance infrared spectra revealed the presence of stretching vibrations of C–C, C=C, C=O, and NH3+ groups along with C–H deformation involving biomolecules from extracts responsible for reduction and stabilization of nanoparticles. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images showed spherical and almond-like morphologies of L-ZnO and Sc-ZnO with spherical morphologies, whereas S-ZnO showed almond-like morphologies. The presence of antibacterial activity was observed in L-ZnO against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, in S-ZnO nanoparticles only against Escherichia coli, and in Sc-ZnO only against Staphylococcus aureus. Uncalcinated ZnO nanoparticles showed weak antibacterial activities, whereas calcinated ZnO nanoparticles showed a non-antibacterial nature. The antifungal activity against different fungi (Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, and Rhizoctonia solani) and cytotoxicity against HCT-116 cancer cells were not observed before and after calcination in all three ZnO nanoparticles. The antimicrobial nature and biocompatibility of ZnO nanoparticles were influenced by different parameters of the nanoparticles along with microorganisms and the human cells. Non-antimicrobial properties of ZnO nanoparticles can be treated as a pre-requisite for its biocompatibility due to its inert nature. Thus, biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles showed a nontoxic nature, which can be exploited as promising alternatives in biomedical applications.

Aktivitas Antibakteri Tempe Angkak Terhadap Bakteri Bacillus sp dan Escherichia Coli

Tempe is a fermented soybean products from Java, Indonesia, which has been known as a source of protein, vitamin B12, and contains bioactive compounds such as isoflavones in significant quantities an there are other bioactive components such as antibacterial. The process of making tempeh is often at risk of contamination with the emergence of contaminant bacteria Bacillus sp and Escherichia coli can degrade the quality of the product. Modification of the addition of numbers has the potential to be an inhibitor of bacterial contaminants due to the presence of the main active substance monascidin which is antibacterial. The presence of antibacterial activity can be used as an alternative substance to inhibit the growth of bacterial. This study aimed to analyze the antibacterial activity in inhibiting the growth of Bacillus sp and Eschericia coli in the tempeh fermentation process and knowing the effect of the addition of numbers on the value of water content and organoleptic properties (taste, aroma, and color) of tempeh with the addition of angkak powder. Research design using a completely randomized design with 6 treatment standards; 0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% with 4 repeats. The research instrument used is a bland zone with disc diffusion methods. The research data is antibacterial activity, water content and organoleptic. The results showed that the addition of angkak to soybean tempeh had an effect on antibacterial activity with a diameter range of the inhibition zone of 10–21±17 mm. The addition of angkak to the water content of tempeh did not have a significant effect with a value range ​​of 63.03±0.01 - 64.72% and there was an effect on the panelists’ preference for color parameters and did not affect the taste and aroma parameters. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that Angkak has the potential to be used as an antibacterial agent and natural dye.

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Bandotan (Ageratum Conyzoides L.) Terhadap Bakteri Streptococcus Pyogenes

The treatment of bacterial infectious diseases using a semi synthetic antibiotic can lead to resistance, so that the search is necessary to overcome it the ingredients of natural medicine from plants, one of them namely bandotan leaf extract (Ageratum conyzoides l.). This research aims to identify the chemical compounds contained in leaf bandotan and knowing his activity as antibacterial against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and s. pyogenes. The leaves are extracted in bandotan maceration using solvent ethanol 96%. The extract was tested using the method of antibacterial activity of sumuran and clear zones are measured that is formed using a caliper and triplo. The results of the identification of a compound leaf bandotan secondary metabolite showed a group of compounds alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenolic, triterpenoid glycosides, steroids,. Based on a test of antibacterial activity against s. pyogenes with the concentration of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25% showed a clear zone on the concentration in a row with an average of 14.52 mm; 13.87 mm; 13.38 mm; 12.38 mm; 11.75 mm; 15.33 mm. While testing the antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the same concentrations did not show the presence of antibacterial activity of extracts of leaves of bandotan with no clear zone formation

Antibacterial Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Crude Extracts of Calotropis gigantea (Giant Milk Weed)

The root and leaf of were screened for its antimicrobial and phytochemical activities. The solvents used for the roots and leaves extraction were ethanol and water. The extracts were tested against infectious disease causing bacterial such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiellaaerogenesand α-haemolysin using the well diffusion method. The aqueous extracts of root of Calotropis gigantea against all the test bacteria ranged from 6.0 mm to 20.0 mm diameter zones of inhibition. The ethanolic extract of root of Calotropis gigantea inhibition against some the test microbe ranges from 6 mm to 14.0 mm diameter inhibitory zone. The ethanolic leaf extract of C. gigantea also showed an inhibition of 8mm to 20.0 mm. In present study, bacterial extract showed a varying zone of inhibition of the growth of tested organism than ethanol. Phytochemical properties of root and leaves of Calotropis gigantea obtain from ethanol and aqueous extracts were investigated. The results confirmed that presence of antibacterial activity and phytochemical in the shade dried extract of Calotropis gigantea against the human pathogenic organisms.

Antibacterial Activity of Marine Microalgae Navicula salinicola Extract Against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis

Navicula salinicola merupakan salah satu jenis mikroalga laut yang termasuk dalam kelas Bacillariophyceae (diatom). Mikroalga ini bersifat bentik dan memiliki warna agak kecoklatan. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji aktivitas antibakteri dari mikroalga Naviculla salinicolla yang diekstraksi menggunakan beberapa pelarut organik. Adanya aktivitas antibakteri dilihat melalui nilai KHM dan KBM dari masing-masing ekstrak serta mengidentifikasi golongan senyawa aktif yang terkandung dalam ekstrak tersebut. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi bertingkat menggunakan pelarut n-heksana, kloroform, dan etanol. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan terhadap bakteri Propionibacterium acnes dan Staphylococcus epidermidis menggunakan metode mikrodilusi dengan klindamisin sebagai standar pembanding. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak kloroform memiliki aktivitas antibakteri dengan nilai KHM 1.024 µg/mL dan nilai KBM >16.384 µg/ml. Pemantauan ekstrak kloroform menunjukkan adanya senyawa alkaloid, fenol, flavonoid, steroid dan terpenoid. Hasil pengujian bioautografi terhadap ekstrak kloroform Navicula salinicola menunjukan bahwa golongan senyawa fenol dan flavonoid memberikan aktivitas antibakteri. Kata kunci: aktivitas antibakteri, Naviculla salinicola, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis

Antibacterial activities, proposed mode of action and cytotoxicity of leaf extracts from Triumfetta welwitschii against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

BackgroundPseudomonas aeruginosa has become a main cause of Gram-negative infection, particularly in patients with compromised immunity. High rates of resistance to antibiotics are associated with nosocomial infections caused by P. aeruginosa strains. The search for novel antimicrobials has been necessitated by the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in some bacteria Plant-based antimicrobials has great potential to combat microbial infections using a variety of mechanisms. Triumfetta welwitschii plant roots are traditionally used to treat symptoms of diarrhoea and fever, suggesting that it possess antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects. Since research investigating antimicrobial properties of the roots of Triumfetta welwitschii has been explored, there is need to investigate the antimicrobial activity of its leaf extracts in order to probe their prospective use as new antimicrobial agents that can be used to combat nosocomial infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activities, the mode of action and cytotoxicity of T. welwitschii leaf extracts.MethodExtracts of T. welwitschii leaves were obtained using eight different solvents, the serial exhaustive extraction method and the cold maceration technique. In vitro antibacterial activity evaluation of the extracts was done on eight bacterial isolates using the broth microdilution method. The mode of action for the most potent extracts was investigated using the rhodamine 6G efflux assay and the propidium iodide-based membrane damage assay. Toxicity of the extracts was evaluated using the haemolytic and MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays.ResultsThe results showed that acetone, ethanol and dichlorometane: methanol extracts had the most potent antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). All three extracts caused membrane disruption of P. aeruginosa as shown by nucleic acid leakage. All three extracts were unable to inhibit efflux pumps.ConclusionThe presence of antibacterial activities and low toxicity shown by the extracts indicates that the plant may be a source of effective antibacterial against some bacterial infections caused by P. aeruginosa. The disruption of membrane integrity is one possible mode of action of antibacterial activity of the potent extracts.

Highly efficient Cu-phthalocyanine-sensitized ZnO hollow spheres for photocatalytic and antimicrobial applications

This work is focused on in-situ synthesis of a novel composite of Zin oxide (ZnO) and Copper Phthalocyanine (CuPc) as an efficient solar light photocatalyst for water purification. The results of these analyses confirmed the successful preparation of CuPc-sensitized ZnO composite. SEM and TEM analyses revealed the spherical shape of pure ZnO with a bit of agglomeration. Interestingly, the ZnO particles showed the hollow structure when prepared in the presence of CuPc. It is suggested that CuPc takes over the function as structure modifying agent for the formation of hollow spheres of ZnO. The prepared CuPc/ZnO composite was highly efficient and reproducible solar light photocatalyst as compared to pure ZnO, demonstrating the sensitization role of CuPc. In addition, the inhibitory activity of the synthesized nanomaterials was assessed against two multi-drugs resistant bacteria, B. cereus and P. aeruginosa. The results showed a clear inhibitory zone around the pathogenic strains indicating the presence of antibacterial activity against bacterial strain. Antibacterial activity was also investigated in liquid medium in the presence of different nanomaterials under solar light irradiation. The best results were obtained for CuPc/ZnO with better reduction in the number of viable cells. The CuPc/ZnO nanocomposite exhibited bactericidal and not bacteriostatic mode of action. Hence, CuPc/ZnO composite could be considered as a possible alternative for antibiotics. Thus, the current study provides the multifunctional green nanomaterials for water remediation under natural conditions.

FORMULASI DAN UJI EFEKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EDIBLE FILM EKSTRAK BIJI PINANG (Areca catechu Linn)

ABSTRACTThe tannins contained in areca nut extract can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. To facilitate the use of betel seed extract as an antibacterial, it was formulated into an edible film with a concentration of 2.5%, 3% and 3.5%. Making edible films using solvent casting method and testing antibacterial activity using blood agar diffusion method. The edible film of areca nut extract made an evaluation included organoleptic, thickness, brittleness, water content, pH, and swelling test. The evaluation results of betel nut edible fim extract showed almost the same characteristics as the edible fim that had been circulating in the market which was used as a comparison. The presence of antibacterial activity from edible pinang seed extract is marked by the formation of clear zones. The test results of antibacterial edible activity of areca nut extract films 2.5%, 3% and 3.5% showed the average diameter of clear zone was 14.96 mm, 15.49 mm and 17.05 mm which were included in the strong category.Keywords: Areca catechu Linn, antibacterial, edible film, tannin, streptococcus

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Embelia robusta: a common adulterant in black pepper

The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemistry as well as the antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and irritant activities of fruit of Embelia robusta. Agar-well diffusion method was used for antimicrobial study whereas for antioxidant activity three tests namely, DPPH assay, β-Carotene assay and ascorbic acid content were performed. The results from antibacterial assay showed presence of antibacterial activity in all the three plant extracts (methanol, chloroform and n-hexane). Significant antioxidant activity was also found to be present and plant extracts showed no irritant effect. Alkaloids, glycosides, phenolics, tannins and flavonoids were also detected in the plant. The study shows that the plant possesses significant medicinal value.

Antifungal Activity of Extracts Biarum carduchorum (Kardeh) on Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium expansum in Vitro

Background: Plants provide the probability of a strategy in exploration for new drugs. Infectious diseases, which account for the significant ratio of the health problems, are most frequently catered for by this system of medicine. Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial effect of Biarum carduchorum (Kardeh) on Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium expansum in vitro. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study the antibacterial activity of methanol and aqueous extracts of Biarum carduchorum against 2 laboratory strains of fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium expansum), were evaluated with using paper disk methods, Collins method, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). Results: The methanolic extract inhibited the growth of all tested microorganisms. The phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract of B. carduchorum revealed the presence of phenolics (+++), alkaloids (+++), tannins (++), flavonoids (++), saponins (+), phlobatanins (+), anthraquinones (+), terpenes (++) and cardiac glycosides (+). The result showed that MIC of B. carduchorum leaves of the aqueous and methanolic extracts for P. expansum and A. fumigatus was 32, 8, 16, 4 mg/mL respectively. The aqueous and methanolic extracts MFC of B. carduchorum leaves for P. expansum was 64 and 32 mg/mL respectively. Conclusions: The presence of antibacterial activity in different fractions indicates that the extract possesses different compounds, which have different activities. The result of this study suggests that the methanolic and aqueous extracts of B. carduchorum could be suitable for the treatment on the microorganisms associated with infections.

Structural transformation of oyster, hard clam, and sea urchin shells after calcination and their antibacterial activity against foodborne microorganisms

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of oyster, hard clam, and sea urchin shell powders as a result of calcination. After subjection to calcination at 1050 °C for 2 h, and as identified by FTIR and XRD spectra, the structures of oyster, hard clam, and sea urchin shell powders were mainly transformed into calcium oxide, with slight amounts of calcium hydroxide. Metal content testing revealed no detectable harmful heavy metals, and showed rich content of trace elements including Ba, Sr, Mg, and Mn. To evaluate their antibacterial properties, activity against five foodborne microorganisms was assessed using the disk diffusion method, which indicated the presence of antibacterial activity in these products at a concentration of 1 %. These results indicate antibacterial potential for oyster, hard clam, and sea urchin shell powders after subjection to calcination.

Presence of Antibacterial Activity in Feather Star, Capillaster multiradiatus Extract Against Human and Fish Bacterial Pathogens

The present study was performed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of feather star, Capillaster multiradiatus extract against human and fish pathogenic bacterial strains. The feather star, C. multiradiatus were collected from the Gulf of Mannar, Tuticorin coast, Tamil Nadu. The samples were air dried and extracted with chloroform, acetone, methanol, ethyl acetate, butanol and water to select the most suitable solvent extraction for antibacterial activity. The acetone extract of C. multiradiatus exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial activity against both fish and human pathogenic bacteria as compared to other extracts. Acetone extract was further fractionated and purified using column chromatographic technique. The purified fraction showed significant antibacterial activity against most of the human and fish pathogenic bacterial strains. From this results it can be concluded that C. multiradiatus has potential active metabolic compounds to inhibit the human and fish pathogenic bacterial strains.

Cellular fatty acid composition, protein profile and antimicrobial activity of Bacillus sp., isolated from fish gut

Objective: To purify and partially characterize the antimicrobial compounds from bacteria Bacillus sp., isolated from fish gut. Methods: Protein and fatty acids were isolated from the bacteria and checked for the presence of antibacterial activity. Protein has been purified to apparent homogeneity from the supernatants of culture by means of ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by dialysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses were performed for proteins to identify the functional groups. Results: Protein showed an apparent molecular mass 56, 47 and 39 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fatty acids were extracted and subjected to gas chromatographic analysis. Conclusions: The antimicrobial activity of the bacteria might be due to the presence of fatty acids and proteins which holds promise for the development of new drugs.

Evalution of Anti Microbial Activity and Phytochemical analysis of different organic solvent of Calotropis gigantea

The leaf and fruits extract of Calotropis gigantea were screened for its anti microbial and phytochemical activities. The solvent used for the leaves and fruits extraction were n-haxane, benzene, acetonic, ethanolic and aqueous. The extract was tested against infectious diseases causing bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, E. Coli and P. Aeruginosa using the well diffusion method. The aqueous, ethanolic and acetone extract of leaf of calotropis gigantea inhibition against all the test microbe ranging from 8 mm to 14 mm diameter inhibitory zone. The aqueous, ethanolic and acetone extract of fruits of calotropis gigantea inhibition against all the test microbe ranging from 7 mm to 16 mm diameter inhibitory zone. In present study, bacterial extract showed a varying zone of inhibition of growth of tested organism than n-hexane, benzene, ethanol, and aqueous. Phytochmical properties of leaf and fruits of calotropis gigantea obtain from n-hexane, benzene, acetone, ethanol and aqueous extract were investigated. The results confirmed that presence of antibacterial activity and phytochemical in shade dried extract of calotropis gigantea against the human pathogenic bacteria. KEYWORD: Antimicrobial and Phytochemical activity, Calotropis gigantea,S. aureus, P.areogenosa, E. Coli.