Preparation Of Composite Materials Research Articles

Differently Prepared PbO2/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Composites for Efficient Electrochemical Removal of Reactive Black 5 Dye

In this paper, electrochemical degradation of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) textile azo dye was examined in regard to different synthesis procedures for making PbO2–graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) electrode. The reaction of PbOH3- with ClO− in the presence of different surfactants, i.e., cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and tetrabutylammonium phosphate (TBAP), under conventional conditions, resulted in the formation of PbO2 with varying morphology. The obtained materials were combined with g-C3N4 for the preparation of the final composite materials, which were then characterized morphologically and electrochemically. After optimizing the degradation method, it was shown that an anode comprising a steel electrode coated with the composite of PbO2 synthesized using CTAB as template and g-C3N4, and using 0.15 M Na2SO4 as the supporting electrolyte, gave the best performance for RB5 dye removal from a 35 mg/L solution. The treatment duration was 60 min, applying a current of 0.17 A (electrode surface 4 cm2, current density of 42.5 mA/cm2), while the initial pH of the testing solution was 2. The reusability and longevity of the electrode surface (which showed no significant change in activity throughout the study) may suggest that this approach is a promising candidate for wastewater treatment and pollutant removal.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Core-Shell B4C-Reinforced Ti Matrix Composites.

Composite material uses ceramic reinforcement to add to the metal matrix to obtain higher material properties. Structural design is an important direction of composite research. The reinforcement distribution of the core-shell structure has the unique advantages of strong continuity and uniform stress distribution. In this paper, a method of preparing boron carbide (B4C)-coated titanium (Ti) powder particles by ball milling and preparing core-shell B4C-reinforced Ti matrix composites by Spark Plasma Sintering was proposed. It can be seen that B4C coated on the surface of the spherical Ti powder to form a shell structure, and B4C had a certain continuity. Through X-ray diffraction characterization, it was found that B4C reacted with Ti to form layered phases of titanium boride (TiB) and titanium carbide (TiC). The compressive strength of the composite reached 1529.1 MPa, while maintaining a compressive strain rate of 5%. At the same time, conductivity and thermal conductivity were also characterized. The preparation process of the core-shell structure composites proposed in this paper has high feasibility and universality, and it is expected to be applied to other ceramic reinforcements. This result provides a reference for the design, preparation and performance research of core-shell composite materials.

Tensile characterization of polymer composite reinforced with gravel particles (GP)

The work focuses on the preparation of polymer matrix composite materials prepared from the unsaturated polyester resin UPE as a matrix reinforced by gravel particles with particle size (121.74 nm) as first group type-I GPI of samples and the second group type-II GPIΙ of samples reinforced by gravel particles with particle size (100.16 nm) . This work includes studying the effect of selected weight fractions (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) of gravel particles on the properties of the prepared composite materials, tensile test were done. The results of the present work showed that the values of tensile strength of pure UPE (24.66MPa) was increasing by additional of GPI at weight percentage 10% and however, it gained 25.45 MPa, but decreased at weight percentage (20%, 30%, and 40%) (21.21, 20.98 and 23.87 MPa) respectively. Also the results showed the tensile strength of pure UPE had decreased by additional of GPII at weight percentage (10%, 20%, and 30%) (19.67, 23.31 and 23.12 MPa) respectively, but increasing at weight percentage 40% and gained 27.84MPa. Beside the result shows that the values of tensile strength for composite materials reinforced by GPII is higher than values reinforced by GPΙ. Also the results showed the Young Modulus of pure UPE increased with the addition of 10 %, 30% and 40 % of two types GPI and GPII fillers. Where the samples of UPE \ GPI composites have a highest value of Young's Modulus at ratio percent 40% as compared with other composites samples.

Research progress of antistatic‐reinforced polymer materials: A review

AbstractPolymer materials have been widely used in modern industries duo to their characteristics such as lightweight, low price, and corrosion resistance. However, the inherent insulation of polymer materials can cause static electricity, which has become one of the major problems that has limited their application. Meanwhile, as the basis for ensuring the service field and life of the polymer materials, mechanical properties can affect the comprehensive properties of the polymer materials. Therefore, research on the preparation of composite materials with both antistatic properties and good mechanical properties with antistatic‐reinforced modification has attracted extensive attention and achieved important progress. Based on the principle of electrostatic electrification of antistatic‐reinforced modification, antistatic mechanisms and main preparation strategies, this paper summarized the research achievements of the antistatic‐reinforced polymer materials in recent years. Additionally, some factors that have affected their antistatic properties were presented, and the development trends of the antistatic‐reinforced polymer materials based on the deficiencies of current research were proposed.

A facile method for synthesizing MOF derived ZnCo2O4 particles on MXene nanosheets as a novel anode material for high performance hybrid supercapacitors

MXene (MX) is a capable material for future generation supercapacitor devices. But, the attraction between active functional groups and hydrogen bonds on the surface of MX make the interlayer agglomerate obviously. In this work, we present a ZnCo-MOF (ZCM) derived ZnCo2O4 (ZCO) particles to adsorb on the (MX) nanosheets and form a mesoporous structure which may provide the flexible ion diffusion pathways. The as obtained MXene@ZnCo2O4 (MX@ZCO) composite is investigated using XRD, XPS, HRTEM, FESEM, and nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherm analysis. The ZCO particles not only provide activation sites for free movement of charges but also help to avoid the agglomeration of MX nanosheets. Benefitted from this novel composite structure, MX@ZCO holds a great specific capacity of 260 mAh g−1 at the current density of 1 mA g−1. Further, the MX@ZCO electrode exhibits a good cyclic stability of 78.9% even after 5000 cycles at the current density of 10 mA g−1, which can be ascribed to excellent electronic conductivity and short ion transport path. Furthermore, the fabricated aqueous HSC device with MX@ZCO/NF as a positive electrode and AC/NF as a negative electrode revealed a high energy density of 63.8 Wh kg−1 at power density of 3512.2 W kg−1, along with the outstanding capacitance retention of 91.3% even after 15,000 GCD cycles. This work offers an excellent approach for the preparation of MX and ZCO composite material as an electrode for hybrid supercapacitors.

Flexible pressure/temperature sensing system based on Te-PEDOT:PSS composite thermoelectric material

<p indent="0mm">With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, the demand for new flexible tactile sensors for human-machine interaction technology is increasing sharply. As an essential medium for intelligent bionic systems to obtain external information, such as intelligent manipulators and bionic prosthetic hands, flexible tactile sensors are significant for realizing bionic tactile perception and improving system intelligence. Recently, fabricating multimodal tactile sensors through theoptimal design of functional material and structure has become a key challenge in the field of flexible electronics. Herein, a thermoelectric sensing material composited of Te-poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (Te-PEDOT:PSS) was prepared via a hydrothermal method, which was compounded within a three-dimensional porous dense amine foam framework and subsequently coated by a thin polyvinyl alcohol layer for encapsulation. The controllable preparation of sensitive composite materials with high interfacial stability was realized. Thus, the assembled flexible tactile sensor with a thermoelectric effect and capacitance performance can achieve the perception ability of pressure/temperature in contact/noncontact mode, respectively. Further, an intelligent manipulator sensory feedback system is constructed, and its performance in tactile perception is explored.

Preparation of Polymer Composite Filled with Silver Nanoparticles and Investigation of its Antimicrobial Properties

Several features of the preparation of an antimicrobial polymer composite material as a masterbatch filled with silver nanoparticles for producing items for various purposes are considered. The efficiency of the antibacterial activity of the obtained masterbatch was studied experimentally under laboratory conditions. The efficiency was determined as the yield of active antibacterial agent from the polymer (with a determination of the concentration and sizes of silver nanoparticles) in the aqueous phase and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Preparation and thermal properties of bionic nacre composite materials based on exfoliated montmorillonite

Preparation and thermal properties of bionic nacre composite materials based on exfoliated montmorillonite

Preparation of porous silicon composite anode material coated with open pore polymethyl acrylate and its electrochemical performance as a carbon source

Silicon (Si) is considered an ideal candidate for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries owing to its high specific capacity, low lithiation/delithiation potential, and abundance.

Characteristics of the Tensile Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforce PET

Natural fiber composites frequently are used in a variety of applications of spacecraft and aircraft, ships, and construction work as a result of increased demands. Hemp and sisal fiber for reinforcement, and PET Resin were used for the preparation of composite materials in this project. The composite material specimens were prepared using the hand layup technique. The specimen is by with ASTM specifications using various percentages of the matrix and reinforcing components. we are making a trial using polyethylene terephthalate with 20% hemp, 20% sisal, 20% hemp + 10% sisal, and 20% sisal +10% hemp prepared. The mechanical behavior of the prepared com¬posite material was studied by conducting tensile test. The results showed that the specimen with PET + 20% hemp + 10% sisal has strengths and better mechanical behavior. Also, these have a high strength to weight ratio, are lightweight, are easy to manufacture, and have minimal production costs.

Prospects for the synthesis and application of copolyimides based on tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride mixtures

The process of obtaining copolyimides by polycondensation based on 3,6-diaminoacridine, 9,9-bis-(p-aminophenyl)fluorene, dianhydride of 2,2-bis-(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane and dianhydride of 3,3',4,4'-tetracarboxydifenyloxide are described. The main physico-chemical properties of the obtained products are discussed and the prospects for the use of these soluble and fusible products as a polymer base for the preparation of composite materials are shown.

Scaphium scaphigerum/graphene hybrid aerogel for composite phase change material with high phase change enthalpy and high thermal conductivity for energy storage

Based on the disadvantages of the low thermal conductivity and easy leakage of the organic phase change energy storage material, Scaphium scaphigerum/graphene hybrid aerogel (SGA) with sparse porous structure was prepared by the template method and used as a thermally conductive reinforcing material to fabricate PEG forming composite PCMs of SGA/PEG. The results show that the three-dimensional pore structure of the SGA is composed of extremely thin graphene sheets interwoven and connected to each other. The EDA reducing agent can effectively remove the oxygen-containing functional groups, allowing the graphene sheets to re-adhere to the SC soft stencil and continuously aggregate, stack and self-assemble, resulting in thermally stable SGA. DSC result shows SGA/PEG composite has excellent overall thermal performance, especially SGA/PEG-8 with a latent thermal storage energy of 166.11 J/g, which is 99.35 % of that of pure PEG, and remains 99.20 % even after 100 heating-cooling cycles. The XRD, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy results show that there is no chemical reaction in the SGA composite with PEG and that it is physically bonded. The TGA results show that the SGA can effectively conduct heat from the surface of the sample, showing a beneficial effect on the thermal stability of the composite. The SEM results directly demonstrate that the three-dimensional pore structure of the SGA is uniformly wrapped by PEG and that the surface of the lamellae is relatively smooth, without any significant accumulation of PEG. Furthermore, the shape-stable SGA/PEG exhibited a high thermal conductivity of 1.0621 W/(m K) which was enhanced to 378 % relative to pure PEG. This novel strategy offers enlightening prospects for the preparation of composite phase change materials with good thermal storage properties, thermal conductivity and thermal stability for a wide range of applications in energy storage.

Preparation and characterization of steel slag-based low, medium, and high-temperature composite phase change energy storage materials

In this study, industrial solid waste steel slag was used as supporting material for the first time, and polyethylene glycol (PEG), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) were used as low, medium, and high-temperature phase change materials (PCMs). A series of shape-stable composite phase change materials (C-PCMs) were prepared by vacuum impregnation and mixing-sintering methods. The morphology, thermal properties, and thermal reliability of C-PCMs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that the three PCMs are uniformly dispersed in the pores of steel slag, and the maximum loading is 35 %, 40 %, and 50 %, respectively, and they have good chemical compatibility with steel slag. Compared with their pure PCMs, the three prepared C-PCMs showed a reduction in subcooling of 2.64 °C, 4.53 °C and 0.79 °C, respectively, and an increase in thermal conductivity of 172 %, 54.9 % and 82.4 %, respectively, all with good phase change thermal storage properties. Even after 100 thermal cycles, the latent heat retention rate was more than 97 %, which had good thermal reliability. Therefore, it can be concluded that the three kinds of low, medium, and high-temperature C-PCMs have considerable application potential in different temperature areas, such as building latent heat storage, solar energy storage systems, and industrial waste heat recovery system.

Cold sintering constructed in situ drug-loaded high strength HA-PLA composites: Potential bone substitution material

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is widely used as bone substitute material in repairing bone defects and injuries. However, the high brittleness and low fatigue strength of HA make it difficult to satisfy the long-term service requirements of implants. In general, the mechanical properties of ceramics can be improved by sintering which usually operated above 1000 °C. The high temperature not only brings huge energy consumption and environmental pollution, but also loss the surface-active sites on HA, which greatly limits the biological functions of the material, such as drug loading and degradation. A method that can achieve the densification of HA at a lower temperature is particularly important to improve mechanical and biological properties. In this work, a promising drug-loaded HA-polylactic acid (HA-PLA) composite with high densification and mechanical properties was prepared by cold sintering process at 80 °C, in addition, the relatively low operating temperature enables the material to realize in-situ loading of drugs. The cold-sintered composite with HA/PLA was 7/3 showed the best performance with significant biodegradation (16.8%) and drug release (95%) ability. Therefore, this study provides a simple and universal method for the preparation of biological composite material, which provides a useful platform for efficient in situ drug loading biomaterials.

Turbulent CFD Simulation of Two Rotor-Stator Agitators for High Homogeneity and Liquid Level Stability in Stirred Tank.

Good solid-liquid mixing homogeneity and liquid level stability are necessary conditions for the preparation of high-quality composite materials. In this study, two rotor-stator agitators were utilized, including the cross-structure rotor-stator (CSRS) agitator and the half-cross structure rotor-stator (HCSRS) agitator. The performances of the two types of rotor-stator agitators and the conventional A200 (an axial-flow agitator) and Rushton (a radial-flow agitator) in the solid-liquid mixing operations were compared through CFD modeling, including the homogeneity, power consumption and liquid level stability. The Eulerian-Eulerian multi-fluid model coupling with the RNG k-ε turbulence model were used to simulate the granular flow and the turbulence effects. When the optimum solid-liquid mixing homogeneity was achieved in both conventional agitators, further increasing stirring speed would worsen the homogeneity significantly, while the two rotor-stator agitators still achieving good mixing homogeneity at the stirring speed of 600 rpm. The CSRS agitator attained the minimum standard deviation of particle concentration σ of 0.15, which was 42% smaller than that achieved by the A200 agitators. Moreover, the average liquid level velocity corresponding to the minimum σ obtained by the CSRS agitator was 0.31 m/s, which was less than half of those of the other three mixers.

Influence of size classifications on the crystallinity index of Albizia gummifera cellulose

The isolation of cellulose has found considerable applications recently due to its attractive characteristics. Cellulose from Albizia gummifera of different size classifications (425 μm–599 μm and 600 μm–849 μm) was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. The crystal plane of the preferred orientation was at (020) for the most prominent peaks. The two size classifications have a strong broad peak around 3320 cm−1 (425 μm–599 μm), and 3330 cm−1 (600 μm–849 μm), which corresponds to a different stretching mode of O–H. High percentages of carbon (C) and oxygen (O) were noticed among the elements observed in the two size classifications. The crystallinity index (CrI) obtained for the two sizes were 61.1% for 425–599 μm, and 55.8% for 600 μm–849 μm. The 425 μm–599 μm size classification had a greater crystallinity index than the 600 μm–849 μm size classification, which indicates a stronger capacity for reinforcing. These particles were also effective as fillers in composite materials. The results revealed that Albizia gummifera cellulose possessed promising potential for device applications and capable of being used in the preparation of composite materials.

Structure, composition, and preparation of thermal conductive composite materials based on polyurethane and modified silicon carbide particles

This paper presents the first data on the dependence of thermal conductivity of DFPCM on generalized parameters and type of structure, according to the classification (dilute – low filled – medium filled – high filled systems), using the system of polyurethane + modified silicon carbide particles as an example. New plasma-modified silicon carbide particles with a unique structure and high specific surface area have been obtained, and their main characteristics necessary for calculating the compositions, generalized parameters, and determining the type of disperse structure of DFPCM have been determined. The main regularities are established that describe the relationship between the thermal conductivity coefficient (λ pcm) and the generalized parameter Θ, the type of structure of the DFPCM, and the surface morphology of SiC particles. For the first time, the contribution of the specific surface area of dispersed SiC particles (S BET − from 3 to 45 m2/g) to the thermal conductivity of disperse systems is shown.

Preparation of hierarchical porous microspheres composite phase change material for thermal energy storage concrete in buildings

Phase change materials with high latent heat significantly reduce building energy consumption. However, the serious leakage issue, low thermal conductivity, and the poor photothermal response utterly hinder their wide application in architecture. We reported an effective strategy for constructing hierarchical porous composite microspheres (PCN) through spray drying, calcination, and acid activation, using palygorskite (Pal) as the raw material. PCN presented a spherical hierarchical porous structure constructed by crosslinking Pal nanofibers and cellulose nanocrystals in a particular proportion. Paraffin-PCN (P-PCN) composite phase change materials (PCMs) with high shape stability, excellent photothermal conversion ability and latent heat storage capacity were synthesized. The heat preservation time of the P-PCN natural cooling from 35 °C to 30 °C is approximately twice that of the P-Pal. The P-PCN indicates obvious advantages in building thermal management, with the melting enthalpy promoted to 130.2 J/g. Further, the P-PCN-based building materials (P-PCN-B) with the P-PCN and the building aggregate maintain superior light-thermal energy conversion and thermal properties after multiple cycles. The P-PCN-B indicates outstanding mechanical properties (compression strength reaching 14.2 MPa) and flame-retarded properties. This work provides an innovative design strategy for developing multifunctional intelligent energy storage concrete and paves the way for the sustainable utilization of energy storage materials.

Iron-Based Ceramic Composite Nanomaterials for Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia and Drug Delivery.

Because of the unique physicochemical properties of magnetic iron-based nanoparticles, such as superparamagnetism, high saturation magnetization, and high effective surface area, they have been applied in biomedical fields such as diagnostic imaging, disease treatment, and biochemical separation. Iron-based nanoparticles have been used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to produce clearer and more detailed images, and they have therapeutic applications in magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH). In recent years, researchers have used clay minerals, such as ceramic materials with iron-based nanoparticles, to construct nanocomposite materials with enhanced saturation, magnetization, and thermal effects. Owing to their unique structure and large specific surface area, iron-based nanoparticles can be homogenized by adding different proportions of ceramic minerals before and after modification to enhance saturation magnetization. In this review, we assess the potential to improve the magnetic properties of iron-based nanoparticles and in the preparation of multifunctional composite materials through their combination with ceramic materials. We demonstrate the potential of ferromagnetic enhancement and multifunctional composite materials for MRI diagnosis, drug delivery, MFH therapy, and cellular imaging applications.

Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles-polyvinylpyrrolidone Composite Materials Using Simultaneous Irradiation Process

An approach for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles ( CuNPs) embedded in poly ( vinylpyrrolidone) ( PVP) composite materials is proposed using a simultaneous irradiation process. The parameters, i.e., copper sulfate ( CuSO4) precursor, VP and PVP concentrations were optimized for synthesis of CuNPs under irradiation. Crosslinking of PVP system was analyzed by gel fraction and swelling degree using gravimetric measurement. Functionality, chemical composition and crystallinity of the CuNPs-PVP composite materials were characterized by FT-IR, SEM-EDS, XRD. Morphology of the CuNPs-PVP composite materials was observed using SEM. Light blue color of Cu2+ precursor in liquid polymer/monomer system changed to dark brown color of Cu in solid form. Stable CuNPs with the particle diameters ranging from ca.100 to 500 nm was successfully synthesized in the PVP solid materials. A simple and effective process for the preparation of the CuNPs-PVP composite materials serves as a new generation of process and functional nanomaterials for industrial applications.