Preparation Of Reference Research Articles

АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНЫЕ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЯ В НАИМЕНОВАНИЯХ ЛИЦ ПО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ РУССКОЯЗЫЧНОГО ИНТЕРНЕТ-ПРОСТРАНСТВА

This article is devoted to the peculiarities of the names of persons by their professional activity expressed by English borrowings or having in their composition a supporting component of the English origin, in the Russian-speaking Internet space. The work considers the structural and wordformation features and thematic classification of the names of a person by the professional activity in the Russian-speaking Internet space; presents the results of the analysis of the peculiarities of assimilation, linguistic adaptation and the word-formation process of English borrowings, denoting the names of persons by their professional activities in the Russian-speaking Internet space. The scientific novelty of the work is presented in the complex development of the peculiarities of the names of persons by their professional activities in the Russian-speaking Internet space. As a result of the study, 188 names of persons by the professional activity have been identified, which are expressed by English-language borrowings or have a supporting component of the English origin in their composition, 3 thematic classifications of names of persons by the professional activity in the Russian-language Internet space have been identified. To analyze the material under study the following methods have been used in the work: contextual method, in order to establish the features of actualization of the units in the type of text under study; a method of linguopragmatic analysis, which allows us to identify the dependence of the use of various means of expression in the Russian language fund on elements of material and behavioral culture and a descriptive method for identifying the characteristic features of English borrowings in mass media discourse. The relevance of this study is due to the active process of penetration and functioning of English-language vocabulary in the modern Russian language, as well as the high importance of digital and Internet technologies, social networks, the transition of many areas of business from offline to online mode and the need to create new names for person’s professional activity. This work allowed us to come to the conclusion about the productivity of the Russian word-formation models confirming the ability of the Russian language to adapt foreign words and adding new connotations to them. It is proved that by accepting and adapting foreign vocabulary in its lexico-grammatical system, the modern Russian language adapts to such rapid changes in the world very quickly and flexibly. The results of the study can be used in the preparation of reference and study materials.

The preparation of CuO film under different annealing atmospheres and investigation of the excellent electrical and undoped tunable electroluminescence characteristics of Au/i-CuO/n-GaN LED

Copper oxide (CuO) film is widely used in optoelectronic devices. The CuO films were fabricated by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering and then annealed at 700 °C under different atmospheres (unannealed, O2, N2, vacuum). The physical characteristics of the films were analyzed systematically. In addition, we prepared Au/i-CuO/n-GaN metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structure devices using optimized conditions. The devices had excellent rectifying characteristics at different ambient temperatures and the turn-on voltage was about 1.7 V. The working mechanism of the diode was analyzed through electroluminescence (EL) spectra and band structure. The EL spectra observed at positive and negative bias were compounded by holes and electrons on the gold electrode passing through the insulating layer into the n-GaN side. The EL spectra exhibited that a dominant ultraviolet (UV) emission peak at ∼376 nm was observed under forward bias (FB), and a strong near-white light emission peak at ∼530 nm was observed under reverse bias (RB). The device exhibited unique electroluminescent spectra tunability varying with bias conditions. The chrominance coordinate of the device under RB was (0.3067,0.3604), and the color temperature was 6585 K. This study proved the application potential of i-CuO as an insulating layer in the preparation of new reference for MIS structured GaN-based tunable light-emitting diodes.

Секретные архивы в провинции в 1940-е – 1960-е гг. на примере Государственного архива Свердловской области

This article discusses the problem of information culture in the Soviet society on the example of development of classified documents storage in state archives from late 1930s to mid-1960s. After sociopolitical transformations of 1917–20, archival documents became a political (informational) resource due to “mobilization” atmosphere in society and government circles. It was the political police authorities who were most interested in unrestricted access to the documents of the Unified State Archive Fond (GAF). The system of secret archives evolved in 1924 as a form of monopolization of information sphere. The activity of regional secret archives was aimed at preservation, registration, and use of restricted access documents. Materials containing data on personal composition and activities of pre-revolutionary and some Soviet state institutions were classified. Using the activities of the secret fonds department of the State Archive of the Sverdlovsk Region (GASO) as example, the author analyzes the entire spectrum of work of regional secret archives: organization, material and technical support, areas of work, and staffing. An important aspect of the secret archives’ activities were “operational and Chekist activities”: preparation of reference and information documents for the regional bodies of the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) and, later, the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD). Operative and security work of massive proportions began in 1938, when all state archives became part of the NKVD, reaching its peak during the Great Patriotic War (1941–45). During the same period, an attempt was made to request more complex information documents from regional archival bodies. In the post-war period, work with secret documents continued until 1956, when the process of declassification of the GAF documents was officially initiated. Secret fonds departments of state archives continued to inform the special services until their abolition in 1965. The secret storage in the Sverdlovsk Region existed until 1988, when the last secret fonds were declassified. The author concludes that longevity of this specific form of work with such a small part of retrospective documentation was dictated by the peculiarities of the Soviet society development. This research is based on materials from the State Archives of Sverdlovsk Region.

Novel [18F]-labeled thiol for the labeling of Dha- or maleimide-containing biomolecules

BackgroundProsthetic approach for the radiolabeling of biologics with fluorine-18 is a robust strategy and has been employed for many years. It requires fast, biocompatible and selective reactions suited to these fragile molecules. Michael addition of a nucleophilic thiol moiety on α,β-unsaturated carbonyl entities is an interesting compromise between simplicity of preparation of the prosthetic reagent and control of the selectivity of the addition. The α,β-unsaturated carbonyl entity of the biologic can easily be generated by addition of a maleimide function using adequate heterobifunctional linkers or generated by selective modification of a cysteine residue leading to a dehydroalanine moiety. We report here the design, synthesis and radiosynthesis of a new fluoropyridine-based thiol [18F]FPySH and its conjugation via Michael addition on model dehydroalanine- or maleimide-containing biologics.ResultsThe preparation of cold reference and labeling precursor of [18F]FPySH was achieved and its radiosynthesis was fully automated, enabling production of the thiol prosthetic group with a 7 ± 2.1% radiochemical yield after two steps. The conjugation of [18F]FPySH to two model Dha-containing molecules was then carried out in reducing conditions, yielding the corresponding adducts in 30–45 min reaction time. Furthermore, [18F]FPySH was employed to radiolabel the maleimide-modified c(RGDfK) peptide, affording the radiofluorinated analogue in 15 min.ConclusionWe have developed an original [18F]-labeled thiol for site-selective conjugation and radiolabeling of Dha or maleimide-containing biomolecules of interest. Labeling of three model compounds was successfully carried out and gave the expected radiofluorinated adducts in less than 45 min, thus compatible with fluorine-18 half-life.

Evaluation of multiple laboratory performance and variability in analysis of recreational freshwaters by a rapid Escherichia coli qPCR method (Draft Method C)

There is interest in the application of rapid quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods for recreational freshwater quality monitoring of the fecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli). In this study we determined the performance of 21 laboratories in meeting proposed, standardized data quality acceptance (QA) criteria and the variability of target gene copy estimates from these laboratories in analyses of 18 shared surface water samples by a draft qPCR method developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for E. coli. The participating laboratories ranged from academic and government laboratories with more extensive qPCR experience to “new” water quality and public health laboratories with relatively little previous experience in most cases. Failures to meet QA criteria for the method were observed in 24% of the total 376 test sample analyses. Of these failures, 39% came from two of the “new” laboratories. Likely factors contributing to QA failures included deviations in recommended procedures for the storage and preparation of reference and control materials. A master standard curve calibration model was also found to give lower overall variability in log10 target gene copy estimates than the delta-delta Ct (ΔΔCt) calibration model used in previous EPA qPCR methods. However, differences between the mean estimates from the two models were not significant and variability between laboratories was the greatest contributor to overall method variability in either case. Study findings demonstrate the technical feasibility of multiple laboratories implementing this or other qPCR water quality monitoring methods with similar data quality acceptance criteria but suggest that additional practice and/or assistance may be valuable, even for some more generally experienced qPCR laboratories. Special attention should be placed on providing and following explicit guidance on the preparation, storage and handling of reference and control materials.

Preparation of ferulic acid, senkyunolide I and senkyunolide H from Ligusticum chuanxiong by preparative HPLC

Preparative HPLC was used to prepare ferulic acid, senkyunolide I and senkyunolide H from Ligusticum chuanxiong. The separation was conducted on a Shim-Pack Prep-ODS (20.0 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) column with the mobile phase of methanol-0.2% glacial acetic acid (50:50)at the flow rate of 5 mL x min(-1). The detection wavelength was 278 nm, and the purity of each compound was detected by HPLC analysis. Spectral data analyses including UV, ESI-MS and NMR were used to identify their structures. This method is simple, fast, which is suitable for preparation of standard reference of ferulic acid, senkyunolide I and senkyunolide H from L. chuanxiong and can meet the requirement of new drug research and development.

Genetic algorithms as a useful tool for trabecular and cortical bone segmentation

The aim of this study was to find a semi-automatic method of bone segmentation on the basis of computed tomography (CT) scan series in order to recreate corresponding 3D objects. So, it was crucial for the segmentation to be smooth between adjacent scans. The concept of graphics pipeline computing was used, i.e. simple graphics filters such as threshold or gradient were processed in a manner that the output of one filter became the input of the second one resulting in so called pipeline. The input of the entire stream was the CT scan and the output corresponded to the binary mask showing where a given tissue is located in the input image. In this approach the main task consists in finding the suitable sequence, types and parameters of graphics filters building the pipeline. Because of the high number of desired parameters (in our case 96), it was decided to use a slightly modified genetic algorithm. To determine fitness value, the mask obtained from the parameters found through genetic algorithms (GA) was compared with those manually prepared. The numerical value corresponding to such a comparison has been defined by Dice's coefficient. Preparation of reference masks for a few scans among the several hundreds of them was the only action done manually by a human expert. Using this method, very good results both for trabecular and cortical bones were obtained. It has to be emphasized that as no real border exists between these two bone types, the manually prepared reference masks were quite conventional and therefore charged with errors. As GA is a non-deterministic method, the present work also contains a statistical analysis of the relations existing between various GA parameters and fitness function. Finally the best sets of the GA parameters are proposed.

Radiosynthesis of [123I]N‐(3‐iodoprop‐(2E)‐enyl)‐2α‐(imino‐methyl)‐3β‐(3′,4′‐dichlorophenyl) nortropane as a potential SPET tracer for dopamine transporter

AbstractThe radiosynthesis of a novel tropane derivative [123I]KUC‐25019, [[123I];N‐(3‐iodoprop‐(2E)‐enyl)‐2α‐(imino‐methyl)‐3β‐(3′,4′‐dichlorophenyl)nortropane], a potential inhibitor of the dopamine transporter is reported. The synthetic routes include the preparation of standard reference, the stannyl precursor and the 123I‐labeling synthesis. The no‐carrier‐added 123I‐labeling has about 20% yield, the specific activity of [123I]KUC‐25019 is > 107 GBq/µmol and the radiochemical purity of [123I] KUC‐25019 is >95%. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Thermotolerant fungi erroneously reported in applied research work as possessing thermophilic attributes

In applied research work dealing with heat-tolerant fungi, currently classified into two groups: namely thermotolerants and thermophiles, information on levels of thermotolerance is generally scant. Cited binomials are often referred to as representatives of thermophilic taxa. The present contribution attempts to specify proper heat-tolerance levels of species cited in biotechnological papers of academic and applied research types published in the last four decades. This assessment integrates relevant available information concerning well defined thermotolerant taxa. Distinction between both groups of heat-tolerant fungi is a mean to optimize investigations of temperature-dependent physiological processes. The nomenclatural status of the binomials retrieved was also re-appraised following the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Articles of the code govern the legal validity of fungal names. The goal is to deter `ghost names' that have no status of any kind. Their use in the literature is not only a source of confusion but also hinders the preparation of sound reviews and reference documents. The intention was also to detect names which do not fulfill all criteria for a valid legal publication. Their status could then be validated if the taxonomic position of the fungus justifies this procedure. The taxonomic status of these thermotolerants was also re-examined following present-day knowledge of their respective genera. Integration of warranted taxonomic decisions in the literature of applied research is crucial. These decisions consider the status of a fungus as a valid species (proposed synonymies) or the nature of its generic affinities (name change). Strict application of these decisions severly reduces levels of heterogeneity regarding names used for the same organism. It also clarifies its generic affinities with other thermotolerant fungi. The present note is not an exhaustive assessment on the nomenclatural and taxonomic positions of known thermotolerant fungi, an ecological group for which a global document remains to be produced. It only deals with those taxa most commonly cited in the literature examined. Over 130 fungi are here considered. The group manifests a diversity of taxonomic characters since it includes members of the following systematic groupings: Oomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, anamorphic fungi and Holobasidiomycetes. Few new taxonomic synonyms and invalid binomials are introduced in the present contribution. The former concern the following taxa: Gilmaniella thermophila, Mucor thermoaerospora, Sporotrichum lignicola and Zalerion thermophylii. Three binomials proved to have no taxonomic status of any sort: Acremonium cellulophilum, Nodulisporium microsporum and N. thermoroseum.

Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control: The Implementation of Directive 96/61/EEC

Key elements of the Directive - Obligations imposed on industrial operators - Permits requirements and the "best available techniques" (BAT) criterion - Establishing European emission limit values - The exchange of information between the Commission and the Member States and the preparation of reference documents (BREFs) - The role of the lPPC Bureau - The implementation of the IPPC Directive by November 30, 1999, with a transitional period until October 30, 2007.

In-house reference (IHR) preparation of Candida albicans allergen extract. A standardized extraction procedure.

A standardized, controlled procedure for preparation of an in-house reference (IHR) preparation of an allergen extract of Candida albicans is described. The procedure, based on previous studies of allergens of C. albicans, is designed to yield a maximum of allergens in optimum extraction conditions and to provide a reference preparation for further extract production. The SDS-PAGE, IgE-immunoblotting, and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) analyses showed that the procedure is reproducible with acceptable batch-to-batch variation. The variation in the content of the most important allergens, namely, proteins with molecular weights of 46, 29, and 27 kDa in the pooled final batches, is acceptable (coeff. of variation < 15%), although in the intermediate batches of different strains, the coefficient of variation may occasionally exceed 20%. A comparison with other C. albicans allergen preparations used in our previous studies is also presented. The resulting extract can be used as a reference in further extract production and also in experimental in vitro and in vivo studies.

Preparation of an Intra-laboratory Reference Material—Determination of the Aluminum Content of a Pooled 5% Albumin (Human) Solution by ETAAS, MFS and ICP-AES

Abstract.Human albumin solutions as well as other biological products intended for human use may contain aluminum as a result of intentional addition due to manufacturing protocol or through inadvertent contamination occuring during the manufacturing process. Because of the implication of aluminum in human disease, it is desirable that aluminum levels in these products be monitored. To satisfy the need for a reference material that is representative of albumin products that are intended for therapeutic use, a pooled 5% human albumin solution was prepared in bulk to serve as a reference for aluminum during analytical procedures. Aliquots of the albumin pool were analyzed for their aluminum content by three independent analytical methods, namely, electrothermal atomic absorption, molecular fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Measured values for aluminum in the albumin solution showed good agreement between the different analytical methods. The concentration of aluminum was determined to be 0·512 μg Al/ml by the atomic absorption method, 0·502 μg Al/ml by molecular fluorescence, and 0?498 μg Al/ml by the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission method. The overall average concentration was calculated to be 0·507 μg/ml ± 0?009 μg Al/ml. The preparation of the albumin reference and its subsequent aluminum analysis is described.

Determination of additive content in aviation and turbine oils

We employed Silufol plates produced by Kavalier (Czechoslovakia), a layer of silica gel (starch as binder) applied to aluminum foil for TLC. The method was worked out with model mixtures of turbine and synthetic aviation oil bases and additives. The antioxidant content undergoes the greatest change in these oils during aging, and we therefore focused on its determination. The fact that antioxidants are reactive compounds is of considerable importance. It allows use of such readily available reagents as iodine vapor for development of the spots they form. The present study was conducted to select conditions for quantitation of antioxidants: N-phenyl-~-naphthylamine (PAN), 4,4-dioctyldiphe nylamine (DAT), and 2,6-di-tert-buty l-4methylphenol (ionol) in synthetic oils based on isoparaffin hydrocarbons (IPM), dioctyl sebacinate (DOS), and pentaerythritol esters with synthetic fatty acids (PEE). We also selected conditions for determination of ionol in turbine oils (regardless of the aromatic hydrocarbon content of the base oil) and of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (Captax) in PEE. Determination of additive content includes five basic technical operations: preparation of reference and working solutions, application of specimens to plates, elution of plates bearing specimens, development of separated additivespots, determination of additive spot areas, and calcuation of concentrations. The concentration calculations are based on the so-called w S method [5], which runs as follows: a reference specimen with known additive concentration c I and a double-concentration reference specimen (with an additive concentration c 2 = 2c l) are applied to a plate together with the test specimen (having additive concentration c). A number of conditions must be observed in order to obtain reliable results: linearity of the dependence of V~(where S is the area of the developed spot for the additive under investigation) on log c, fulfillment of the relation c I ~ c ~ c 2, and exact specimen metering during application to the plate. Satisfaction of these requirements was achieved in the following manner. Exact weighed portions of the test oil and oil with a known concentration of the additive to be determined (0.1 g) wwere dissolved in 1 ml of isooctane shortly before the determinations were made. The resultant solutions were applied to Silufol plates in spot form, using a single capillary tube (30-40 mm long and having an inside diameter of 0.2-0.5 mm) and washing it between applications. The volume of solution applied was determined from the total internal volume of the capillary tube. Three starting points were applied to each plate: one for the test specimen, one for the reference specimen, and one for twice the amount of reference specimen (two capillary loads at the same point). The plate bearing the start points was placed in a beaker containing the appropriate solvent (or solvent mixture) and eluted over a travel distance of I0 cm the requisite number of times. The plates were dried and the spots were developed with iodine vapor; in order to fix the colors, the developed plates were flooded with water and dried in air. The additive spot areas were determined with a millimeter reticle on a polycarbonate base; each spot was evaluated no less than three times and the average area calculated.

Use of Microelectrodes in the Study of Stress Corrosion in Aged Al–7·2 wt-% Mg and Al–4·4 wt-% Cu Alloys

The preparation of reference Ag/AgCl microelectrodes and their application to the measurement of localised corrosion potentials is described. Such measurements have been made in the grain boundary regions of aged Al–7·2 wt-% Mg and Al–4·4 wt-% Cu alloys. The results have been correlated with bulk corrosion measurements on the various constituents of the microstructures and related to the initiation of stress corrosion cracks in these alloys.

Recommendations and Requirements for Haemoglobino-Metry in Human Blood: Preparation and Use of a Haemoglobin Reference Standard

Recommendations and Requirements for Haemoglobino-Metry in Human Blood: Preparation and Use of a Haemoglobin Reference Standard