Polysaccharide Preparations Research Articles

Preparation, characterization and antioxidant activity of cobalt polysaccharides from Qingzhuan Dark Tea

The paradoxical effects of cobalt in biological processes have caused controversy regarding the application of cobalt-based biomaterials. Cobalt has recently been shown to be a trace element that promotes bone growth. Qingzhuan Dark Tea polysaccharides (TPS) has been shown to be a biomaterial with antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. In order to develop a novel immunomodulatory biomaterial, we synthesized polysaccharide cobalt complex (TPS-Co) to prevent the paradoxical effects of cobalt while maintaining its beneficial effects, and evaluated its morphology, structure, and antioxidant activity. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated that cobalt complexed successfully with TPS. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic mechanical microscopy demonstrated that TPS-Co has a more homogeneous and concentrated morphological distribution compared to TPS. Thermal performance analysis demonstrated that TPS-Co has higher thermal stability. Atomic absorption spectroscopy showed a cobalt content of 3.8%. Ultraviolet spectroscopy indicated that TPS-Co does not contain nucleic acids and proteins. Antioxidant activity assays showed that TPS-Co has better antioxidant activity than TPS in the concentration range of 0.4–2 mg/mL. Proliferation assay of MC3T3-E1 cells demonstrated that TPS-Co has the best cell proliferation effect at a cobalt concentration of 2 ppm. Therefore, TPS-Co may have potential applications in bone regeneration.

Preparation, Structural Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives from Pueraria lobata.

Pueraria lobata polysaccharides (PLPs) were obtained by hot water extraction using Pueraria lobata as raw material. Structural analysis revealed that PLPs may have a repetitive backbone units of →4) -α-D-Glcp (1→4-α-D-Glcp (1→. Phosphorylated Pueraria lobata polysaccharides (P-PLPs), carboxymethylated Pueraria lobata polysaccharides (CM-PLPs) and acetylated Pueraria lobata polysaccharides (Ac-PLPs) were obtained by chemical modifications of PLPs, respectively. The physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of these four Pueraria lobata polysaccharides were studied in comparison. In particular, the clearance rate of P-PLPs exceeded 80 %, and was expected to achieve the same effect as Vc . The results showed that the effects of different chemical modifications on the antioxidant activity of PLPs varied greatly.

Study on the preparation and biological activities of low molecular weight squid ink polysaccharide from Sepiella maindroni

Sepiella maindroni ink polysaccharide (SIP) from the ink of cuttlefish Sepiella maindroni and its sulfated derivative (SIP-SII) have been demonstrated to possess diverse biological activities. But little is known about low molecular weight squid ink polysaccharides (LMWSIPs). In this study, LMWSIPs were prepared by acidolysis, and the fragments with molecular weight (Mw) distribution in the ranges of 7 kDa to 9 kDa, 5 kDa to 7 kDa and 3 kDa to 5 kDa were grouped and named as LMWSIP-1, LMWSIP-2 and LMWSIP-3, respectively. The structural features of LMWSIPs were elucidated, and their anti-tumor, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities were also studied. The results showed that with the exception of LMWSIP-3, the main structures of LMWSIP-1 and LMWSIP-2 did not change compared with SIP. Though there were no significant differences in the antioxidant capacity between LMWSIPs and SIP, the anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activities of SIP were enhanced to a certain extent after degradation. It is particularly noteworthy that the activities of LMWSIP-2 in anti-proliferation, promoting apoptosis and inhibiting migration of tumor cells as well as promoting the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes were significantly higher than those of SIP and the other degradation products, which is promising in the anti-tumor pharmaceutical field.

Preparation and application of sulfated lily polysaccharide bridged polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane hybrid organosilicas as stationary phase

Periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMO) hydrophilic microspheres were synthesized by co-condensation of sulfated polysaccharide from Lilum lancifolium Thunb. bridged silane (SLLTPBS) and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) as stationary phase (PMO(SLLTP-POSS)) for per aqueous liquid chromatography (PALC), which would overcome the disadvantages of using a large amount of acetonitrile on the hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) columns. Average particle size of PMO (SLLTP-POSS) microspheres was 4.9 μm, which was suitable for stationary phase. The retention mechanism of the stationary phase in PALC was mainly hydrophobic interactions and also included some ion-exchange interactions and electrostatic interactions. The acid-base resistance was greatly improved compared to the C18 column. The PMO(SLLTP-POSS) column under PALC mode had increased the resolution when separating some hydrophilic compounds such as eight organic acids and eleven sweeteners compared with the C18 column and HILIC column. The new column was more efficient than the HILIC columns. Additionally, a PALC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry approach for the simultaneous identification of the eleven sweeteners was developed. The averagere coveries of the eleven compounds were 70.20%–91.33% with the relative standard deviation (RSD) range of 1.74% to 4.27%. The results showed good precision and accuracy of the method.

Preparation and structural characterization of acid-extracted polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa and antitumor activity on S180 tumor-bearing mice

In this study, an acid-extracted polysaccharide (GFP-A) was extracted from the fruiting bodies of G. frondosa with 1 % hydrochloric acid solution. Our study aimed to imitate the processes of digestion, absorption and antitumor activities of polysaccharides from G. frondosa under the acid environment of stomach in the body. The preliminary structural analysis resulted that GFP-A (about 1.10 × 106 Da) was a neutral polysaccharide composed of xylose, mannose, glucose (molar ratio: 0.12:1.00:6.98) with α-type glycosidic linkages. Additionally, antitumor activities on S180 tumor-bearing mice showed that GFP-A could effectively inhibit the growth of S180 tumor cells by protecting immune organs (thymus and spleen), activating immune cells (NK cells, lymphocytes and macrophages), upregulating the secretion of serum cytokines (TNF-α, IL-2 and IFN-γ) in vivo. H & E staining and cell cycle determination further demonstrated that GFP-A could induce S180 tumor cells apoptosis via arresting them in G1 phase. These results demonstrated that GFP-A could provide a theoretical basis for treatment of cancer.

Preparation and properties of purple sweet potato polysaccharide

Preparation and properties of purple sweet potato polysaccharide

Preparation, Characterization, and Anti-Adhesive Activity of Sulfate Polysaccharide from Caulerpa lentillifera against Helicobacter pylori.

In the gastric mucosa, chronic inflammation due to Helicobacter pylori infection promotes gastrocarcinogenesis. Polysaccharides of Caulerpa lentillifera are well-characterized by broad antimicrobial activity and anti-inflammatory potentials. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether the low molecular sulfate polysaccharides of C. lentillifera (CLCP) exhibit any anti-adhesive activity against H. pylori. After a hot water extraction and purification process, two purified polysaccharide fractions (CLCP-1 and CLCP2) were studied based on structural characterization and bioactivity determination. The results implied that except for the molar ratio, CLCP-1 and CLCP-2 contain high sulfate, mannose, galactose, xylose, glucose levels, and low protein levels. The molecular weight and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) assays confirmed that CLCP-1 and CLCP-2 are sulfate polysaccharides with an average molecular weight (Mw) of 963.15 and 648.42 kDa, respectively. In addition, CLCP-1 and CLCP-2 exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against H. pylori. CLCP-1 and CLCP-2 could significantly promote macrophage proliferation and decrease the production of nitric oxide (NO) through downregulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Meanwhile, CLCP-1 and CLCP-2 in this study showed efficiently protected gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells against H. pylori with the inhibition of the IL-8/NF-κB axis. These findings suggested the effect of Caulerpa lentillifera polysaccharides on H. pylori adhesion, a potential supply of nutrients for eradication therapy through the reduction of cell count and inflammation.

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent-Assisted Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from Paecilomyces hepiali.

Polysaccharides, which can be affected by different preparations, play a crucial role in the biological function of Paecilomyces hepiali (PHPS) as a health food. To explore high-valued polysaccharides and reduce the negative influence of human involvement, a green tailorable deep eutectic solvent (DES) was applied to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides (PHPS-D), followed by the evaluation of the structural properties and immunomodulation by comparison with the hot-water method (PHPS-W). The results indicated that the best system for PHPS-D was a type of carboxylic acid-based DES consisting of choline chloride and succinic acid in the molar ratio of 1:3, with a 30% water content. The optimal condition was as follows: liquid-solid ratio of 50 mL/g, extraction temperature of 85 °C, and extraction time of 1.7 h. The actual PHPS-D yield was 12.78 ± 0.17%, which was obviously higher than that of PHPS-W. The structural characteristics suggested that PHPS-D contained more uronic acid (22.34 ± 1.38%) and glucose (40.3 ± 0.5%), with a higher molecular weight (3.26 × 105 g/mol) and longer radius of gyration (78.2 ± 3.6 nm), as well as extended chain conformation, compared with PHPS-W, and these results were confirmed by AFM and SEM. Immunomodulatory assays suggested that PHPS-D showed better performance than PHPS-W regarding pinocytic activity and the secretion of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β) by activating the corresponding mRNA expression in RAW264.7 cells. This study showed that carboxylic acid-based DES could be a promising tailorable green system for acidic polysaccharide preparation and the valorization of P. hepiali in functional foods.

Structural properties and hypoglycaemic activity of polysaccharides extracted from the fruits of Lycium barbarum L. using various extraction media

The physical and chemical changes that occur during the preparation of polysaccharides are accompanied by changes in structure and biological activity. Different extraction media can affect the bioactivity of polysaccharides by altering their structural properties, including 1D composition, 2D conformation, and 3D morphology. In this study, polysaccharides from the fruits of Lycium barbarum L. were comparatively extracted using water (LBPs-W), 0.1 M HCl (LBPs-Ac), 0.1 M NaOH (LBPs-Al), 0.1% enzyme (LBPs-E), and 6% ionic liquid (LBPs-ILs) aqueous solution, respectively. The physicochemical properties and structures of the five LBPs were compared, and significant differences existed in their chemical components, monosaccharide composition, molecular weight distribution, glycosidic bond ratio, molecular conformation, and morphology. Of note, LBPs-ILs had the highest α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory activities, which may be related to the different monosaccharide compositions, high branching degrees, rich porous structure, and triple helix structure. These results indicated that different media induce differences in structure and function in the process of polysaccharide extraction and dissolution. In addition, ILs are a promising and practical medium to extract hypoglycaemic LBPs from the fruits of Lycium barbarum L. and may be used to extract polysaccharides from other plant resources. ● LBPs extracted from different extraction media showed different structural properties and physiological activity. ● LBPs-ILs had highest α-glucosidase, α-amylase and aldose reductase inhibitory activity. ● ILs was a most suitable media for the extraction of hypoglycemic LBPs from Lycium barbarum L.

Preparation, chemical structure and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of sulfated polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa

• Sulfated Grifola frondosa polysaccharide was prepared and characterized. • Sulfation and degradation could exist concurrently during the sulfation reaction. • S-GFP is a noncompetitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase. • S-GFP could significantly quench the endogenous fluorescence of α-glucosidase. Sufalted modification of Grifola frondosa polysaccharide (GFP) was performed using the chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine (CSA-Pyr) method. The chemical structure and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of sulfated Grifola frondosa polysaccharide (S-GFP) were investigated. FT-IR and NMR spectra both revealed C-6 as the main substituted position owing to steric hindrance. Molecular weight ( Mw ) analysis indicated that sulfation and degradation could exist concurrently during the sulfation reaction given that the Mw of S-GFP was different from that of natural GFP. Inhibition test of α-glucosidase activity implied that S-GFP is a noncompetitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase. S-GFP effectively inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase with an IC 50 value of 3.353 µg mL −1 . The results of inhibitory mechanism indicated that S-GFP quenched the endogenous fluorescence of α-glucosidase and changed the backbone structure of the protein. Circular dichroism (CD) analysis showed that treatment with S-GFP changed the conformation of α-glucosidase, increased the content of the α-helix structure, and destroyed the hydrogen bond system of the enzyme. This experiment aims to elucidate the potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of sulfated polysaccharides and to provide new insights into the targets of their bioactivities.

Preparation and Characterization of Polysaccharides from Turpiniae Folium and Its Antioxidative, Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Antiproliferative Effect on VSMCs.

Turpiniae Folium, the dried leaves of Turpinia arguta Seem., is a kind of historic traditional Chinese medicine. Here, based on our previous study, we extracted the Turpiniae Folium polysaccharides (TFP) and isolated three polysaccharide fractions from TFP. Then, TFP and one of the major polysaccharide fractions (TFP-1a) were identified through HPLC, HPGPC, and ATR-FTIR. Furthermore, the evaluations of their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory activities and inhibitory effect on angiotensin II-induced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSCMs) proliferation in vitro were conducted. Both TFP and TFP-1a showed strong hydroxyl radical scavenging, DPPH radical scavenging, and Fe2+ chelating activities, and exerted strong anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, TFP and TFP-1a also possessed a strong inhibitory effect on Ang II-induced VSCMs proliferation. On these premises, we inferred that TFP and TFP-1a could be potential and promising natural antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and implicated to treat cardiovascular disease.

Quality Evaluation of Ophiopogon japonicus from Two Authentic Geographical Origins in China Based on Physicochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Their Polysaccharides.

Ophiopogon japonicus is widely used as a tonic herb in China. According to the origins, MaiDong of Chinese materia medica can be classified as Zhe MaiDong (Ophiopogon japonicus in Zhejiang), Chuan MaiDong (Ophiopogon japonicus in Sichuan), Duanting Shan MaiDong (Liriope muscari), and Hubei MaiDong (Liriope spicata). In terms of quality control, polysaccharides-based evaluations have not yet been conducted. In this study, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was used for the preparation of polysaccharides from 29 batches of MaiDong. HPSEC-MALLS-RID and HPAEC-PAD were employed to investigate their molecular parameters and compositional monosaccharides, respectively. The ability to scavenge ABTS radicals and immune promotion abilities, in terms of nitric oxide releasing and phagocytosis on RAW 264.7 macrophages, were also compared. The results showed that polysaccharides in different MaiDong varied in molecular parameters. All polysaccharides mainly contained fructose and glucose with small amounts of arabinose, mannose, galactose, and xylose. For polysaccharides of Zhe MaiDong and Chuan MaiDong, the molar ratio of Fru to Glc was roughly 15:1 and 14:1, respectively. Zhe MaiDong exhibited better antioxidant and immune promotion activity, and so did that of fibrous roots. The pharmacological activity, however, did not account for the variation in growth years. Finally, indicators for quality control based on multivariate statistical analysis included: yield, antioxidant activity, the content of fructose, and RI signal. It was concluded that MaiDong’s fibrous roots had similar components to the root, and their quality was not significantly affected by growth age. This may provide some guidance for the cultivation and use of MaiDong.

Fucoidans of Brown Algae: Comparison of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum.

Preparations of sulfated polysaccharides obtained from brown algae are known as fucoidans. These biopolymers have attracted considerable attention due to many biological activities which may find practical applications. Two Atlantic representatives of Phaeophyceae, namely, Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum, belonging to the same order Fucales, are popular sources of commercial fucoidans, which often regarded as very similar in chemical composition and biological actions. Nevertheless, these two fucoidan preparations are polysaccharide mixtures which differ considerably in amount and chemical nature of components, and hence, this circumstance should be taken into account in the investigation of their biological properties and structure–activity relationships. In spite of these differences, fractions with carefully characterized structures prepared from both fucoidans may have valuable applications in drug development.

Preparation, structure-function relationship and application of Grifola umbellate polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are the main active components of Grifola umbellate , most of which are β-glucans with (1→3)-β-glucose main chain and (1→6)-β-glucose side chain structures. Grifola umbellate polysaccharides (GUPs) have antioxidant, immune regulation, anti-tumor, and other effects. But so far, for different types of GUPs, the relationship between their structures and functions has not explicitly been classified and summarized. Herein, the extraction, isolation and purification, structures, derivatization, biological activities and applications of GUPs were reviewed. It provided a reference for the research and development of GUPs in the future. • Preparation of GUPs was summed up. • The structure-function relationship of GUPs was discussed. • The application of GUPs was summarized and elaborated.

Correlation of conformational changes and immunomodulatory activity of lentinan under different subcritical water temperature

In order to reveal the intrinsic nature of the reduction or disappearance of biological activity in the processing and preparation of polysaccharides, and realize the effective control of highly active polysaccharides, the correlation between conformation and immunomodulatory activity of lentinan under different subcritical water temperatures was investigated. The results showed that, compared with the lentinan extracted by hot water (HW-L), with the increase of temperature (100–160 °C), the molecular weight of lentinans decreased (5.041 × 105–1.754 × 106 g/mol) and the rigidity of the chain weakened. The chains gradually loosened and a rigid-flexible transition occurred. At 160 °C, the conformation of lentinan completely changed from triple helix to random coil. In-vitro cell experiments showed that, lentinan at 120 °C could more efficiently promote the proliferation and phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells, and significantly promote the secretion of NO, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, exhibiting stronger immunomodulatory activity. But the activity of lentinan decreased sharply at 150–160 °C. These results suggest a significant correlation between polysaccharide chain conformation and immunomodulatory activity under different subcritical water temperature conditions. By adjusting the temperature of subcritical water, the chain conformation of polysaccharides can be controlled, resulting in more efficient extraction of highly active polysaccharides.

Effects of high-pressure homogenization extraction on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of large-leaf yellow tea polysaccharide conjugates

This paper, discussed the high-pressure homogenization (HPH) method for the preparation of large-leaf yellow tea polysaccharide conjugates (LYTP), and the effects of LYTP on physicochemical properties as well as antioxidant activity were investigated. The results show that HPH extraction time was less than 0.5 h, and extraction rate reached 15.4%, which was nearly 1.8 times faster than that of hot water extraction (HWE). Component analysis showed that the total polysaccharide content of LYTP was higher, while the contents of polyphenols and free protein were lower than those of HWE. It is noteworthy that the 9.1% free protein content at 40 MPa was lower than that of the Sevag method (11.2%), indicating that HPH can eliminate the cumbersome protein removal process and is more environmentally. The small-molecule polysaccharide content extracted by HPH increased, but the monosaccharide composition did not change. Meanwhile, HPH decreased the particle size of the polysaccharides, and the changes in the surface topography of LYTP upon homogenization were confirmed with scanning electron microscopy. As a consequence, HPH extraction can improve the antioxidant capacity of LYTP. HPH extraction is an efficient, rapid and environmentally method for the preparation of polysaccharides, which could be widely used in the food industry.

Preparation, characterization and immune activity of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide loaded in chitosan-graphene oxide

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chitosan graphene oxide Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide (CS-GO-CPP) complex on the immune function of macrophage cells (RAW264.7). In this experiment, chitosan (CS) was combined with graphene oxide (GO) by electrostatic action to prepare CS-GO nanocomposites, and it was used as a carrier to load Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide (CPP) onto CS-GO to prepare CS-GO-CPP. Using infrared spectroscopy detection, zeta potential detection, and thermogravimetric analysis, we conduct a preliminary analysis of the structure of CS-GO-CPP. Macrophages were employed to evaluate CS-GO-CPP immunomodulatory activity and the possible mechanism responsible for the activation of macrophages in vitro. The results showed that compared with CPP, CS-GO-CPP did not change the basic structure of polysaccharide, and its thermal stability was improved. 0.78– 12.5 μg·mL−1 of CS-GO-CPP could significantly promote the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells (P < 0.05) and significantly increase NO content, IL-4 and IFN-γ secretion, the expression of CD40, CD86, and F4/80 (P < 0.05). CS-GO-CPP might activate the NF-κB signaling pathway and induce the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. In conclusion, CS-GO-CPP has a capacity to activate RAW264.7 cells for an improvement of immunomodulation activities, which might be through NF-κB signaling pathway.

Recent Advances in Bio-Based Smart Active Packaging Materials.

The shortage of oil resources is currently a global problem. The use of renewable resources instead of non-renewable ones has become a hot topic of research in the eyes of scientists. In the food industry, there is a lot of interest in bio-based smart active packaging that meets the concept of sustainability and ensures safety. The packaging has antibacterial and antioxidant properties that extend the shelf life of food. Its ability to monitor the freshness of food in real time is also beneficial to consumers’ judgement of food safety. This paper summarises the main raw materials for the preparation of bio-based smart active packaging, including proteins, polysaccharides and composite materials. The current status of the preparation method of bio-based smart active packaging and its application in food preservation is summarised. The future development trend in the field of food packaging is foreseen, so as to provide a reference for the improvement of bio-based smart active packaging materials.

Preparation, structural characteristics, and application of taro polysaccharides in food.

Taro, a staple food for residents in Africa and parts of Asia, is an important source of carbohydrate. China has abundant taro resources. Taro contains polysaccharide, vitamins, minerals and other substances. Taro polysaccharides, as a significant active ingredient in taro, are mainly composed of monosaccharide units such as glucose, galactose, arabinose, mannose, and so on. Taro polysaccharides have antioxidant, lipid-lowering, and immunomodulatory effects. In today's world, people are interested in food containing natural ingredients, which stimulates the potential of taro polysaccharides in the food, pharmaceutical, medical, and other fields. Herein, the extraction and purification, structural characterization, functional activity, and application of taro polysaccharides are reviewed to strengthen the cognition of taro polysaccharides. It provides references for further research and development of taro polysaccharides. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Enteral Nutrition: Based on the Combination of Nutrison Fibre and TPF-DM with A Marine Biological-Based Active Polysaccharide Preparation.

Good nutrition is essential for human growth, wound healing, and spiritual vitality. However, some individuals are unable to eat or experience gastrointestinal problems such as severe diarrhea, vomiting, gastric retention, and even gastrointestinal bleeding for a variety of causes. Therefore, it has important clinical significance to provide patients with required nutrients and maintain the integrity of the body's tissues and organs through enteral nutrition. Based on this, this work uses a dual carrier of polylactic acid (PLA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to carry marine biopolysaccharides combined with sodium alginate (PSS) and successfully obtains the intestinal tract based on marine bioactive polysaccharides. Nutritional oral biological preparations (PSS-PLA/PVA) also cooperate with enteral nutritional suspension (diabetes) (TPF-DM) and Nutrison fibre to provide enteral nutritional support for critically ill patients. PSS-PLA/PVA has been shown in clinical studies to increase the effect of enteral nutrition support, the function of intestinal T lymphatic tissue, and the ability to control immunological function, indicating that it is worthy of further clinical development.