Presence Of Adjuvant Research Articles

Surface Pressure and Surface Potential Studies of Poly(Isobutylcyanoacrylate)-Ampicillin Interactions at the Water-Air Interface

Surface pressure and surface potential studies of poly(isobutyl- cyanoacrylate) monolayers spread at the air-water interface were performed in the presence and in the absence of ampicillin in the aqueous subphase. They reveal that penetration/adsorption of the drug is enhanced when isobutyl- cyanoacrylate was polymerized in presence of adjuvants (glucose and dextran). Surface pressure-area experiments clearly show that the association which forms ampicillin with the adjuvant free polymer is weak and can easily be dis rupted. This association is strong enough to resist high compression in the case of the adjuvant loaded polymer.

Demonstration of antigen-specific T cells and histopathological alterations in mice experimentally inoculated with Borrelia burgdorferi

Antigen-specific T-cell responses and histopathological changes were studied in mice experimentally inoculated with Borrelia burgdorferi B31. Inbred mice with different H-2 haplotypes and/or different genetic backgrounds were inoculated with B. burgdorferi organisms and tested for antigen-specific T-cell responses in vivo (delayed-type hypersensitivity [DTH]) and in vitro (T-cell proliferation). Comparable DTH responses were found after inoculation with either inactivated (in the presence of adjuvants) or viable microorganisms in all mouse strains, except BALB/c, irrespective of the H-2 haplotype (b, d, k, or s) tested and the sex of the animals. Moreover, in mice presensitized to B. burgdorferi, DTH responses could be induced only with antigen preparations derived from the corresponding strain but not with those obtained from either related spirochetes such as Treponema phagedenis and Leptospira interrogans or unrelated bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. T cells isolated from lymph nodes or spleens of mice previously sensitized to B. burgdorferi but not those from naïve mice could be induced for antigen-specific proliferation in vitro, as revealed by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Histopathological examination of mice inoculated with viable B. burgdorferi organisms revealed significant perivascular infiltrates consisting mainly of mononuclear and a few polymorphonuclear leukocytes in different organs (brain, heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys) and the appearance of giant multinucleated cells within the spleen similar to those found in human skin specimens of patients suffering from cutaneous manifestations of Lyme disease. Our findings suggest that mice are a suitable animal model with which to study the immune response to B. burgdorferi and the pathogenesis of Lyme disease.

Influence of Adjuvants of Polyethylene Glycol Suppositories on the Physical Characteristics and Drug Bioavailability in Rabbits

AbstractTheophylline suppositories were made by the fusion method, using a polyethylene glycol base. Formulations were prepared containing theophylline in the plain base, and in base with added sodium salicylate or lecithin-sodium deoxycholate as adjuvants. Changes in melting range over time were studied. Differential scanning calorimetry studies characterized the physical nature of the formulations as being brittle or elastic. These data were confirmed by concurrently measuring the initial slope of stress -strain curves obtained at constant strain rate during hardness determination. Release rates were determined with a modified dissolution basket containing glass beads and dialyzing membrane. It was found that drug release rate from plain suppository base > base containing lecithin-sodium deoxycholate > base with sodium salicylate. In vivo bioavailability of theophylline after rectal administration in rabbits showed that rectal absorption was not enhanced in the presence of adjuvants, and theophylline wa...

Uptake and Translocation of14C-Fluazifop by Quackgrass (Agropyron repens)

Detached leaves and whole plants of quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. # AGRRE] were used to study uptake and translocation of butyl esters of14C-fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid}, with or without additional adjuvants. In the absence of adjuvants 3.2% of applied radioactivity entered detached quackgrass leaves by 6 h, and at the end of 24 h, 6.0% had penetrated. The presence of additives increased uptake by leaves significantly. In the presence of the nonionic surfactant Agral (nonyl phenol ethoxylate) at 0.2% (v/v) or the oil-additive Actipron (self-emulsifying adjuvant oil) at 2.0% (v/v), 17.2 and 12.9% of applied radioactivity, respectively, entered the leaves by 24 h. Evidence of dependence of phloem translocation of the radioactivity on source-sink relationships of the plant was obtained in the studies with whole plants. Translocation measured up to 7 days after treatment showed that radioactivity was concentrated in areas such as young developed leaves, young stems, and rhizome apices. Rhizomes appear to be major sinks for the accumulation of radioactivity and at 7 days 0.5% of applied radioactivity was found there. In wholeplant experiments the two adjuvants either individually or in mixture increased the uptake of14C-fluazifop significantly. However, a corresponding increase in basipetal translocation was found only in one experiment. Much of the increased activity that had entered the leaves in the presence of adjuvants was found to have moved to areas distal to the treated zone or remained within the treated zones. In all experiments, applied14C was not fully recovered. Evidence of significant volatility losses from treated surfaces was obtained and it is thought that this may be the main reason for the inability to recover all of the applied activity.

The Effect of Adjuvants and Oil Carriers on Photodecomposition of 2,4-D, Bentazon, and Haloxyfop

Laboratory photolysis rates of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide], and haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} in dilute aqueous solution were enhanced by the presence of adjuvants. Addition of 1.0% (v/v) petroleum oil concentrate (POC), 1.0% (v/v) soybean oil concentrate (SBOC), and 0.15% (v/v) emulsifier package (EP) enhanced herbicide photolysis rates more than addition of 0.15% (v/v) oxysorbic (20 POE) (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate). Bioassays showed that phytotoxicity of photolyzed herbicide solutions was negatively correlated with time of exposure to ultraviolet light. Addition of 0.85% (v/v) acetophenone to aqueous herbicide solutions containing 0.15% (v/v) oxysorbic strongly sensitized photodegradation of 2,4-D, and to a lesser extent, haloxyfop. Acetophenone had no effect on bentazon photolysis in the presence of oxysorbic. In another study, herbicides were dissolved in white mineral oil or once-refined soybean oil and exposed to ultraviolet light. After a 6-h exposure, there was 92% loss of haloxyfop in mineral oil and 36% loss in soybean oil. There was no difference between oils in affecting the photolysis rate of 2,4-D or bentazon.

The standardization of inactivated equine influenza vaccines by single-radial immunodiffusion

Single-radial-immunodiffusion (SRD) assays were used for measuring the haemagglutinin (HA) antigen content of equine influenza vaccines containing the virus strains A/equine/Prague/56 (H7N7) and A/equine/Miami/63 (H3N8). Three bivalent aqueous vaccines and one bivalent adjuvanted vaccine were standardized by SRD to contain graded amounts of HA antigen activity. The SRD reaction was influenza subtype specific and was not influenced by the presence of adjuvant in vaccine.

TB mice. A model of high and long lasting reaginic responders

Reaginic (IgE) antibodies are normally difficult to induce in laboratory rodents. The TB inbred mice constitute an exceptionally suitable model for the study of reaginic responses because of their ability to mount a strong and long lasting (over 4 months) IgE antibody response to hapten carrier conjugates, such as DNP 3-OVO, administered in the presence of adjuvant. The maximum individual PCA titres determined for the sera of 8 animals after primary sensitization were in the range of 2, 048 to 65,536 (geometric mean: 9,733) and after secondary sensitization the maximum individual PCA titres augmented to a level of 8,192 to 131,072 (geometric mean: 50,490).

Tissue repair in rats in presence of locally applied tissue plasminogen activator

The pattern of fibrinolytic activity in rat skin or muscle (gastrocnemius) following the injection of Freund's complete adjuvant or aluminum hydroxide showed the same pattern of an initial transient decrease in activity followed by a secondary rise during a later stage of healing, as previously observed following mild injury (subcutaneous implantation of a homologous plasma clot, superficial skin burn). Injected tissue plasminogen activator (porcine) disappeared within a few hours from the site of injection. The presence of adjuvants, in particular of aluminum hydroxide, slightly delayed the disappearance of the injected activator. The tissue plasminogen activator, injected alone or with adjuvants, had no obvious influence on the subsequent pattern of healing.

Cell Surface-Associated Gamma Globulins in Lymphocytes

Abstract The reverse immune cytoadherence technique (RICA) which detects surface-associated γ globulins on lymphocytes was used to study the effect of antigenic stimulation on γ globulin-carrying lymphocytes. Six hours after administration of antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant there is a marked increase in γ globulin-carrying cells (by 8 to 10% of the spleen cells or 25% of γ globulin-carrying cells before immunization). A similar increase was produced in vitro by treating normal spleen cells with serum obtained 6 hr after antigenic stimulation and likely represents the attachment of a cytophilic γ globulin to cells previously not carrying surface γ globulin. Adjuvant is important for the induction of this increase by soluble antigens but particulate antigens in saline can induce similar changes. These changes are not related to the distinction of the antigens according to their degree of dependency on the thymus for an immune response. The number of γ globulin-carrying cells decreased dramatically by 24 hr and reached its lowest point at 15 days when the γ globulin-carrying cells decreased by 50% of the normal levels of γ globulin-carrying cells. The decrease of the γ globulin-carrying cells does not depend on the presence of adjuvant. It is suggested that this phenomenon may represent the loss of surface γ globulins from lymphocytes after the antigenic encounter. All plasma cells examined in this study by RICA showed no surface γ globulin. According to the results presented here it is obvious that antigen affects a very large cell population.

Immunosuppression by procarbazine: I. Sites of action of the drug and effect on adjuvant arthritis and circulating antibody responses

The effect of procarbazine hydrochloride on adjuvant arthritis and on circulating antibody responses in the rat was studied. Procarbazine had a profoundly depressing effect on both adjuvant arthritis and the circulating antibody response to ovalbumin (OA). In contrast, it had no effect on the immune response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) alone; the presence of adjuvant, however, enhanced the response to SRBC, and this enhancement was suppressed by procarbazine. Preinjection with adjuvant enhanced the response to OA given at a different site: procarbazine treatment at the time of adjuvant injection suppressed this enhancement. These results taken in conjunction with histological observations, reinforce the idea that the initial effect of the drug is predominantly on the thymus and thymus-dependent cell populations, though prolonged treatment may also affect the bone marrow. They also give a clue to the mode of action of adjuvant in enhancing immune responsiveness. It is suggested that judicious use of procarbazine may assist fine dissection of various components of the immune response.

Effect of Different Immunization Procedures on Agglutination and Precipitation Reactions of Trichomonas gallinae

Immune sera were prepared in rabbits by intravenous or subcutaneous inoculations of an avirulent T. gallinae substrain JB(VI)C, derived from the highly pathogenic Jones' Barn strain by prolonged in vitro cultivation. Living or disrupted antigen was used for intravenous injections, while only disrupted organisms were administered via the subcutaneous route. In some rabbits inoculations of the antigen were given in combination with the complete Freund's adjuvant. The highest agglutination and hemagglutination titers, but the fewest and weakest precipitin lines on gel diffusion plates, were observed with sera from rabbits inoculated intravenously with living flagellates. In contrast, the lowest agglutination and hemagglutination titers and the most numerous and strongest precipitin lines were recorded with sera from rabbits which received disrupted trichomonads via the subcutaneous route. Sera prepared by several other variations of the immunization method fell between the above two in their agglutinating, hemagglutinating, and precipitating capacities. The employment of the complete Freund's adjuvant appeared to enhance somewhat the strength of all immune sera, its effects being most clearly evident in the results of gel diffusion experiments. A survey of the literature reveals that various forms of agglutination have been the methods used most extensively in immunologic studies of trichomonads (Honigberg, 1970). In many investigations the entire immunization series involved intravenous inoculations of living parasites into rabbits; in at least one study (Samuels and Chun-Hoon, 1964) only part of the immunizing series was administered by this method. The superiority of living flagellates injected intravenously into rabbits in stimulating production of agglutinating antibodies to Trichomonas vaginalis was suggested by the comparative studies of Trussell (1946) and Teras (1961, 1962). Much lower titers were obtained with sera of animals which received intravenous injections of killed organisms, and the results of subcutaneous or intramuscular inoculations were still less satisfactory. No extensive comparative investigations have been reported with respect to any other trichomonad species, but according to Robertson (1941, 1960), living Received for publication 22 June 1970. * This investigation was supported by Research Grants AI00742-13, 14, from NIAID, U. S. Public Health Service. t Dr. Stepkowski, Associate Professor of Veterinary Science and Chief of the Laboratory of Poultry Diseases, College of Agriculture, Lublin, Poland, was a Guest Scientist in the Department of Zoology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, from January 1968 to March 1969. Tritrichomonas foetus were more effective than dried flagellates in the production of agglutinating antibodies. Nonetheless, satisfactory agglutination, hemagglutination, precipitation, and/or fluorescent antibody reactions with trichomonads were obtained by several workers who used killed trichomonads, prepared in various ways, for immunization of rabbits and other animals (Morisita, 1939; Kerr and Robertson, 1943, 1954; MacDonald and Tatum, 1948; Osaki and Oka, 1962; Hoffmann and Gorczynski, 1964; Stepkowski, 1966; Goldman and Honigberg, 1968; Honigberg and Goldman, 1968). Subcutaneous inoculations of disrupted Trichomonas gallinae in the presence of adjuvant gave very strong rabbit sera for precipitation and fluorescent antibody tests (Goldman and Honigberg, 1968; Honigberg and Goldman, 1968), and the advantages of using adjuvant in immunization were brought out also by agglutination experiments with Tritrichomonas augusta (Samuels and Chun-Hoon, 1964). The present investigation was undertaken to ascertain which immunization method would give the most satisfactory rabbit sera for agglutination, hemagglutination, and precipitation (gel diffusion) reactions involving T. gallinae. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A Role of Macrophages in the Stimulation of Immune Responses by Adjuvants

Abstract Bordetella pertussis vaccine or beryllium sulfate proved to be potent adjuvants in increasing the antibody response to Maia squinado hemocyanin in mice. Antigen-containing macrophages treated with B. pertussis in vitro elicited much higher antibody titers when injected into mice than they did in the absence of the adjuvant. Lymph node cells treated in vitro with adjuvants and injected into irradiated mice gave the same antibody titers as they did in the absence of adjuvants. Hence in the system employed, adjuvants were shown to exert their enhancing effects on antibody-producing cells only after uptake by macrophages. Adjuvant-treated macrophages injected simultaneously with antigen-containing macrophages also led to increases in the immune response; thus adjuvant action did not require the presence of antigen and adjuvant in the same macrophage. The overall catabolism and retention of 131I-labeled hemocyanin in macrophages was not significantly altered in the presence of adjuvants.

East Coast Fever: Experiments with the Tissues of Infected Ticks

SUMMARY The tissues of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus infected with Theileria parva and fed for 3 1 2 − 4 1 2 days were used to induce experimental East Coast fever. Freshly prepared tissues infected 76 per cent of thirty-four cattle and killed 81 per cent of these reactors. Infective tissues stored for 24 hours at 4°c before injection produced a lower number of reactors and a smaller number of infected cattle died; of fourteen inoculated six (45 per cent) reacted and two ( 33 1 3 per cent) of those infected, died. Neither X-irradiation nor storage at − 79°c for 24 hours appeared to affect the infectivity or the virulence of the sporozoites. Attempts to obtain sporozoites in free suspension by irrigation and incubation failed. No immunogenesis resulted from injection of inactivated sporozoites in the presence of adjuvants. Those cattle which reacted and recovered were invariably immune (9/9) to a subsequent ten-tick challenge. Those which did not react to the primary infection including those receiving tissues plus adjuvants, proved on challenge to be susceptible (31/32).

Dissolution rate for predicting physiological availability of drugs from solid dosage forms.

Drug availability from solid dosage forms is usually determined by disintegration test methods. While the release of a drug from a compressed tablet is to some degree related to the speed of disintegration, there are many factors, such as particle size of the drug, the presence of adjuvants and variations in production methods, which Tender this in vitro method unreliable for accurate assessment of drug availability. It has been demonstrated that the dissolution rate of drug particles is of fundamental importance in determining the availability of the drug to the body. It is in fact, a rate-limiting Step in the absorption process when drugs are administered in solid dosage forms. Methods for the determination of dfssolution rates have been devised utilising mathematical models and in a number of instances quantitative correlation with in Vivo absorption has been demonstrated. Investigations are continuing to design generalised in vitro dissolution rate tests based on diffusional models which may be used for the quantitative assessment of drug availability from solid dosage forms.

The redistribution of fungicides on plants

SUMMARYIn field trials amounts of soluble copper were found in rain water collected form apple trees sprayed with copper fungicides, but the copper was relatively non‐toxic. The solution of copper did not appear to be correlated with the number of micro‐organisms on the leaves. Rain washings phate. Some evidence for beneficial redistribution by solution is presented.By contrast, in a greenhouse experiment small amounts of copper were washed by very light rain from coffee seedlings sprayed with copper oxychloride and Bordeaux mixture. The soluble fraction of these washings was generally small and did not vary with ageing of the deposit up to 32 days. There was no changes in the toxicity of the washings from deposits aged up to 32 days.Under static laboratory conditions more copper was usually solubilized form standardized deposits of Bordeaux mixture, copper oxychloride, and cuprous oxide on leaves than on glass. The amount of copper solubilized varied with the leaf used, the nature of the deposit, the presence of adjuvants and the length of time water was left in contact with the deposit. Deposits of Bordeaux mixture and Bordeaux mixture was equally toxic on a leaf surface which caused solution and one which did not. Soluble copper extracts leaves were less toxic than equivalent quantities of copper supplied as copper sulphate.

Fetal Response to Antigenic Stimulus

Summary In addition to “β2A-” and β2M-globulins, the serum of adult sheep contains 7 S γ-globulins composed of two cross-reacting components, an electrophoretically fast and a more slowly migrating component. The appearance of each of these components in the sera of stimulated fetal lambs at different times suggests that they may be functionally distinct. The normal fetal lamb during the latter half of gestation has small amounts of β2M and 7 S γ-globulin in its serum. Tissue culture results indicate that the β2M-protein is produced predominantly in the spleen, with some production also evident in the lymph nodes. This technique has also indicated the production by normal fetal lymph nodes of a slowly migrating γ-globulin which appears to be distinct from the fast and slow γ-globulins that appear after stimulation. In response to antigenic stimulus, a heightened production of β2M protein is induced. In the absence of complete adjuvant, little 7 S γ-globulin is formed. The presence of adjuvant in the stimulus elicits the production of relatively great amounts of fast γ-globulin, and only much later of slow γ-globulin and of β2A-globulin. Large amounts of 7 S γ-globulin may be present in the fetal serum even in the absence of detectable circulating antibody, or in cases in which the antibody that is produced is predominantly associated with β2M-globulin. These observations are discussed in relation to the possibility that some of the γ-globulin formed by the fetal lamb may lack specific antibody function.