Preselected Location Research Articles

Laser Processing of Liquid Crystal Droplets with Diverse Internal Structures

To control the spatial placement and organize micro/nanodroplets (NDs) has fundamental importance both in science and engineering. Cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) droplets with topological diversity can offer many self-assembly modalities to arrange guest NDs in their spherical confinement; however, limited progress has been achieved due to difficulties of loading NDs into stabilized host droplets. Here, a laser injection technique is introduced, through which a controlled number of NDs were injected from a pre-selected location onto the surface of the host droplet. The sequentially injected NDs spontaneously drifted toward areas with topological defects and self-assembled along its geometry or local director field into a predefined shape. Within CLC droplets with different topological structures, guest NDs self-assembled near areas with defect points as twisting radial chains and quill-like assembly structures, and along defect lines as discrete beads and helical threads, respectively. The injection speed of the NDs, controlled by laser power, was found to play a key role in the assembly geometry of NDs as well as the internal structure of the CLC droplet processed. This study expands our abilities to precisely organize NDs in a spherical confinement and such droplet-based microsystems have potential applications for sensors, photonic devices, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology.

Laser processing of microdroplet structure of liquid crystal in 3D

Processing of mesoscale structures of soft matter and liquid is of great importance in both science and engineering. In this work, we introduce the concept of laser-assisted micromachining to this field and inject a certain number of microdroplets into a preselected location on the surface of a liquid crystal drop through laser irradiation. The impact of laser energy on the triggered injection is discussed. The sequentially injected microdroplets are spontaneously captured by the defect ring in the host drop and transported along this defect track as micro-cargos. By precisely manipulating the laser beam, the tailored injection of droplets is achieved, and the injected droplets self-assemble into one necklace ring within the host drop. The result provides a bottom-up approach for the in-situ and three-dimensional microfabrication of droplet structure of soft matter using a laser beam, which may be applicable in the development of optical and photonic devices.

Laser micro/nanomachining technology for soft matter

Laser micro/nanomachining technology for soft matter achieves the purpose of fabricating the spherical structures of soft matter by combing laser-assisted mechanical injection and controllable self-assembly, which has significant advantages in comparison with conventional methods like droplet microfluidics. In this study, the effects of laser parameters such as laser energy, beam size, and irradiation position on the injection are investigated. It is found that there also exists one upper limit of the laser energy, and if the laser irradiation is too strong, it can introduce a convection flow of liquid crystal rather than trigger off the injection of guest microdroplets. Thus, the laser injection can be achieved in a specific energy range of the laser irradiation. By manipulating the laser beam with a smaller size, the guest water microdroplets can be injected at the preselected location on the surface of a host liquid crystal droplet. In addition, the influences of material parameters such as the surfactant concentration, the material type and phase state of liquid crystal on the laser-assisted mechanical injection, and the size of the injected guest droplet are investigated. It is found that the liquid crystal droplet with higher surfactant concentration requires less energy from the laser irradiation to generate enough mechanical force to trigger off the injection. Because under the same temperature increment, the liquid crystal droplet with higher ion concentration enjoys a stronger surface tension gradient. By comparing several different types of liquid crystals, it is found the injection of guest droplets into a host with a higher elastic constant liquid crystal can be more difficult. The influences of the material type of liquid crystal and the concentration of surfactant on the critical size of guest microdroplets are summarized. Finally, the defect lines of liquid crystal are introduced as the self-assembly template, through which microdroplets of liquid crystal with the sophisticated spherical structure are fabricated. The self-assembly kinetic behaviors of guest droplets in the defect line are analyzed. The laser micro/nanomachining technology of soft matter can be applied to the extreme processing and application development of 3D spherical structures in the fields of optoelectronics, photonics, and biomedicine.

Discussion of Operational Transport Analysis Methods and the Practical Application of Queuing Theory to Stationary Traffic

The first step in the operational research into solving real decision-making problems is to recognize and define an emerging problem. In companies, investment decision-making is one of the most important tasks and is usually assigned to executives at various management levels. Such decisions include those on the acceptance or rejection of certain projects and, where the public sector is concerned, the application of the Public Procurement Act. The details of this Act were specified in a previous paper. This paper focuses on the use of operational research methods in logistics technologies, in particular to stationary traffic design. The presented problem is solved through the application of Queuing Theory. This method is used to determine the occupancy of a car park at a pre-selected location.

Two-step Optimal Allocation of Stationary and Mobile Energy Storage Systems in Resilient Distribution Networks

Energy storage systems (ESSs) are acknowledged to be a promising option to cope with issues in high penetration of renewable energy and guarantee a highly reliable power supply. In this paper, a two-step optimal allocation model is proposed to obtain the optimal allocation (location and size) of stationary ESSs (SESSs) and mobile ESSs (MESSs) in the resilient distribution networks (DNs). In the first step, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem is formulated to obtain the preselected location of ESSs with consideration of different scenarios under normal operation conditions. In the second step, a two-stage robust optimization model is established to get the optimal allocation results of ESSs under failure operation conditions which are solved by column-and-constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm. A hybrid ESS allocation strategy based on the subjective and objective weight analysis is proposed to give the final allocation scheme of SESSs and MESSs. Finally, the proposed two-step optimal allocation model is demonstrated on a modified IEEE 33-bus system to show its effectiveness and merits.

Dam site suitability assessment at the Greater Zab River in northern Iraq using remote sensing data and GIS

In the last few decades, the northern region of Iraq has been severely impacted by climate change, which has created long-term drought, water shortage, and casual flood events. Dam construction in suitable sites is a primary water management strategy to solve flood and drought. Dam site selection depends on a set of qualitative and quantitative criteria, such as geology, soil type, and altitude. In this study, appropriate areas of dam site selection for water management were identified using remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS), and multi-criteria decision making techniques. In addition, the proposed method of site suitability was evaluated by comparing it with the traditional analytic hierarchy process (AHP). A new validation method to evaluate the accuracy of AHP and fuzzy logic according to the preselected location of a dam was previously suggested in the study area (Bekhme dam) by the local government. Remote sensing data (Landsat imageries and ASTER DEM) and field/reference maps were used to derive 12 conditioning factors needed to produce a suitability map for construction. The criteria considered were geological formation, soil type, fault line, tectonic line, altitude, slope, rainfall data (2000–2011), water discharge, land use/cover, road network, and material used for dam construction. Two mathematical models, namely, AHP and fuzzy logic, were applied in this study. The best model was selected by using location and cluster-based accuracy assessment depending on the proposed dam site (i.e., Bekhme dam). Results showed that fuzzy logic is more accurate than AHP. In terms of the surface area of suitable lands identified, the AHP model determined 13,446,900 m2 as a highly suitable area, whereas the fuzzy model identified 3,409,200 m2 from the total area of 69,347,700 m2. Finally, this study identified four sites for intermediate and large dams in the study area. The total water capacities of proposed Dam 1, Dam 2, Dam 3, and Dam 4 are about 81.5, 239.3, 374.6, and 646.5 million m3, respectively, when the dam height is 60 m. The proposed methods can be easily replicated to other areas for similar applications. The finding reveals that AHP model is distributed and scattered in the whole study area, whereas the fuzzy model is more suitable for clustered areas.

In Search of Indoor Dense Regions: An Approach Using Indoor Positioning Data

As people spend significant parts of daily lives indoors, it is useful and important to measure indoor densities and find the dense regions in many indoor scenarios like space management and security control. In this paper, we propose a data-driven approach that finds top- $k$ indoor dense regions by using indoor positioning data. Such data is obtained by indoor positioning systems working at a relatively low frequency, and the reported locations in the data are discrete, from a preselected location set that does not continuously cover the entire indoor space. When a search is triggered, the object positioning information is already out-of-date and thus object locations are uncertain. To this end, we first integrate object location uncertainty into the definitions for counting objects in an indoor region and computing its density. Subsequently, we conduct a thorough analysis of the location uncertainty in the context of complex indoor topology, deriving upper and lower bounds of indoor region densities and introducing distance decaying effect into computing concrete indoor densities. Enabled by the uncertainty analysis outcomes, we design efficient search algorithms for solving the problem. Finally, we conduct extensive experimental studies on our proposals using synthetic and real data. The experimental results verify that the proposed search approach is efficient, scalable, and effective. The top- $k$ indoor dense regions returned by our search are considerably consistent with ground truth, despite that the search uses neither historical data nor extra knowledge about objects.

Numerical Investigation of Focused Waves and Their Interaction With a Vertical Cylinder Using REEF3D

For the stability of offshore structures, such as offshore wind foundations, extreme wave conditions need to be taken into account. Waves from extreme events are critical from the design perspective. In a numerical wave tank, extreme waves can be modeled using focused waves. Here, linear waves are generated from a wave spectrum. The wave crests of the generated waves coincide at a preselected location and time. Focused wave generation is implemented in the numerical wave tank module of REEF3D, which has been extensively and successfully tested for various wave hydrodynamics and wave–structure interaction problems in particular and for free surface flows in general. The open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code REEF3D solves the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations on a staggered Cartesian grid. Higher order numerical schemes are used for time and spatial discretization. For the interface capturing, the level set method is selected. In order to test the generated waves, the time series of the free surface elevation are compared with experimental benchmark cases. The numerically simulated free surface elevation shows good agreement with experimental data. In further computations, the impact of the focused waves on a vertical circular cylinder is investigated. A breaking focused wave is simulated and the associated kinematics is investigated. Free surface flow features during the interaction of nonbreaking focused waves with a cylinder and during the breaking process of a focused wave are also investigated along with the numerically captured free surface.

Noise Monitoring and Mapping for Some Pre-selected Locations of New Delhi, India

Road traffic is one of the major sources of noise pollution in urban areas. Noise measurements and sound observation surveys, alone or in relationship, can be helpful in understanding the complex problem of noise pollution in urban areas. The main aim of this paper is monitoring and mapping for some pre-selected locations of New Delhi, India. The [Formula: see text], noise climate, and noise pollution levels were calculated, this was further represented in the form of cartographic maps for easy understanding. Result of noise monitoring shows that the values of [Formula: see text] at Ashram ranges from 67.4 dB (A) to 82.3 dB (A) which is maximum of all pre-selected locations. It was found that the noise levels at all pre-selected location has been very high and above the permissible limits. Noise map shows that Ashram is the most affected area, most of the pre-selected locations are severally affected and the areas are in constant exposure of noise up to 80 dB vertically as well as horizontally.

MP08-06 DISTRACTIONS IN THE OPERATING THEATRE. ARE WE TOO LOUD?

You have accessJournal of UrologyGeneral & Epidemiological Trends & Socioeconomics: Quality Improvement & Patient Safety II1 Apr 2016MP08-06 DISTRACTIONS IN THE OPERATING THEATRE. ARE WE TOO LOUD? Rafal Turo, Michal Smolski, Dev Gulur, Sanjay Das, Ninaad Awsare, and Bo Pettersson Rafal TuroRafal Turo More articles by this author , Michal SmolskiMichal Smolski More articles by this author , Dev GulurDev Gulur More articles by this author , Sanjay DasSanjay Das More articles by this author , Ninaad AwsareNinaad Awsare More articles by this author , and Bo PetterssonBo Pettersson More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.02.2251AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Operating theater (OT) personnel is subject to various distractions and interruptions that can be detrimental to their quality of work and task performance. This study aimed to quantify the frequency, nature of potentially destructing events and measure the noise levels present in the OT during urological procedures. METHODS Observational data were collected prospectively during urological procedures in a district general hospital by three independent observers. Noise exposure was recorded in OT by commonly available personal noise dosimeter application at preselected location. Data collection started when the patient entered OT from anesthetic room and ended when patient was transferred to the recovery. RESULTS A total of 86 elective cases (7 open, 79 endoscopic) were included between July and October 2015. Mean operative duration was 51 min. A total of 1960 distracting events occurred with a median of 20 (range:0-120) per procedure. Intra-operative interruptions were on average observed 27.3 times per hour, which corresponds to one distracting event every 2.2 min. Case irrelevant communication distracting surgeon (65.5%) as well as telephone-/ beeper-related disruptions (15.5%) occurred most often. The average distracting events were similar irrespectively of operating surgeons grade (consultant vs. trainee) or type of procedure performed (open vs. endoscopic) (p<0.001). All sound measurements at all times exceeded recommended standards. Median sound levels were 71 dB (range: 56-90.5) per procedure. CONCLUSIONS Distracting events frequently occur in the OT. Frequent distracting stimuli can create high-level noise environment with ambient sound levels above levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Further research is required to determine the direct effect of distraction on surgeons′ performance and patient safety. © 2016FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 195Issue 4SApril 2016Page: e87 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2016MetricsAuthor Information Rafal Turo More articles by this author Michal Smolski More articles by this author Dev Gulur More articles by this author Sanjay Das More articles by this author Ninaad Awsare More articles by this author Bo Pettersson More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

MP08-07 IMPROVED PAIN CONTROL WITH LOCAL ANESTHETIC AFTER PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROSTOLITHOTOMY: A RESIDENT DRIVEN QUALITY IMPROVEMENT STUDY

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Operating theater (OT) personnel is subject to various distractions and interruptions that can be detrimental to their quality of work and task performance. This study aimed to quantify the frequency, nature of potentially destructing events and measure the noise levels present in the OT during urological procedures. METHODS: Observational data were collected prospectively during urological procedures in a district general hospital by three independent observers. Noise exposure was recorded in OT by commonly available personal noise dosimeter application at preselected location. Data collection started when the patient entered OT from anesthetic room and ended when patient was transferred to the recovery. RESULTS: A total of 86 elective cases (7 open, 79 endoscopic) were included between July and October 2015. Mean operative duration was 51 min. A total of 1960 distracting events occurred with a median of 20 (range:0-120) per procedure. Intra-operative interruptions were on average observed 27.3 times per hour, which corresponds to one distracting event every 2.2 min. Case irrelevant communication distracting surgeon (65.5%) as well as telephone-/ beeper-related disruptions (15.5%) occurred most often. The average distracting events were similar irrespectively of operating surgeons grade (consultant vs. trainee) or type of procedure performed (open vs. endoscopic) (p<0.001). All sound measurements at all times exceeded recommended standards. Median sound levels were 71 dB (range: 56-90.5) per procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Distracting events frequently occur in the OT. Frequent distracting stimuli can create high-level noise environment with ambient sound levels above levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Further research is required to determine the direct effect of distraction on surgeons0 performance and patient safety.

Posterior Palatal Seal Area Established in Conventional and CAD/CAM Fabricated Complete Denture Techniques: Clinical Case Study

Statement of problem: Deformation of heat-polymerized PMMA denture bases during its fabrication may affect posterior palatal seal (PPS) of maxillary dentures due to unavoidable dimensional changes such as contraction on cooling and polymerization shrinkage. Overcoming of this shrinkage encountered in conventionally processed completed dentures may improve the fit of the denture base of CAD/CAM processed complete dentures. Clinical studies are lacking in comparing and relating the frictional denture retention due to good border seal for both CAD/CAM processed denture bases and conventionally processed denture bases. Purpose: In this comparative study, retention of maxillary complete denture is evaluated in terms of PPS for both conventional and CAD/CAM processing techniques. This clinical report describes the manufacturing of a removable CAD/CAM complete denture made of high density polymer to enhance the predictability of retention. Material and methods: Vertical dislodging forces were applied to both types of maxillary complete denture bases at a preselected middle location. A specially designed strain gauge force meter was used to dislodge the two different denture bases. Forces dislodging each denture base were recorded and the mean retentive force of the 2 techniques was compared (Wilcoxon Z test). Results: Retention of maxillary CAD/CAM denture base was increased as compared to that of conventionally processed one. A significant difference was noted in vertical pulling force for the CAD/CAM denture base as compared to conventional denture base. Conclusion: Using the CAD/CAM complete denture increased frictional retention and stability and improved its clinical performance due to good base adaptation and border seal. Patient may thereby benefit from this more retentive and more durable denture.

Invivo evaluation of safety and performance of a nitinol venous stent in an ovine iliac venous model.

Obstruction of the iliocaval venous outflow tract is a common cause of acute and chronic venous symptoms. Percutaneous stenting is now frequently performed to alleviate obstruction in the central venous system. However, currently used stents were primarily designed for biliary or arterial indications and may not be optimal for use in the venous system. This study evaluated the safety and performance of a novel venous stent (NVS) designed specifically for venous applications in an invivo venous animal model. The study evaluated vascular response and safety of the NVS compared with the Wallstent Stent (WS; Boston Scientific, Marlborough, Mass) at baseline, 56, and 180days in adult sheep. Four sheep received a single NVS in the iliac vein for acute evaluation, and eight underwent bilateral iliac vein stenting using a single NVS on one side and a single WS on the other for longer-term follow-up. Fluoroscopy and intravascular ultrasound imaging were performed at implantation to identify iliac vein diameters at baseline and again at 56 and 180days. Both iliac veins from all 56-day and 180-day animals (n= 16) underwent histologic examination. Three sections from each vessel were reviewed for intimal strut coverage, luminal thickening, thrombus, and evidence of venous injury. Student t-tests were used to compare mean iliac vein diameters for the WS and the NVS. Stent placement of the NVS and WS was successful to within 5mm of the preselected location in all animals. During follow-up, no clinical evidence of stent thrombosis or obstruction >50% occurred in any limb. Sections of the stented vein at 56 and 180days exhibited complete or nearly complete endothelial cell coverage, no or minimal luminal thrombus, and virtually complete neointimal coverage of every strut. The WS and NVS both caused an increase in iliac vein diameters immediately after stenting. At 180days, there was no difference in iliac vein diameter or the percentage change in diameter compared with diameters immediately after stenting as measured by venography and intravascular ultrasound. In an ovine iliac vein model, a new NVS studied to 180days was free of thrombotic complications and significant luminal stenosis. These data support clinical evaluation of this NVS in appropriately designed human clinical trials.

TAL effector nucleases induce mutations at a pre-selected location in the genome of primary barley transformants

Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) enable targeted mutagenesis in a variety of organisms. The primary advantage of TALENs over other sequence-specific nucleases, namely zinc finger nucleases and meganucleases, lies in their ease of assembly, reliability of function, and their broad targeting range. Here we report the assembly of several TALENs for a specific genomic locus in barley. The cleavage activity of individual TALENs was first tested in vivo using a yeast-based, single-strand annealing assay. The most efficient TALEN was then selected for barley transformation. Analysis of the resulting transformants showed that TALEN-induced double strand breaks led to the introduction of short deletions at the target site. Additional analysis revealed that each barley transformant contained a range of different mutations, indicating that mutations occurred independently in different cells.

Elucidation Of Structural States Of Dimeric Motor Domain Of Dynein Using Cys-light Construct

Cytoplasmic dynein is a motor protein that moves unidirectionally along a microtubule utilizing energy released by ATP hydrolysis. Introduction of probes such as fluorescent dyes that report structural changes and protein-protein interactions at particular locations will help to elucidate the molecular mechanism of force generation by dynein. For the site-directed labeling, we have replaced potentially reactive cys residues in the motor domain of Dictyostelium cytoplasmic dynein (the 380kDa fragment) with other amino acid residues without much affecting its motor activities. By using this cys-light dynein, we can insert a reactive cys residue in a specific, pre-selected location and selectively label the newly introduced cys residue with a fluorescent dye. To test the usefulness of this cys-light dynein, we introduced a reactive cys residue at the stalk head or at the stalk base of the dynein motor domain and then labeled it with Cy3 or Cy5. Introduction of the reactive cys residue and the subsequent Cy3/Cy5 labeling did not significantly affect microtubule-activated ATPase activity of cys-light dynein, suggesting the successful Cy3/Cy5 labeling of the stalk head or the stalk base. We then dimerized these Cy3 and Cy5 labeled cys-light dyneins by using a hetero-dimerizer to examine if the two stalks align closely in the dimeric dynein motor domain. The FRET measurements between the Cy3 and Cy5 labels showed that the two stalks actually stay closely in the dimer.

System Development of an Experimental Rocket for a Launch Campaign Organized by The Association of Planete Sciences, France

This paper presents the system development of an experimental rocket for a launch campaign organized by the Association of Planete Sciences in France (http://www.planete-sciences.org). A two-stage experimental rocket was developed by 'Space Club Gifu' and the principal author's laboratory at Gifu University. It incorporates GPS, acceleration and pressure sensors as well as two cameras, one omni-directional. The goals of our experiment are as follows:1. Constant video monitoring of motor combustion and activity during launch and flight.2. Acquisition of accelerometer, pressure and GPS data for comparison with simulated results.3. Developing a new mechanism for stage separation in order to build a future vehicle with two rocket motors.4. The launch and return of a quasi-satellite to a pre-selected location using GPS data.The rocket launched successfully at La Courtine, France in 1st August of 2007, but unfortunately, the first stage could not be recovered. It along with the video footage of the rocket motor burn was lost. However, the second stage and the quasi-satellite were safely found. This project provides excellent training for engineering students in the fundamentals of engineering design and manufacturing.

System and method for speech generation from brain activity

In a method of assisting a subject [110] to generate speech [132], at least one first neural impulse is sensed from a first preselected location [112] in the subject's brain. A first preselected sound is associated with the first neural impulse. The first preselected sound is generated in an audible format. In an apparatus for assisting the subject [110] to generate speech [132], at least one sensor senses a neural impulse [112] in the subject's brain and generates a signal representative thereof. An electronic speech generator [130] generates a phoneme in response to the generation of the signal [134]. An audio system generates audible sounds [132] corresponding to the phoneme based upon the signal received from the speech generator [130].

Satellite Constellations for Continuous and Early Warning Observation: A Correlation-Based Approach

Recently, telecommunication and navigation corporations have shown a growing interest in low and medium Earth orbit constellations due to several operational advantages, such as reduced power requirements and signal time delays with respect to geostationary platforms. An increased imaging resolution of Earth's surface is also associated with the use of low orbits rather than high altitude orbits. A large set of parameters is involved in defining constellation configurations, so usually some basic assumptions are taken. For instance, this occurs for Walker constellations, exhibiting a high degree of symmetry and suitability for coverage of large areas. Yet, for special purposes, such as continuous observation or early warning monitoring of a specific location, geometric hypotheses often seem inadequate or oversimplified. In this paper all satellites are placed in circular, repeating orbits with semimajor axis and inclination yielding maximum visibility of a preselected target location. Then, a correlation function is introduced as an effective tool to find all allowed time delays between two consecutive passes over the target. Some optimal constellation configurations (of 2, 4, 8 satellites) are deduced and discussed with reference to different kinds of local observation.

Inhomogeneous beams that may possess a prescribed polynomial second mode

The following problem is posed and solved in this study: Reconstruct the stiffness variation of an inhomogeneous Bernoulli–Euler beam, whose second shape expressed as a polynomial function possesses a node at any pre-selected location. It is shown that for polynomial mode shapes there are regions of allowable position of the node for three specific cases studied in detail: (1) a beam with constant mass density; (2) linear mass density and (3) parabolically varying mass density.

Investigation of DMO algorithms during test-line processing: some recommendations

The Dip Movement processor in seismic data processing, or partial migration before stack is an auxiliary data processing correction that attempts to improve the quality of a seismic stack in the presence of reflection point smearing and conflicting dips. Performed correctly, velocity analysis after DMO is supposedly independent of dips and thus would allow an easier decision in, and perhaps more correct velocity pick. DMO algorithms available sometime back in this region are essentially Fourier transform methods, usually with some logarithmic stretch formulation or Integral/Summation (Kirchhoff­ style) methods with provisions for spatial aliasing and dip constraints. Fourier transform methods are efficient and best applied to seismic data that are uniformly sampled in space. Kirchhoff-style methods are implemented instead with one input and one output trace at a time and are well suited for irregular survey geometries, missing shots, wide swaths, large variations in source-receiver distances and azimuths, large cable feathering angles, etc. We recommend during test-line evaluation to compare the velocity spectrum at a preselected CDP location without DMO from the same location with DMO. A velocity pick should be evident in the latter. We recommend next to subtract (a) the stacked section and (b) migrated section without DMO from the same with DMO. Assuming all non-DMO processing are identical, the difference sections should contain no horizontal reflections i.e. DMO should not in any way alter horizontal reflections. Diffraction hyperbolas will be better preserved with DMO in (a). Fault definitions are enhanced after migration with DMO in (b) because of this preservation. Lastly DMO should not be used solely for suppressing high velocity linear noise and lessening back scattered energy. Other filtering options are available.