Verb Phrase Research Articles

Study on Orientation Metaphors of Up in Shakespeare’s Plays from a Cognitive Perspective

The large number of ups in Shakespeare's plays has not only conventional usage but also metaphorical usage, especially orientation metaphors. From the aspect of syntactic structure, V+up phrasal verbs combined with verbs are usually metaphorical usages. The types of these verbs include noun-transformed verbs, transitive verbs, and special usages. Based on the metaphorical usage of up, this paper explores the underlying cognitive mechanism behind it, and finds that verbs affect the mapping direction of up, which makes it highlight different metaphorical meanings, and energy transfer between verb phrases. Studying the cognitive mechanism of V+up orientation metaphor helps to further understand the emotions and thoughts of the characters in Shakespeare's plays.

Lexis and Grammar Specifics of the English Language in Africa

This research work deals with the lexical and grammatical features of the English language variant widely used in Africa. The importance of the use of British English is also taken into account, as well as its transformational processes due to the interaction and mutual influence of local dialects on its structure. Examples of neologisms and modified lexical units are given, based on the influence of local culture and the lack of an equivalent in the recipient language. The article pays attention to the grammatical aspects of language in the functioning of phrasal, modal and prepositional verbs, and also reveals the peculiarities of articles and pronouns use due to the influence of autochthonous languages. The aim of the research work is to identify the specifics of the linguistic and cultural adaptation of the English language in Africa and systematize the lexical and grammatical aspects of the English language as the territorial variant type. The choice of working methods is determined by the goals and objectives of the study. In the research work the method of metalinguistic analysis, methods of contextual and definitional analysis, methods of systematization and classification of linguistic material are used. As a result of the work the high productivity of the realities functioning in autochthonous languages in the lexical structure of the English variant in African countries and the lexical borrowings of terms from autochthonous languages are revealed. This trend is also emphasized in the borrowing of entire lexical phrases from the thesaurus of native languages. With regard to the grammatical part, a significant deviation from British English is emphasized. The research work results in such grammatical changes as: the use of auxiliary verbs together with semantic ones; the functioning of a simplified form of modern forms of the verb; the productive use of uncountable nouns in speech in the form of a countable nouns; significant deviations from British English in the process of using articles, personal and possessive pronouns.

Метафоризация детерминативных глагольных композитов с параметрическими компонентами “hoch” и “nieder” в немецком языке

This paper deals with a study of the metaphorical meanings represented by complex verbal phrases with a definitional component of a parametric adjective. The research aims to reveal the associative and imaginative properties of parametric adjectives, on the basis of which metaphorical transfers are formed. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that spatial properties of German adjectives “hoch” and “nieder” are considered for the first time through the prism of figurative perception of space. This inspires us to broaden our knowledge not only about the nominal aspects of these phrases but also how the size attributes of material objects are being restructured in the mindset of a human and how certain abstract phenomena and notions are cognized in a parametric plan. The study detected that the parametric adjectives in the analyzed composite verbs vary largely with the degree of their semantic metaphorization. The core of the imagery of these units contains the re-conceptualization (re-thinking) of spatial relations, which leads to the appearance of new properties and attributes of imagination used to nominate non-spatial sense categories.

PREPOSITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE SENTENCE

This article describes “A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and one or more prepositions plus possible other words in addition. The article presents theoretical ideas in this regard and proves them with examples.

TYPES OF PHRASAL VERBS IN “YOUNG SHELDON” SEASON 02 EPISODE 01

Phrasal verbs are the combination of a verb with one or two particles (prepositions or adverbs). Phrasal verbs have four types based on Workman’s theory (1995). Therefore, this present research is aimed at finding the types of phrasal verbs in a series entitled “Young Sheldon”, season 02, episode 01. Qualitative research is applied in order to analyze the data. The result showed that there are ten (10) phrasal verbs. Three (3) phrasal verbs that belong to type 1, five (5) phrasal verb that belong to type 2, and two (2) phrasal verbs that belong to type 4.

Semantic classification of neologisms-conversions

Amorphological-syntactic method of word production known as conversion involves the emergence of new words without altering the fundamental structure ofthe starting word. In addition to being included into anew paradigm, anew word created by conversion also gains anew lexical meaning and grammatical structure, as well as adifferent syntactic function and compatibility. Additionally, there is atypcof homophony that occurs between the primary forms of the derived word and the derived (original) term. This occurs when language units develop that are similar inappearance, sound, and spelling but differ in their typical meaning and belong to separate regions of speech. Though the kind of the consistent sickness is significant,it should be remembered that they can occasionally be confusing and converting. For example, drawdown (n), delay (n), close (n), start (n), suction (n), transfer (n), pass (n). Sometimes the components of verb phrases and talks are connected at the same time. With the conversion ofthe transition connected with the transition fromthe lexico-grammatical class of the verb to the lexico-grammatical class of the current one, the noun gets an integral form as aconsequence of compounding.”. [ 1 ] However, according to studies, the converted units only make about 3% of all neologisms

Adverbian Phrase Structure in Karo Language

In this research, adverbial phrases in the Karo language will be discussed. This research aims to find out, analyze and describe phrases in the Karo language. Data collection techniques were carried out using reading techniques and recording techniques or listening notes and analyzed using formal and informal qualitative descriptive analysis techniques. This research examines the structure of adverbial phrases in the Karo language, using qualitative research. Data were analyzed using distributional studies, there were 4 stages, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion of research findings and verification. The research results show that (1) there are three types of phrases found in the Karo language, namely: verb phrases (FV), adjective phrases (F Adj.) and adverb phrases (F. Ad).

Semantic Model for Fragment of Hindi (Part 2)

This paper proposes a formal model for semantic analysis of a fragment of the Hindi language. This paper uses referential noun phrases, transitive and intransitive verb phrases and logical constants to compute the meaning of its sentences generated from the Hindi part-of-speech-tagged corpus features. The paper presents cases of conjunction and negation enriched with idempotent laws that provide semantic computation of simple and complex well-formed formulas. Our system works for any model, with one such model described in our glossary. It deals with the set-theoretic study of essential syntactic categories of Hindi, suggesting the suitability of our rule-based syntactic arrangement and model-based semantic computation by implementing them through an in-house software tool.

Evaluation of the Translation of Separable Phrasal Verbs Generated by ChatGPT

Translation is one of the fields that have benefited from the significant growth that Natural Language Processing has witnessed. ChatGPT is one of the prominent products of such development promoted for its capability of producing human-like translation, among many other things. The main aim of this article is to explore the ability of ChatGPT to translate separable phrasal verbs, which can pose a real challenge to translators as one or more words separate their parts. Therefore, the significance of this paper stems from the pressing necessity to evaluate the utilization of such a tool to address such specific translation issues as it attempts to answer the question of to what extent ChatGPT can translate separable phrasal verbs clearly and accurately. This research paper has followed the qualitative method to analyze the accuracy and clarity of the translation of the separable phrasal verbs generated by ChatGPT. The findings revealed that ChatGPT can translate such phrases clearly, yet human intervention is needed to ensure an accurate delivery.

Англоязычный лингвокультурный сценарий “Marketing”: структурно-семантические особенности языковых единиц

The aim of the study is to identify the structural and semantic features of the linguistic units that are the means of linguistic representation of the English-language linguocultural scenario “Marketing”. The paper sheds light on the notion of a “linguocultural scenario”, describes the frame structure of the scenario by highlighting the supporting concepts and sub-concepts. The scientific novelty of the study consists in considering the English-language linguocultural scenario “Marketing”, which has not previously become the object of research, as a cognitive scheme of a speech situation using an integrated cognitive and cultural approach to linguistic material. As a result of the study, the predominance of structurally separable nominal linguistic units was determined, they are represented by non-prepositional constructions, two-component phrases with a deverbal substantive as a core element, means of compressive word formation and two-word verb phrases. Affixal agentive nouns, compound nouns denoting types of goods and basic terms of the marketing sphere, emotionally charged adjectives used in describing the qualities of goods and services, verbs of the business sphere and “highly specialized verbs” of the marketing domain predominate among structurally inseparable linguistic units.

Speaking “Mouth to Mouth” (Num 12:8)

Abstract The phrase פה אל פה אדבר בו in Num 12:8a is generally taken to mean to speak with Moses “face to face.” However, commentators have noted that this understanding presents grammatical difficulties. In this study I propose a new understanding of the idiom and argue that it refers to oral transmission, from one speaking agent to the next in a linear chain. This idiomatic use of the phrase “mouth to mouth” is found in ancient Egyptian texts and widely across many cultures. This understanding of the idiom פה אל פה is animated further by a re-examination of four pieces of textual data: a) the meaning of the phrase בכל ביתי נאמן הוא in Num 12:7, and specifically an interpretation widespread in rabbinic commentary, but absent from modern exegesis; b) the meanings and diffusion of the prepositional verb דבר ב; c) the morphologies of various פה-פה expressions found in 2 Kings, Jeremiah, and Ezra; d) the structural and thematic similarities of Num 11 and Num 12.

Pragmatic focusing techniques of negative Russia image in American media discourse

The article presents a brief study of the means focusing the negative image of Russia in the modern American media discourse, namely, newspaper publications in 2012–2017. We consider speech strategies, tactics of influencing public consciousness, as well as language tools that actualize these ways of presenting information. The purpose of the article is to analyze the most representative ways of pragmatic focusing on the global threat posed by the Russian state, according to the authors of the publications reviewed. To achieve it, we identify the most popular tactics of speech influence and the ways of their actualization at the lexical, syntactic and compositional levels. We have established that the most recurrent ways of implementing the author’s intention, aimed at creating a hostile image of Russia, are as follows: the imposition of certain propositions, demonization of the country’s image, absence of the referent, concealment of causal connections, creation of semantic redundancy and synergy effect, and use of invective labels. Actualization of these tactics is carried out through the author’s appeal to the following verbal means: desemanticized affectives, negatively colored vocabulary, idioms, phrasal verbs, metaphorization, repetition at the lexical level; complex syntactic constructions, impersonal constructions, passive voice, inversion and antithesis at the syntactic level and, finally, reduction of the stylistic register of the text to a conversational level in order to ensure the understanding of the transmitted meanings in the context of the author’s intention.

A diachronic consequence of intransitivity: structural underspecification and processing biases in Old French

Abstract The present study examines the diachronic consequence of a class of words that are superficially intransitive but that often have more than one possible underlying representation. We consider the hypothesis that structural underspecification and structure-based economy constraints on processing may drive a well-studied syntactic change in medieval French: the loss of directional/aspectual verb particles. A corpus-based approach demonstrates that, despite the prominence of Old French verb particles in the expression of motion events, they frequently occur in underspecified contexts for which a prepositional parse involving an implicit object is favored. The net result is very sparse unambiguous evidence for the conservative Old French grammar that underlies the particles.

Multi-Word Verbs vs. One-Word Verb Construction: Between Avoidance and Preference in EFL Learning Contexts

Although English allows for both one-word and multi-word verbs, past research has shown that EFL students commonly struggle with, and even avoid, multi-word verbs. This study aims at examining the influence of utilizing contextualized authentic materials via reading activities on EFL intermediate learners' attitudes towards avoiding and preferring using MWV (multi-word verbs, also known as phrasal verbs (PV)) or one-word verbs. The study used both experimental and descriptive methods, and data was collected via pre- and post-tests. MWVs are introduced through reading activities to two learning groups: group A represents the experimental group, and group B acts as the control group. MWVs were introduced to the participants of group A via contextualized authentic materials (texts, pictures, and cartoons) and to group B through non-authentic contextualized reading texts. The analyzed data has shown that the attitudes of group A’s participants improve towards using some MWVs' types on many occasions rather than utilizing their counterparts of one-word verbs. For example, they prefer using transparent and semi-transparent prepositional PVs as well as transparent adverbial PVs. On the other hand, the findings have shown that the participants avoid using non-transparent PVs regardless of their constructions (prepositional PVs, adverbial PVs, or phrasal prepositional verbs). In addition, they avoid using adverbial PVs of the semi-transparent PV’s types. Hence, contextualized authentic material via reading activities is a more effective strategy for enhancing EFL learners' attitudes towards preferring using MWVs rather than their counterparts of one-word verbs, specifically the transparent prepositional and adverbial of PV’s types.

Uralist Aleksei Burõkin – ühe polühistori panus soome-ugri ja samojeedi rahvaste folkloori, etnoloogia ja keelte uurimisse

The article gives an overview of the contribution of Alexey Burykin (1954–2021), doctor of philology and history, to the study of the languages, folklore and ethnology of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyed peoples. Burykin, whose total number of publications exceeds 1,300, has researched the Uralic peoples in a comparative way, in the context of other peoples; above all, the indigenous peoples of Siberia. His field of interests has included the mention of the Uralic peoples in sources, old written texts, folkloristics and ethnology of the Uralic peoples (Ob-Ugric, Samoyed and Sami folklore, Siberian shamanism), etymology of common and proper names, kinship vocabulary and the problems of the Khanty phrasal verb.

Percentage of using formulaic language in media discourseA comparison between the visual media and the written press

the language we use daily; A product of society, but each of us embodies it in his way. Therefore, the speaker produces the language, but there is another aspect of the language, which is ready-made linguistic pieces, used directly by the individual owned by the linguistic group. Formulaic language is a general term for ready-made phrases in the language that have previously been produced and stored in human memory. This language usually has a fixed grammatical formula and a special meaning according to the situation and context in which it is presented. The use of this language leads to the coordination of sentences in the process of writing and communication, as well as adopting the eloquence of the sender and can influence the recipient more and convince him of his ideas, as well as help in logical intentions, automatic translation, and smart answers. This research, titled "Percentage of using formulaic language in media discourse: A comparison between the visual media and the written press", sheds light on the intensity of the formal language in the visual media and the written press. In the beginning, the formulaic language was explained, and then its use in the Kurdish media was explained. The importance of research in linking the media discourse with formal language, the purpose of which is to know the percentage of using this language on the one hand, and on the other hand, to know the percentage of its use between the two types. To conduct the research, (18) interviews and articles were taken from the visual media and the written press. After that, six components of the grammatical language were extracted, which are (linguistic accompaniment, coins (expressions), metaphor, proverbs, phrasal verbs, and lexical expressions) according to (Wadi), and the use of each one of them was indicated in a table.

Corpus Study of the Adverb of Degree ‘Feichang’ in Chinese and English Parallel Corpus

The use of a parallel corpus for Chinese and English adverbs is still rarely explored, especially when comparing the Chinese adverb feichang with its English equivalents. ‘Feichang’ literally means "very", but English has various other words to convey the same words. The aim of this study is to compare the grammatical structure and semantic meaning of the Chinese adverb ‘feichang’ with its English equivalents using Chinese-English parallel corpus. To obtain the data, we used 50 sentences that contain the word ‘feichang’ in Chinese and English from the PKU parallel corpus. All sentences are related to the computer field. These sentences were then analyzed using AntConc, a concordance tool, to examine the grammatical structure and semantic aspects of the phrases. The findings showed that in Chinese, the adverb ‘feichang’ occurs in adjective and verb phrases. Meanwhile, in the English corpus, these phrases are rendered differently in five types of phrases: adjective, noun, verb, prepositional, and adverbial. Moreover, the word ‘feichang’ itself is rendered in a different lexicon, even though the meaning is the same. The results implied that one language can offer more varieties in expressing similar ideas, and parallel corpus can be a good source for analyzing these differences.

The Translational Force of Words: The Journey of “Come” and “Go” into Arabic

This study delves into the translational challenges Arabic translators face in preserving the dynamism and multifaceted meanings of ‘come’ and ‘go’ phrasal verbs during translation using machine tools. Though existing literature has focused on linguistic and cultural equivalence, the ‘translational force’ of specific words is still under-researched. The aim of this study is to verify the accuracy of the output across tools, and to conclude how effective these applications were in the given language pair. The study adopts a mixed methods approach with a survey used to identify the most frequently used machine tools for translation by 27 learners of Translation Studies at Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia. Thereafter, a set of frequently used phrasal verbs in English that use the root verbs ‘come’ and ‘go’ were translated by a convenience sample of 27 final year students of translation as well as by using the popular and free translation tools in the English-Arabic language pair. Results indicated that Saudi students enrolled in translation studies used MateCAT, Google Translate, Reverso to a limited extent, but relied more on online dictionaries for translation to and from English. In addition to this, translation of English phrasal verbs was found to be most accurate in MateCat and there too, accuracy in back translation was found to be more accurate in the case of the phrasal verbs formed with ‘come’ at the root than with ‘go’ verb. Finally, it was found that the translation students preferred ‘soft tools’ like English movies for learning, recall, and use of English phrasal verbs in practice. This study is expected to provide a deeper understanding of the concept of "translational force" and its implications for translating dynamic words in the English-Arabic language pair in the realm of machine-based translation tools.

СПОСОБЫ РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИИ НЕВЕРБАЛЬНЫХ КОМПОНЕНТОВ ОБЩЕНИЯ В ПОВЕСТИ А. П. ЧЕХОВА «СТЕПЬ»

The dialogical fragment of text is a part of prose fiction, where responses (characters’ speech) and remarks (author’s speech) represent the communication between characters. The characters’ dialogue may include the description of nonverbal components that make fictional dialogue closer to the natural one due to the constant presence of nonverbal components in the oral communication. In this article the ways of including the nonverbal components of characters' communication have been analyzed. The remarks accompanying the characters’ words may be placed in the different parts of dialogue according to the characters’ responds. The nonverbal components are more often included in the interpositive and postpositive remarks and are located after the verb with the meaning of the speaking process which is obligatory for the structure of the remark. The verbs, gerunds, verb and noun phrases represent the nonverbal components in the text. The remarks that accompany the characters’ speech of the dialogical fragments of text represent the characters’ emotional state and feelings (laughter, crying, wonder, joy, dryness, contempt). In the work the description of the nonverbal components that accompany the characters’ speech may be correlated with the author’s description of the character out of the communication. It contributes to the creation of the holistic artistic images. Key words: dialogical fragment of text, response, remark, nonverbal components, images of characters

English-to-Hindi Mapping of Compositional Verb-Particle Constructions

The present study investigates the semantic correspondence in the Hindi translation equivalents of compositional English verb-particle constructions (EVPCs) with the particle up. The compositional constructions include the directional and aspectual functions of particles. The study concentrates on the semantic representation of literal spatial directional and aspectual completive functions of the particle up in Hindi, a major Indian language. The researchers selected some frequent EVPCs, took examples from the British National Corpus and manually translated them into Hindi with the help of relevant dictionaries and corpus resources, including native speaker intuitions. Further, the obtained Hindi translational equivalents were analyzed for morphosyntactic structure and semantic correspondence. The study found that the compositional EVPCs are mapped in Hindi by simple(v) and complex verb constructions(verb/noun/adjective/adverb-verb). The spatial directional sense of the particle up is either lexicalized in the simple Hindi verb or polar verb (v1) of the Hindi compound verb(v1-v2), whereas in Hindi conjunct verb constructions, this directional sense is explicitly realized as a verbal modifier (generally adverb). The vector verb (v2) of the Hindi compound verb appears to map the aspectual-completive sense of the respective particle.