Prepositions Research Articles

Adpositions and Category P

Adpositions and Category P

Understanding the experience of midlife women taking part in a work-life balance career coaching programme: An interpretative phenomenological analysis

Midlife women currently have the highest ever presence in the work place with many juggling work with demanding home lives. Women are reporting increased dissatisfaction with their work - life balance yet few studies exist exploring how practical interventions might help . This action - research involved five female participants , based in Lon don, on a career coaching programme designed to improve work - life balance. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis suggested the programme offered a safe place to support women in reconciling work and life roles with their individual values and needs. Thr ough increasing positivity and resilience the coaching enabled participants to define and shape a better work - life balance .

Commercial Banks’ Sectoral Credit Allocation and Growth of Nigeria Economy: An Impact Analysis (1994-2015)

This study set out to analyse the impact of commercial banks sectoral credit allocation on the growth index of Nigeria economy. Data for the study were obtained from secondary sources and analysed using econometric methods namely: ADF unit root test, Johansen Cointegration test; vector error correction model and Granger causality test. The ADF test result indicate that the variables are stationary at first difference. The Johansen cointegration result revealed that there are three cointegrating equations among the variables. The vector error correction result indicate that economic growth is a positive and significant function of credit to agriculture, manufacturing and general services. The result of Granger causality shows that credit to agriculture is bidirectionally related to economic growth while credit to manufacturing sector granger causes economic growth without a feedback effect. The study therefore recommended that government should provide the enabling environment for small, medium and large business to operate. This could be do ne thro ugh business friendly monetary and fiscal policies. Commercial bank should reduce the interest rates on lendings to facilitate operations in various sectors and increases growths.Key Words: Credit, sectoral allocation, economic growth; liquidity; liability management

THE EQUIVALENCE AND SHIFTS IN THE INDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS IN, ON, AND AT.

<p align="center"> </p><p align="center"><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong></p><p><em>The aim of this study was to find out how the English prepositions in, on, and at are translated into Indonesian, and to describe the techniques used in translating. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data source were taken from the novel The Runaway Jury and its rendering in Indonesian entitled JuriPilihan. Based on this research, the English prepositions in, on, and at can be translated into Indonesian in the form of preposition. The results showed that there are three main categories namely in, on and at. The results show that the prepositions in English is 40% of the 100 data. English preposition on is 35% of the 100 data. The smallest amount, the English preposition at is 25% of the 100 data. Based on these results, we can conclude that the English prepositions in, on, and at can be translated into Indonesian become </em><em>akan, dengan, di, ke, pada, tanpa, tentang, untuk, di, pada, selama, and mengenai.</em></p><p><em>Key words: Equivalence, Shifts, Translation, Preposition</em><em></em></p><p align="center"><strong>A</strong><strong>BSTRAK</strong><strong></strong></p><p> </p><p>Tujuandaripenelitianiniuntukmencaritahubagaimanapreposisibahasainggris<em>in, on,</em>dan<em>at</em>diterjemahkankebahasa Indonesia, danuntukmenjelaskanteknik yang digunakan dalammenerjemahkan. Metode yang digunakandalampenelitianiniadalahkualitatifdeskriptif. Sumber data diambildari novel “The Runaway Jury”dantelahditerjemahkandalambahasa Indonesia berjudul “JuriPilihan”. Berdasarkanhasildaripenelitianini, preposisibahasainggris<em>in, on,</em>dan<em>at </em>dapatditerjemakankebahasa Indonesia dalambentukpreposisi. Hasilmenunjukkanbahwaadatigakategoriutamayaitu<em>in, on</em>dan<em>at</em>. Hasil paling banyakdarianalisisinimenunjukkanbahwapreposisibahasainggris<em>in</em>adalah 40% dari 100 data. Kedua, preposisibahasainggris<em>on</em>adalah 35 % dari 100 data. Jumlahterkecil, preposisibahasainggris<em>at</em>adalah 25 % dari 100 data. Berdasarkanhasiltersebut, sehinggadapatdisimpulkanbahwapersamaandaripreposisibahasainggris<em>in, on</em>, dan<em>at</em>dapatditerjemahkankebahasa Indonesia menjadi<em>akan, dengan, di, ke, pada, tanpa, tentang, untuk, di, pada, selama, and mengenai.</em></p><p><strong>Kata </strong><strong>k</strong><strong>unci:</strong><strong> p</strong><strong>ersamaan, </strong><strong>p</strong><strong>ergeseran, </strong><strong>p</strong><strong>enerjemahan,</strong><strong>p</strong><strong>reposisi</strong></p>

GOVERNED THROUGH CHOICE: AUTONOMY, TECHNOLOGY AND THE POLITICS OF REPRODUCTION by Jennifer M. Denbow. New York and London: New York University Press, 2015. 240 pp. $28 paperback.

GOVERNED THROUGH CHOICE: AUTONOMY, TECHNOLOGY AND THE POLITICS OF REPRODUCTION by Jennifer M. Denbow. New York and London: New York University Press, 2015. 240 pp. $28 paperback.

Design and analysis of wideband eight-way SIW power splitter for mm-wave applications

High-performance, wideband three-stage power splitters based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) are presented. Broadband-tapered microstrip transitions are used for feeding the SIW structures, which provide 7.5 GHz bandwidth from 21.5 to 29 GHz with return loss below −20 dB. In addition, various T junctions are tuned, not only to provide broadband performance up to mm-wave frequencies but also offer low-phase and amplitude imbalance when cascaded in multistage 1 × 8 splitters. 1 × 4 and 1 × 2-T junctions are adjusted through parametric analysis to provide wide bandwidth of 3.5 GHz at 24.5 GHz and −15 dB reflection coefficient. The optimal microstrip transitions and T junctions are used to design a broadband, eight-way power splitter with 15 dB return loss from 23.0 to 26.4 GHz and phase and amplitude imbalance of ±2.5° and ±0.8° dB, respectively. Furthermore, optimum positions of all inductive posts in terms of guided wavelength are also provided for assisting the direct design of mm-wave, high-performance power splitters.

Linguistic Defamiliarization in The Text of Ahmad Tohari’s Novel Trilogy

This research is entitled Linguistic Defamiliarization in the text of Ahmad Tohari’s Trilogy. One of problems discussed is the form of linguistic defamiliarization in the text of Ahmad Tohari’s novels united in a trilogy. The purpose of this study is to describe the form of linguistic defamiliarization in the text. Theoretically, this research contributes (1) to adding a new insight about the writing Ahmad Tohari’s rhetorical style and (2) to the preparation or writing of the history of Indonesian literary theory. Meanwhile, among the practical benefits that can be obtained is the appreciation of interesting language and literature learning. This research is a qualitative descriptive study employing an analytical approach and hermeneutic technique. It was carried out in such a way because it was difficult to avoid using an eclectic method to analyze a novel. The use of integrated the methods was expected to get maximum results. The data in this study were linguistic data in the form of sentence fragments contained in the text of the novels in the trilogy, namely Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk, Lintang Kemukus Dini Hari, and Jentera Bianglala. The data were in the form of chunks of the characters’ speech and the author’s narration in the form of words, phrases, clauses, sentences and discourse that allegedly contained forms of defamiliarization. The data collection technique employed in this study was the documentary technique and first level of semiotic reading technique. The data collection technique used in this study can be described as follows, (1) reading the text of the trilogy employing the first level of semiotic reading technique, i.e. the heuristic reading. This reading technique was based on a linguistic convention; (2) keeping records of data coded according to the characteristics on the data cards; (3) classifying the data according to the types of problems, namely the forms defamiliarization at word, phrase, clause, sentence, and discourse levels. On the data analysis stage, a second level of reading technique was applied, that is the hermeneutic technique, to provide the overall meanings of the text. The results of this study show that the form of text defamiliarization in Ahmad Tohari’s trilogy are in all linguistic levels, i.e. word, phrase, clause, sentence and discourse ones. At the word level, the defamiliarization is in the form of connotative meaning utilization, exploiting the Javanese words, the use of foreign terms, the use of expletives, and the utilization of compositum. Meanwhile, at the phrase level it shows the use of endocentric attributive phrases, endocentric connective phrases, verbal phrases, noun phrases, and prepositional phrases. An the clause level it shows the use of verbal clauses, adjectival clauses, and nominal clauses. The sentences found in the text are in the form of simple sentences and compound/complex sentences with varied structural patterns, both compound and complex sentences.

TEACHER EDUCATION IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY: TRANSFORMING TEACHER EDUCATION THROUGH TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION IN LEARNING

This paper reviews literature on the role of technology integration in education and illustrates how integration of technology in learning could transform teacher education by equipping teacher trainees with the skills that enable them to transform learners into empowered and ethical citizens who effectively contribute to sustainable development. Technology integration in education is crucial because the youth today are growing in an environment where they are interacting with various forms of technology and their operations. Integrating technology in their learning is therefore likely to offer them motivation and curiosity to learn as the learning is in the context of their daily experience, thus meaningful. The review is done with a view to making recommendations on how teacher training institutions could support curriculum delivery with mobile technologies in order to set the pace for other learning institutions on the need to provide learners with holistic quality education that meets the needs of today’s dynamic global society. Integration is critical because technology is the major key driver of the 21 st century skills (including communication, critical thinking, collaboration, problem solving and innovation), which has revolutionized education, making it accessible anytime and at any place. This paper will focus on the benefits accrued by employing technology to shift teaching from the formal education knowledge production model to a more engaging and collaborative model that is competence based. It is hoped that this review will shed light on the need to reform teacher training curricula content and scope, objectives, teaching methods and resources to ensure that the programme produces teachers who are well equipped with skill that enable them to effectively develop learners with skills that enhance their contribution to the development agenda of the society. Article visualizations:

Are corpus-based predictions mirrored in the preferential choices and ratings of native speakers? Predicting the alternation between the Estonian adessive case and the adposition <i>peal</i> ‘on’

Recent work in usage-based linguistics stresses the importance of combining corpus-based analyses with experimental studies. A number of studies have compared the performance of a corpus-based statistical model against the behaviour of native speakers in a linguistic experiment. The present paper takes this line of analysis further by combining corpus-based work with two sources of experimental data. A mixedeffects logistic regression model is fitted to the corpus data of the Estonian adessive case and the adposition peal ‘on’ in present-day written Estonian. In order to evaluate the goodness of the corpus-based model, its performance is compared to the behaviour of native speakers in a forced choice task and a rating task.Kokkuvõte. Jane Klavan ja Ann Veismann: Kas keelekasutajate valikud ja hinnangud peegeldavad korpuspõhiseid tõenäosushinnanguid? Eesti keele adessiivi ja kaassõna peal kasutus tänapäeva kirjakeeles. Tänapäevases kasutuspõhises keeleteaduses rõhutatakse vajadust kombineerida korpusandmetele toetuvat analüüsi katseliste uuringutega. Mitmed uurimused on võrrelnud korpusel põhineva statistilise mudeli headust emakeelsete kõnelejate käitumisega keelelistes katsetes. Käesolev artikkel jätkab seda uurimisliini, pannes võrdlusesse korpusandmetega kaks keelelist katset. Artiklis hinnatakse korpuspõhise segamudeli headust, võrreldes seda eesti keelt emakeelena kõnelejate käitumisega sunnitud valiku katses ja hinnangukatses. Uuritavaks nähtuseks on eesti keele adessiivi ja kaassõna peal rööpne kasutus kohasuhete väljendamisel tänapäeva kirjakeeles.Võtmesõnad: konstruktsioonilised alternatsioonid; korpuslingvistika; sunnitud valiku katse; hinnangukatse; statistiline mudeldamine; eesti keel

INTERPOLICY DYNAMICS BETWEEN NONFORMAL EDUCATION POLICY AND LANGUAGE POLICY OF INTERNATIONALISATION THROUGH ILFS TEACHING IN INDONESIA

Republic of Indonesia’s Act Number 24 Year 2009 has mandated among other: (1) the obligation for overseas employees and workers to be proficient in Indonesian language, otherwise they need to be trained in Indonesian language classes; (2) the establishment of a language national agency which must be directly responsible to the minister; and (3) the increasing of Indonesian as the state language function to be an international language. Furthermore, the Government Regulation Number 57 Year 2014 emphasises the policy of Indonesian language internationalisation and it is stated that the policy is undertaken through Bahasa Indonesia bagi Penutur Asing (BIPA) or Indonesian Language for Foreign Speakers (ILFS) teaching program. Within the ILFS field itself, there are three major teaching providers which are: (1) universities, (2) agreement of cooperation schools, and (3) nonformal course and training institutions. This article is a policy analysis report which intends to expose the interpolicy dynamics existing in two education policies implementation; the internationalisation of Indonesian state language policy and the nonformal education policy. The research which is done qualitatively finds that there is an interpolicy synergy or a two-ways-support between the two policies in their implementation process. This is possible due to a good will for intersectoral cooperation and coordination among policy actors; two main governmental leading sectors of the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC), which are (1) the Directorate of Nonformal Courses and Trainings Nurturance (CTN) and (2) the Agency of Language Development and Nurturance (Language Agency), and some nongovernmental ILFS stakeholders, such as the ILFS professional association “APPBIPA”, and the nonformal course and training providers (CTP) themselves. The combination of these organisations has become a unique education policy network in Indonesia. Article visualizations:

Category of taxis in linguistics (on the basis of German statements with prepositional deverbatives)

Category of taxis in linguistics (on the basis of German statements with prepositional deverbatives)

Prepositions expressing source in Norwegian

Prepositions expressing source in Norwegian

AN ANALYSIS OF PREPOSITION ERRORS: The Case of in, on, and at

ANALISIS ERROR DALAM PENGGUNAAN PREPOSISI:Kasus pada Preposisi in, on, dan atAbstractThe use of correct preposition can influence the quality of information in spoken language. However, errors often occur in the use of prepositions, especially, in, on, and at. This research was done to identify the preposition errors made by students when speaking English. The data were obtained from the interview transcription which was used as the source of data from the research done in 2005 by the writer herself about grammatical and diction errors made by the first-year students of SMAN 2 Padang when speaking English. The finding showed that errors in the use of preposition in and at occurred more often than errors in the use of preposition on. The errors are included into two kinds of errors, namely misformation errors (substitution of “in” for “at”, “in” for “on”, “in” for “from”, “at” for “to” and “at” for “in”) and addition errors (addition of “in” and “at”). The finding also proved that the occurrence of errors in the use of prepositions in spoken English language is influenced by the speakers’ first or second language.Key words: preposition errors; preposition in, on, and at; error analysis; spoken language Abstrak Penggunaan preposisi yang tepat dapat mempengaruhi kualitas informasi yang diberikan dalam bahasa lisan. Namun, error sering muncul dalam penggunaan preposisi tersebut, khususnya untuk preposisi in, on, dan at. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi apa saja error yang dibuat oleh siswa dalam berbahasa Inggris. Data diperoleh dari transkripsi wawancara yang merupakan sumber data dari penelitian yang dilakukan oleh penulis sendiri pada tahun 2005 mengenai error dalam penggunaan preposisi dan diksi oleh siswa kelas satu SMAN 2 Padang ketika berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris. Temuan memperlihatkan bahwa error dalam penggunaan preposisi in dan at lebih sering muncul daripada error dalam penggunaan preposisi on. Error tersebut dikategorikan ke dalam dua jenis error yaitu misformation dan addition. Hasil penelitian juga membuktikan bahwa munculnya error dalam penggunaan preposisi ketika berbahasa Inggris dipengaruhi oleh bahasa ibu atau bahasa kedua siswa.Kata kunci: error dalam penggunaan preposisi; preposisi in, on, dan at; analisis error; bahasa lisan

ANALISIS PEMETAAN EFEKTIVITAS IKLAN PRODUK PADA MEDIA ONLINE BANNER ADS DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL EPIC (Studi Kasus: Iklan Produk Advan di Portal Media Online)

The shift of advertising strategey changed the budget of promotion in any enterprises (product and/or services). Consumer behavior has come to the digital trens (internet) which caused the marketers think harder regards to delivering its own product an/or services to consumers. Printed media, broadcast media and the technology too the online media has been proven by these enterprises. The differences of promotion strategy in media can be seen at the creatitvity of information delivered by online banner ads. This study tends to find the effectivity of Advan ads at detik.com using the EPIC Model. All of the factors show a good position of ads by looking at maps.

Sensitivity and Specificity of the Comfort Scale to Assess Pain in Ventilated Critically Ill Adult Patients in Intensive Care Unit

Background: Pain is a common phenomenon experienced by ventilated and critically ill adult patients. It is urgent to measure the pain among these patients since they are unable to report their pain verbally. Comfort Scale is one of the instruments used to measure pain in adult patients. The scale is used to measure pain among children patients with fairly high sensitivity and specificity.Purpose: This study aimed to examine the sensitivity and specificity of the Comfort Scale to measure pain in the ventilated critically ill adult patients in the ICU.Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design with 66 ventilated adult patients in the ICUs of two hospitals in Semarang. The pain assessment was administered to the patients in 2 duplo periods by two observers comparing with the Comfort Scale and Critical Care Pain Observational Tool (CPOT) as a gold standard instrument during the pre and post positioning procedures. The data were analyzed using the receiver operating curve (ROC).Result: The results showed that in the pre-positioning procedure, the Comfort Scale had the sensitivity value of 69% and the specificity value of 81%. Meanwhile, in the post-positioning procedure, the values were decreasing (the sensitivity of 45%, the specificity of 67%). This indicated that the sensitivity value of the comfort scale decreased and could be interpreted that the ability of the instrument to detect pain remained low. Meanwhile, the decrease of the specificity value of the instrument between the pre and post administration was not far different, so it could be interpreted that the instrument can correctly identify the patient without pain.Conclusion: The Comfort Scale had a lower value of sensitivity and specificity in the post-positioning than that in the pre-positioning procedure. It is recommended that further studies should focus on the relationship between sedation and pain by using instruments of pain studies for adult patients (CPOT). Additionally, the hospital policy makers, that is Pain Task Force is expected to give education and training through workshops and seminars about the nurse skills in pain management on critical areas as part of the multidisciplinary team.

How liquid are banks: Some evidence from the United Kingdom

This article uses quantitative balance sheet liquidity analysis, based upon modified versions of the BCBS and Moody’s models, to provide indicators which would alarm the UK banks’ short- and long-term liquidity positions, respectively. These information will also underpin other research related liquidity risk to banks’ lending and performance. Our framework accurately reflect UK banks’ liquidity positions under both normal and stress scenarios based on the consistent accounting information under International Financial Reporting Standards. It has significant contribution on Basel III liquidity ratios calculation. The study also presents fundamental financial information to facilitate analysis of banks’ business models and funding strategies. Using data for the period 2005–2010, we provide evidence that there have been variable liquidity strains across the UK banks in our sample. The estimated results show that Barclays Bank was the only bank to maintain a healthy short-term liquidity position throughout the sample period; while HSBC remained liquid in the short term, in both normal and stress conditions, except in 2008 and 2010. RBS, meanwhile, maintained healthy long-term liquidity positions from 2008 after receiving government injections of capital. And Santander UK was also able to post healthy long-term liquidity positions, except in 2009. However, the other four banks, the Bank of Scotland, Lloyds TSB, NatWest and Standard Chartered, proved illiquid, on both a short-term and long-term basis, throughout the 6-year period, with NatWest being by far the worst performer.

Syntactic Ambiguity of Arabic Prepositional Phrase Attachment in Saudi Newspaper Headlines

In this article, an attempt is made to analyze syntactic ambiguity in a specific register, i.e. newspaper headlines. As a form of media text, newspaper has a significant role in society as it presents various local, national and international events and information. In order to attract readers' attention, journalists may tend to form headlines to be ambiguous and confusing so that readers become curious to read the whole report. This article addresses the issue of syntactic ambiguity caused by prepositional phrase (PP) attachment in newspaper headlines by analyzing examples of such headlines. After investigating the ambiguity of the headlines, an attention was directed to PP attachment preferences by examining the type of headlines (VP-NP-PP and NP1-NP2-PP structure). The main results were that NP attachment was generally preferred over VP attachment and NP1 attachment was notably favored over NP2 attachment.

"У МЕНЯ НЕ ЖИЗНЬ, А БИОГРАФИЯ"

"У МЕНЯ НЕ ЖИЗНЬ, А БИОГРАФИЯ"

Spatial phenomenology and cognitive linguistics: the case of bodily and perceptual spaces

A recurrent assumption in linguistic theory is the semantically basic nature of spatial senses, particularly the kind of spatial relations expressed by grammatical function words like adpositions. It has been argued that such linguistic forms express meanings closely related to perceptual experience, but they also extend to non-spatial meanings through processes of abstraction. In this way, space can be seen as a mediating link between cognition and language. In this paper, we explore this privileged status of space by examining two different proposals for the basic character of space in language and experience, both emanating from various strands in cognitive linguistics: perceptual space and bodily space. We compare how these spaces have been spelled out with similar proposals from phenomenological philosophy. In phenomenology, perceptual and bodily space have been of focal interest due to their constitutive role for human experience. From this comparison, we argue that there are clear connections between pre-linguistic capacities like visual perception and language, but in order to be viable proposals these connections need to be aware of the differences between meaning in language and in perception. Furthermore, while sympathetic to the view that space is experientially foundational, we stress that space is at the same time conceptually polysemous and open to cultural-specific meaning ascriptions. We show that parsing out the variations of space and analyzing the constitutive links between them is required for differentiating the various notions of space that have been proposed as basic, but nevertheless collocated under a general and vague concept of space. Following in the veins of the spatial turn, we show that the heterogeneity of space can be thought as invoking a plural conception of space. Moreover, we argue that the idea of heterogeneity of space can be accommodated introducing the concept of n-spaces.

The Acquisition of French (L3) Wh-question by Persian (L1) Learners of English (L2) as a Foreign Language: Optimality Theory

<p>Recent decade has been prominent in investigating third language acquisition (L3). This study presents an Optimality theoretic account of French wh-question by learners whose first and second language are Persian and English respectively. Additionally, it investigates transfer at the initial stage based on the three dominant transfer hypotheses namely, L1 transfer hypothesis, L2 status factor, Cumulative Enhancement Model (CEM) in the domain of L3 acquisition. First, in French and Persian wh- question structure, the wh-word move to pre subject position (Spec-CP & Spec-FOCP) but the interrogative verb do not raise to C. This is the indicator of L1 Factor hypothesis. Second, in French and English the wh-word follows by an interrogative verb in French or by subject-auxiliary inversion in English so in these languages the wh-word occupies the Spec-CP and the verb occupies the C position. This is an evidence for L2 status factor. Third, in English and Persian the wh-word remains in original position for echo questions, this feature triggers this parallel structure in French; this confirms Cumulative Enhancement Model hypothesis. Two groups of Persian native speakers with different English proficiency levels (the lower-intermediate & advanced) that were at the initial stage of acquiring L3 French were asked to complete two test namely, grammar judgment task and translation test. The results showed that the main source of transfer was L1 transfer hypothesis and partially CEM. Regarding OT, although the advanced learners transferred their L2 knowledge in the L3 acquisition in GJT, there was not any significant difference between L1 transfer and L2 transfer context. Therefore, the following constraint hierarchies were obtained for TT and GJT respectively, Q-Scope>> Lex-V>Stay>>Q-Mark and Stay>>Lex-V>>Q-Mark>>Q-Scope. In fact, these ranking, particularly the former one, advocated the L1 transfer hypothesis.</p>