Presence Of Acetaminophen Research Articles

Phytochemical, Growth Performance and Haematological Indices of Aqueous Extract of Aphrodisiac Formulation against Acetaminophen Induced Hepatocyte Injuries in Wistar Rats

Zainacin Dadin duniya is known for its antioxidant and liver-protecting properties. This research assesses the phytochemical characteristics and impact of Zainacin Dadin Duniya water extract on growth and hematological factors in Wister rats with acetaminophen-induced liver damage. 60 female and 30 male rats were divided into five groups with each group consisting of 18 rats selected randomly. Group 1 received saline, group 2 received a liver medicine, group 3 received acetaminophen, group 4 received a daily dose of aqueous extract at 500 mg/kg, and group 5 received a daily dose of aqueous extract at 500 mg/kg along with 3 ml/day of acetaminophen, all administered for 28 days. The animals were weighed before and following the experiment. The hematological parameters were determined, including packed Cell Volume (PCV), Red blood Cell (RBC), Haemoglobin (Hb), Mean Cell Volume (MCV), and White Blood Cell (WBC). Findings indicated that the extract contains a considerable quantity of phytochemicals. Findings indicated a notable weight gain (P<0.05) in Groups 1, 2, 4, and 5 and weight reduction in Group 3. In Group 3, there was a significant decrease in erythrocyte counts (4.29%), packed cell volume (33.00%), and hemoglobin (6.17%) values, while there was an increase in leukocyte (9.62%) and Mean Cell Volume (54.33%) values compared to the other groups. The presence of acetaminophen in the treatment given to Group 3 rats could lead to a decline in their growth performance and trigger adverse reactions in their blood parameters, potentially impacting their overall development. The segment may act as a strong remedy for acetaminophen-induced hepatocytes by blocking those reactive oxygen species.

Selective Determination of Acetaminophen in Presence of Ascorbic Acid at Poly (p-Methoxyphenol) Electrode

In the present work, we discuss the modification of a gold electrode with p-methoxyphenol and its application as a sensor for acetaminophen (ACP) in a phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.4). The modified electrode was subsequently employed to determine acetaminophen in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The peak positions and relative sensitivity of ACP/AA were influenced by the potential window used during polymerization. For polymerization between 0 and 1.0 V, the peak potentials recorded in the phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.4) were 488 mV for ACP and 280 mV vs. Ag/AgCl for AA. Furthermore, the effects of pH and electrolyte type on the linearity range and detection limit were investigated. The high selectivity and sensitivity for ACP were attributed to charge discrimination and analyte accumulation. The detection limit for the 3σ-test was determined to be 0.2 nM. This study highlights the potential of the modified gold electrode for selective and sensitive detection of acetaminophen, even in the presence of interfering substances such as ascorbic acid. The optimization of polymerization conditions and the comprehensive analysis of pH and electrolyte effects contribute to the electrode's superior performance.

Sensitive determination of the cardiac drug isoproterenol in the presence of acetaminophen using modified electrode with multiwall carbon nanotube/ZnCo-Zeolite imidazole frameworks and ionic liquid

Isoproterenol (ISO) is a synthetic amine that used to treat heart attacks, allergic emergencies, bronchitis, and cardiac chock. But on the other hand, excessive use of ISO can cause a significant decrease in blood pressure, as well as cause heart failure and/or cardiac arrhythmia, or in sometimes cause vasodilation of skeletal muscle arteries. Therefore, determination of ISO in various specimens is very important. The present attempt was made to introduce a sensitive electrochemical sensor by using carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with multiwall carbon nanotubes/ZnCo-Zeolite imidazole frameworks and ionic liquid for determination of ISO at the presence of acetaminophen (AC). The characteristics of the as-fabricated sensor were explored via scanning electron microscope, Fourier transfer infra-red spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The electro-oxidation current of ISO onto the modified electrode surface was linear in the range of 0.04–580.0 μM and a limit of detection 9.8 nM was calculated according to 3Sb/m. For assesses the practical applicability of the modified electrode, the values of ISO and AC in serum and urine samples were determined using the calibration plot and as a result, appropriate relative standard deviations (2.6–3.5 %) and recoveries (97.2–103.9 %) were obtained.

Development of an electrochemical sensor for the quantification of ascorbic acid and acetaminophen in pharmaceutical samples

This work presents the modification of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) by using a dispersion resulting from the non-covalent functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with polyarginine (polyArg). MWCNT-polyArg is used for the quantification of ascorbic acid (AA) in the presence of acetaminophen (APAP) and viceversa. Since ascorbic acid and acetaminophen are strongly absorbed on GCE/MWCNT-polyArg, they can be detected in the presence of 4.0×10−5 M acetaminophen (and 3.0×10−5 M ascorbic acid) by using adsorptive stripping with media exchange and differential pulse voltammetry. Using water as the solvent for the MWCNT dispersion, the result was Z-potential of 0.053 ± 0.006 V. The developed sensor showed excellent specificity, sensitivity, stability and reproducibility compared to previously published sensors. The GCE/MWCNT-polyArg sensor shows a fast response time of ∼5 minutes, low limits of detection and quantification for AA (0.95 and 2.9 μM respectively) and APAP (0.27 and 0.82μM, respectively), high sensitivity of 0.0616 μA/M for AA or APAP 0.240μA/M. It was used to test its practicability by determining the concentration of AA or APAP (AA and APAP) in pharmaceutical samples. Finally, the simultaneous measurement of ascorbic acid and acetaminophen in pharmaceuticals showed a good correlation, with a maximum error and RSD of 4.5 and 5.1 %, respectively.

Atmosphere-Transported Emerging and Persistent Contaminants (EPCs) in Rainfall and Throughfall: Insights from a Rural Site in Northern Thailand

This study investigates the presence and concentrations of emerging and persistent contaminants (EPCs) in rainwater and throughfall water collected from urban areas and agricultural lands in northern Thailand. It focuses on one daily-use compound (caffeine), two industrial compounds (4-nitrophenol and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP)), and three agrichemicals (atrazine, fenobucarb, and 2,4-D). Additionally, information is provided regarding the presence of acetaminophen, fexofenadine, diphenhydramine, and gabapentin. Small differences in the chemical composition of the six main contaminants were observed between rainwater and forest throughfall water. However, significant variations were found in the concentration ranges of each EPC. In most cases, throughfall samples exhibited slightly higher concentrations, suggesting a limited contribution from dry deposition compared to rainfall. Limited reliable evidence was found concerning seasonal patterns in EPC concentrations in precipitation (rainfall and throughfall) and surface water samples in remote ponds and reservoirs. The transportation of EPCs via rainwater appears to vary among the compounds tested and is likely to vary from one rainfall event to another, rather than showing a strong and common seasonal response within the monsoon rainfall regime. These findings suggest that the transport of EPCs to remote areas via rainfall does occur for some EPCs. However, the dominance of this process over other transport mechanisms could not be determined with high confidence.

An Efficient Electrochemical Sensor Based on NiCo2O4 Nanoplates and Ionic Liquid for Determination of Favipiravir in the Presence of Acetaminophen.

Based on the modification of carbon paste electrode with NiCo2O4 nanoplates and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, a new electrochemical sensing platform for the sensing of favipiravir (a drug with potential therapeutic efficacy in treating COVID-19 patients) in the presence of acetaminophen was prepared. For determining the electrochemical behavior of favipiravir, cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and chronoamperometry have been utilized. When compared to the unmodified carbon paste electrode, the results of the cyclic voltammetry showed that the proposed NiCo2O4 nanoplates/1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate/carbon paste electrode had excellent catalytic activity for the oxidation of the favipiravir in phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.0). This was due to the synergistic influence of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (ionic liquid) and NiCo2O4 nanoplates. In the optimized conditions of favipiravir measurement, NiCo2O4 nanoplates/1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate/carbon paste electrode had several benefits, such as a wide dynamic linear between 0.004 and 115.0 µM, a high sensitivity of 0.1672 µA/µM, and a small limit of detection of 1.0 nM. Furthermore, the NiCo2O4 nanoplates/1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate/carbon paste electrode sensor presented a good capability to investigate the favipiravir and acetaminophen levels in real samples with satisfactory recoveries.

A UiO-66-NH2 MOF/PAMAM Dendrimer Nanocomposite for Electrochemical Detection of Tramadol in the Presence of Acetaminophen in Pharmaceutical Formulations

In this work, we prepared a novel electrochemical sensor for the detection of tramadol based on a UiO-66-NH2 metal-organic framework (UiO-66-NH2 MOF)/third-generation poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (G3-PAMAM dendrimer) nanocomposite drop-cast onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface. After the synthesis of the nanocomposite, the functionalization of the UiO-66-NH2 MOF by G3-PAMAM was confirmed by various techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The UiO-66-NH2 MOF/PAMAM-modified GCE exhibited commendable electrocatalytic performance toward the tramadol oxidation owing to the integration of the UiO-66-NH2 MOF with the PAMAM dendrimer. According to differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), it was possible to detect tramadol under optimized circumstances in a broad concentration range (0.5 μM-500.0 μM) and a narrow limit of detection (0.2 μM). In addition, the stability, repeatability, and reproducibility of the presented UiO-66-NH2 MOF/PAMAM/GCE sensor were also studied. The sensor also possessed an acceptable catalytic behavior for the tramadol determination in the co-existence of acetaminophen, with the separated oxidation potential of ΔE = 410 mV. Finally, the UiO-66-NH2 MOF/PAMAM-modified GCE exhibited satisfactory practical ability in pharmaceutical formulations (tramadol tablets and acetaminophen tablets).

Mn2O3 nanoparticle-porous silicon nanocomposite based amperometric sensor for sensitive detection and quantification of Acetaminophen in real samples

Acetaminophen (AcP) commonly known as paracetamol is the most extensively used non-prescribed medication for the treatment of fever and different kinds of pain. Due to the wide range of use, the determination of AcP contents in commercial tablets, residual AcP present in human blood serum, and the presence of AcP in the environment from the unavoidable leakage during the industrial production becomes crucial. Therefore, we proposed an AcP sensor utilizing a novel Mn 2 O 3 -embedded mesoporous silicon (Mn 2 O 3 @PSi) nanocomposite fabricated glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Modern characterization techniques including FESEM, TEM, EDXS, XRD, XPS, and FTIR spectroscopy were employed to characterize the fabricated Mn 2 O 3 @PSi nanocomposite. XRD and XPS analysis confirmed the fruitful development of nanocomposite consisting of PSi, and Mn 2 O 3 . TEM images revealed that Mn 2 O 3 nanoparticles were randomly distributed onto the PSi matrix. In the electrochemical investigations via the most reliable amperometric technique, the Mn 2 O 3 @PSi/GCE sensor showed excellent sensitivity (0.7948 μAμM −1 cm −2 ), a wide LDR (0.3–138.7 μM), and a very low detection limit (LOD ∼0.033 μM). The newly developed AcP sensor was further used to check the potential chemical interference using several closely related chemicals, presenting an extreme selectivity towards the AcP detection. The Mn 2 O 3 @PSi/GCE sensor electrode was also employed to determine the AcP in commercial paracetamol tablets and showed ∼100% quantitative recovery. During the AcP determination, the Mn 2 O 3 @PSi/GCE sensor also displayed excellent reproducibility, repeatability, and stability. It is anticipated that this Mn 2 O 3 @PSi/GCE assembly will emerge as an efficient route in developing an effective AcP sensor.

Ocular penetration of oral acetaminophen in horses.

Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is increasingly used to treat painful conditions in horses but its ocular penetration has not been studied. To determine whether orally administered acetaminophen penetrates the aqueous humour of the normal equine eye and report an aqueous humour:serum acetaminophen concentration ratio in horses. In vivo experiment. Six privately owned horses with normal ophthalmic examinations weighing 568 ± 65 kg (mean ± standard deviation) and aged 11 ± 4 years were given 20 mg/kg acetaminophen orally every 12 h for a total of six doses. Physical exam parameters were recorded prior to, during, and after the dosing period. One hour after the final dose, horses were sedated and simultaneous aqueous humour and serum samples were collected and analysed for acetaminophen concentrations and selected eicosanoids. An aqueous humour:serum acetaminophen concentration ratio was calculated. A second aqueous humour sample was taken and analysed for eicosanoid concentrations 3 months after acetaminophen dosing. Physical exam data were compared between time points using a mixed model analysis (significance p < 0.05). Acetaminophen was detected in both serum and aqueous humour of all horses and mean ± standard deviation aqueous humour:serum acetaminophen concentration ratio was 44.9 ± 15.9%. No significant changes in physical exam parameters occurred during or after dosing. Eicosanoids were not detected in aqueous humour at any sampling point. Presence of acetaminophen in the aqueous humour may not relate to clinical effect. A therapeutic level of acetaminophen has not been determined in horses, and the absence of ocular inflammation does not reflect conditions in which acetaminophen may be used. Acetaminophen readily penetrates the aqueous humour of the normal equine eye after consecutive oral dosing. Further study is required to determine whether acetaminophen is useful in the treatment of ocular pain and inflammation.

Gold Nanoparticles Decorated with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Graphene Oxide for Voltammetric Determination of Dopamine in the Presence of Acetaminophen

We developed an electrochemical sensor by combination of Graphene oxide (GO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) then decorated with Au-nanoparticles (AuNPs) by an electrodeposition process for detection of dopamine (DP) in the presence of acetaminophen (AC). The electrochemical properties of MWCNT/GO- AuNPs/GCE were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV).The results displayed that Au nanoparticles were well jointed onto MWCNT/GO nanocomposite. The electrochemical responses displayed the prepared sensor showed enhanced electrocatalytic activity for the detection of DP inthe presence of acetaminophen (AC). Under optimum conditions, the proposed sensorpresented a linear response based on the DP concentration in the range of 1.0 to 165 μM with a detection limit of 0.07 μM using the differential pulse voltammogram (DPV) method.Moreover, this proposed sensor displayed a linear range concentration of AC ranging from 3 to 200.0 μM and detection limit of 0.061 μM. Also, the prepared sensor indicated excellent sensitivity and selectivity for the DP determination in the presence of AC in real samples.

Electrochemical measurement of tamoxifen in the presence of acetaminophen and ascorbic acid using carbon paste electrode modified with novel nanoparticles

Tamoxifen (TMX) is a non-steroidal anti-estrogen used to treat human breast cancer, although the International Olympic Committee has banned this drug. Here, a sensor based on an electrochemical process was prepared by modifying the carbon paste electrode with alumina/carbon core–shell and vanadium oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3@C/V2O5/CPE) and used to analyze TMX in an aqueous medium. The modified electrode surface was studied using electrochemical impedance and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical behavior of TMX was studied using cyclic voltammetry, CV, and differential pulse, DP, techniques. The DP current response of the Al2O3@C/V2O5/CPE electrode was 2.3 times that of the CPE. In the measurement level of TMX using the DP technique at the Al2O3@C/V2O5/CPE electrode surface, the linear dependence of the anodic current with TMX concentration in the linear range of 0.1–200 μM and a detection limit of 0.025 μM was obtained. The modified electrode showed excellent selectivity in the presence of organic and inorganic species which is available in real examples. Then, after examining the effective parameters in the electrode response to TMX, measurement of TMX in the presence of acetaminophen (AC) and ascorbic acid (AA) was also evaluated by the DP method. The results showed that simultaneous measurement of three species by Al2O3@C/V2O5/CPE electrode is possible without disturbing each other. Finally, the proposed sensor was successfully used to measure TMX in drug samples.

Use of a nano-porous gold film electrode modified with chitosan / polypyrrole for electrochemical determination of metronidazole in the Presence of Acetaminophen

This study, it was aimed to provide a sensitive, easy and selective method for designing Nano-porous gold film electrode (NPGF) electrode for simultaneous measurement of metronidazole (MT) and acetaminophen (AC). For this purpose, the NPGF electrode surface was modified with chitosan (CS) and poly pyrrole (PPY) by electrochemical method, and then CS and PPY modified NPGF (PPY-CS-NPGF) electrode were used to measure these drugs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) are employed for the characterization of the attained PPY-CS-NPGF electrode. Using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry, the electrochemical behavior of MT was investigated with the modified electrode. By differential pulse voltammetry, linear ranges of concentration 0.005–100 μM with linear coefficients of 0.9898 and a detection limit of 0.0009 μM were obtained for MT. Finally, an electrochemical sensor was used to measure MT in a real sample, which yielded acceptable results. PPY-CS-NPGF electrodes have a wide linear range, high selectivity, sensitivity and stability and can be used successfully to determine these drugs.

Voltammetric Determination of Isoniazid in the Presence of Acetaminophen Utilizing MoS2-Nanosheet-Modified Screen-Printed Electrode.

We used MoS2 nanosheets (MoS2 NSs) for surface modification of screen-printed electrode (MoS2NSs-SPE) aimed at detecting isoniazid (INZ) in the presence of acetaminophen (AC). According to analysis, an impressive catalytic performance was found for INZ and AC electro-oxidation, resulting in an appreciable peak resolution (~320 mV) for both analytes. Chronoamperometry, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), linear sweep voltammogram (LSV), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were employed to characterize the electrochemical behaviors of the modified electrode for the INZ detection. Under the optimal circumstances, there was a linear relationship between the peak current of oxidation and the various levels of INZ (0.035–390.0 µM), with a narrow limit of detection (10.0 nM). The applicability of the as-developed sensor was confirmed by determining the INZ and AC in tablets and urine specimens, with acceptable recoveries.

Engineered three-dimensional Au-Cu bimetallic dendritic nanosensor for ultrasensitive drug detection in urine samples and in vitro human embryonic kidney cells model

Bimetallic dendrites are hierarchical, self-assembled, and multi-branched nanostructures with unique and enhanced properties than their monometallic counterparts. In this direction, a novel gold copper (AuCu) bimetallic dendritic nanostructure has been engineered on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by tuning the electrodeposition parameters with enhanced electrocatalytic activity. GCE/AuCuND sensor probe was systematically characterized by various physical and analytical techniques to study its physical and electrochemical properties. Acetaminophen (AP), an important clinical drug which is routinely used to treat pain and fever was tested as a model compound to evaluate the analytical performance of the fabricated sensor. The final sensor probe achieved a low limit of detection of 7.5 (±0.03) nM with a linear dynamic range of 100–1000 nM. The selectivity of the sensor probe was tested towards AP in presence of various co-existing molecules in body fluids, and negligible signals were observed towards such molecules. Human urine samples and in vitro human embryonic kidney cells were used to evaluate the sensor performance, where 89.5 to 96.4% of AP was recovered without any interference, indicating the sensors applicability in clinical settings. The sensor was found to be stable for 12 weeks, and the variation in current responses of probe to probe was found to be negligible. The fabrication and testing of AP using the sensor takes merely 12 min, hence extremely powerful in point-of-care testing in hospitals.

In Vitro Evaluation of Miniaturized Amperometric Enzyme Sensor Based on the Direct Electron Transfer Principle for Continuous Glucose Monitoring.

The bacterial derived flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FADGDH) is the most promising enzyme for the third-generation principle-based enzyme sensor for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Due to the ability of the enzyme to transfer electrons directly to the electrode, recognized as direct electron transfer (DET)-type FADGDH, although no investigation has been reported about DET-type FADGDH employed on a miniaturized integrated electrode. The miniaturized integrated electrode was formed by sputtering gold (Au) onto a flexible film with 0.1 mm in thickness and divided into 3 parts. After an insulation layer was laminated, 3 openings for a working electrode, a counter electrode and a reference electrode were formed by dry etching. A reagent mix containing 1.2 × 10-4 Unit of DET-type FADGDH and carbon particles was deposited. The long-term stability of sensor was evaluated by continuous operation, and its performance was also evaluated in the presence of acetaminophen and the change in oxygen partial pressure (pO2) level. The amperometric response of the sensor showed a linear response to glucose concentration up to 500 mg/dL without significant change of the response over an 11-day continuous measurement. Moreover, the effect of acetaminophen and pO2 on the response were negligible. These results indicate the superb potential of the DET-type FADGDH-based sensor with the combination of a miniaturized integrated electrode. Thus, the described miniaturized DET-type glucose sensor for CGM will be a promising tool for effective glycemic control. This will be further investigated using an in vivo study.

Low dimensional Bi2Se3 NPs/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for simultaneous detection of L-Dopa and acetaminophen in presence of ascorbic acid in biological samples and pharmaceuticals

Low dimensional Bi2Se3 NPs/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for simultaneous detection of L-Dopa and acetaminophen in presence of ascorbic acid in biological samples and pharmaceuticals

A Comparative Analysis of Virulence Factors in Klebsiella Species

Klebsiella is a genus of bacteria frequently associated with nosocomial infections due to their multi-drug resistant properties. Klebsiella pneumoniae accounts for a large majority of hospital-acquired pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and septicemia. The pathogenicity of K. pneumoniae clinical isolates has been greatly established to better understand and treat these infections. Klebsiella oxytoca is also primarily healthcare associated and is considered to be an emerging nosocomial pathogen, as it causes the second most frequent infections from the Klebsiella genus. Although it shares many characteristics with K. pneumoniae, its virulence factors have not been well studied due to its lesser degree of incidence. As an emerging pathogen, more information must be gathered in order to learn how to best treat this infectious, antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study aims to first determine if the pathogenic factors found in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates are also present in Klebsiella oxytoca and then compare the production of these virulence factors under normal and inducing conditions. This work compares the expression of pathogenic factors in five isolates of K. oxytoca, three isolates of K. pneumoniae, and one strain of Escherichia coli. The pathogenic factors chosen for this study include antibiotics resistance, siderophore production, biofilm formation abilities, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification. To determine antibiotic resistance, the minimum inhibitory concentration of nine different antibiotics was calculated for each isolate. Siderophore production was measured using a Chrome Azurol Sulfonate colorimetric test in both the absence and presence of 2,2’-dipyridyl, an iron chelator. Biofilm formation was detected with Crystal Violet dye in both the absence and presence of acetaminophen and hydrochlorothiazide, both of which are commonly used therapeutic pharmaceuticals in nosocomial settings, as well as 2,2’-dipyridyl. ROS detoxification via superoxide dismutase enzyme activity was measured through native gel activity assays. Our findings indicate that K. pneumoniae has resistance to more antibiotics than K. oxytoca, but the two species have comparable siderophore production, biofilm formation capabilities, and ROS detoxification capabilities. In conclusion, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca share several mechanisms of pathogenicity under normal and inducing conditions and drug resistance is the most notable difference among the strains tested in this work.

Sunlight-active Cu/Fe@ZnWO4-kaolinite composites for degradation of acetaminophen, ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole in water

This study reports the development of biomass-assisted sunlight-active semiconductor-tungstate-clay photocatalytic composite for the removal of pharmaceutical contaminants (PCs): Acetaminophen (ACT), Ampicillin (AMP) and Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), from water. Materials prepared (Cu@ZnWO4–K, Fe@ZnWO4–K and Cu/Fe@ZnWO4–K) composites, were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Raman Spectroscopy, High Resolution TEM and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). XRD analysis showed the presence of Scheelite (CuWO4), Ferberite (FeWO4) and Sanmartinite (ZnWO4) crystal phases in the composites. Moreover, results showed that Cu@ZnWO4–K composite gave the best efficiency for the photodegradation of AMP (100%), ACT (83%), and SMX (68%) molecules. This composite showed more preference for the photodegradation of AMP molecules (>98%) even in the presence of ACT and SMX molecules. After five reuse cycles, the composite still had ca. 90% efficiency for AMP molecules but far less for the other two molecules. The presence of anions reduced the photocatalytic efficiency of this composite but increased the photodegradation of SMX molecules. The rate of photodegradation of the PCs was comparably fast, leading to high removal capacity. The concentrations of inorganic ions released as by-products of photodegradation, were far below WHO standard limits for their presence in drinking water.

Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products using native fungal enzymes extracted during the ligninolytic process

Significant concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been detected in aquatic environment. Fungal enzymatic processes can oxidize these persistent PPCPs; thus, these processes have attracted considerable attention from the scientific community. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of the removal of PPCPs using native fungal enzymes derived from Bjerkandera spp. TBB-03 under various conditions. Among the eight lignocellulosic substrates, ash, which showed the highest laccase production, was selected as the sole enzyme inducer. TBB-03 laccase was found to exhibit remarkable stability under varied pH and temperature conditions. Acetaminophen and bisphenol A were effectively removed by TBB-03 laccase under various conditions, except at pH 8. Although TBB-03 laccase could not efficiently remove single-state sulfamethoxazole directly, a 22% of improvement in sulfamethoxazole removal was observed in the presence of acetaminophen. Overall, our proposed approach showed that Bjerkandera adusta TBB-03 can be potentially applied for further research regarding PPCP remediation.

Adsorption process and mechanism of acetaminophen onto commercial activated carbon

The presence of acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol; PRC) micropollutant in water can cause some potential health risks for human. In this study, commercial activated carbon (CAC), which has been oxidized with HNO3 by supplier to increase the oxygen-functional groups, was applied to remove PRC from water. Results demonstrated that CAC is a dominantly mesoporous material (accounting for 76.3%) with large surface area (SBET = 1284 m2/g) and high total pore volume (VTotal = 0.680 cm3/g). CAC possessed abundantly oxygen-containing functionalities and low pHPZC (4.95). Raman spectrum of CAC indicated that CAC possessed a more disordered structure with a high intensity ratio of D band and G band (ID/IG = 2.011). Adsorption study showed that the adsorption capacity of CAC towards PRC was less affected by solution pH value (2.0–10), and ionic strength (0–1.0 M NaCl), and different water matrixes (distilled water, tap water, coastal water, wastewater from water treatment plant, groundwater, and wastewater from beauty salon). The adsorption process occurred rapidly, with around 52% of PRC in solution (∼517 mg/L) being removed within 5 min of contact. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity of CAC was 221 mg/g under 1.0 g/L of CAC, pH 7.0, 25 °C, and initial concentration of paracetamol (∼100–1200 mg/L). The pore-filling was the most important mechanism. The SBET and VTotal of CAC after adsorption decreased (by approximately 96% for both) to 45.6 m2/g and 0.039 cm3/g, respectively. The second important mechanism involved in n-π interaction was established by a remarkably decrease in the band intensity (the FTIR spectrum after adsorption) at 1630 cm−1 (the CO group). Weak π-π interaction was confirmed a significant decrease in the ID/IG ratio from 2.011 to 1.947 after adsorption. Hydrogen bonding formations were recommended by decreasing band intensity in FTIR spectrum at 3448 cm−1 (OH) and 1045 cm−1 (CO). Weak van der Waals force was identified through the study of effect of solution temperature and desorption. Consequently, oxidized CAC can serve as a promising and potential material for efficiently eliminating PRC from water environments.