Premna Tomentosa Research Articles

Phytochemical analysis, antibacterial and antifungal activity of Premna tomentosa bark extract

The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial efficacy of Premna tomentosa bark extracts using various solvents, including methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed that methanol was the most effective solvent, extracting a broad range of compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, quinones, and resins. Chloroform also demonstrated significant efficacy in extracting alkaloids and flavonoids. Quantitative analysis showed that methanol extracts contained the highest concentrations of alkaloids (480 mg/g), flavonoids (510 mg/g), phenols (428 mg/g), and tannins (340 mg/g), indicating its superior extraction capabilities. The antibacterial activity was assessed using the paper disc diffusion method against four bacterial strains: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. The methanol extract exhibited the most potent antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones ranging from 4 mm to 7 mm. Chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts also showed significant inhibition, while petroleum ether was the least effective. In the antifungal assays, the methanol extract again demonstrated the highest efficacy, particularly against Fusarium oxysporum NCIM1008, Sclerotium rolfsii NCIM 1084, and Phytophthora infestans MTCC 8707. The inhibition percentages were highest with methanol (50% against Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora infestans), followed closely by chloroform (52% against Phytophthora infestans), and moderate inhibition was observed with ethyl acetate and petroleum ether. These results indicate that Premna tomentosa bark extracts, particularly those obtained using methanol, possess significant antibacterial and antifungal activities, potentially due to the high concentration of bioactive compounds extracted. This study supports the use of Premna tomentosa as a source of natural antimicrobial agents and underscores the importance of solvent selection in phytochemical extraction.

In Vitro Antiproliferative Efficacy, Antioxidant Activity and LC MS Based Metabolite Profiling of Premna Barbata Stem Bark

Premna barbata Wall. ex Schauer is used traditionally as folkloric medicines for the treatment of differentpathological conditions. The first reported constituent from the bark of the plant was an iridoid glycoside premnosidic acid having antioxidant activity. Other species of this genus i.e., Premna latifolia, Premna tomentosa has shown to have antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Despite the ethnomedicinal uses, no scientific evidence in support of antitumor activity on the stem bark of Premna barbata is reported so far. Hence, the current work aims to assess anticancer potentiality of different extracts of P. barbata on various cancer cell lines. Different extracts i.e., Petroleum ether extract (PBPE), Chloroform extract (PBCE), Ethyl acetate extract (PBEE) and Alcoholic extract (PBAE) were prepared and on each extract in-vitro antiproliferative activity was performed by using SRB assay. The most potent extract i.e., PBEE was then evaluated for antioxidant activity. Qualitative phytochemical investigation of different extracts indicates the presence of proteins, carbohydrates, steroids/triterpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, and phenolic constituents. Ethyl acetate extract of Premna barbata gives potent cytotoxic activity in all cancer cell lines but more selectively to human colon cancer cell line (COLO-205) with GI 50 44.6 μg/ml. The phenolic and flavonoid content in ethyl acetate extract was 3.43±0.09 mg GE/g and 4.28±0.18mg QE/g respectively. Nineteen compounds were observed in positive (+) ESI mode chromatograms when LC-MS analysis was carried out. The LC-MS analysis by positive ionization mode, the predicted compounds such as Geniposidic acid (synonym: Premnosidic acid) and Rutin were detected. The cytotoxicity observed on cancerous cell lines in our study may be due to the presence of observed compounds. So, it can be concluded that Premna barbata stembark has remarkable cytotoxic activity against different tumor cell lines but the effect is more on colon cell lines as compared to others.

Green synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Premna tomentosa leaf extract and its effective antibacterial activity

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was done at room temperature using Premna tomentosa leaf extract. Silver nanoparticle formation was preliminarily confirmed through UV Spectroscopy and characterized by FTIR, XRD, TEM and SEM. The λmax was observed at 424nm in UV spectroscopy results. The XRD and EDAX spectrum confirmed the presence of silver ions and the crystalline nature of synthesized silver nanoparticles. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were spherical, hexagonal and irregular in shape. FTIR results have revealed the functional groups present in the synthesized nanoparticles such as C-N stretch, N-O symmetric stretch, C-H stretch, N-H bend, C-H group, O-H stretch and H bond. TEM and SEM results showed a clear image of nanoparticles in the size range 100nm and 200nm. In the application part, we focused on the antibacterial activity of synthesized nanoparticles on six pathogens namely Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Proteus mirabilis. The maximum zone of inhibition was found in Vibrio parahaemolyticus followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Lipid Lowering and Hepatoprotective Activity of Premna Tomentosa Leaf Extract (EPT) against Alcohol Induced Toxicity in Rats

The present study aims to determine the hepatoprotective and lipid lowering property of ethanolic leaf extract of Premna tomentosa (EPT) in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity. Chronic ethanol consumption is a significant danger factor in deciding liver disorders and other metabolic conditions through various mechanisms, including the regulation of the lipid metabolism. Medicinal plants are accepted to be a significant wellspring of new chemical substances with expected remedial impacts. Premna tomentosa (Verbenaceae) is a popular medicinal plant used extensively for the treatment of various ailments widely used in liver disorders. In the present research study, the male albino Wister rats were grouped (I-V) each consisting of 6 animals. In-vivo administration of 40 % ethanol (1 ml/100 gm b w/day) for 60 days resulted in a significant elevation in Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL levels whereas the levels of HDL was found to be decreased when compared with the control rats. Liver tissues disclose central vein and sinusoidal capillary dilation, interface hepatitis, cytoplasmic vacuolization and mononuclear cell infiltration which confirms the intensity of liver damage due to chronic alcohol ingestion. Simultaneous EPT supplementation (500mg/kg and 750 mg/kg bw) to alcohol -intoxicated rats, reduced the levels of Total cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins consequential as analogized with the unsupplemented alcohol- treated rats. Liver of rats pre-treated with ethanolic extract of Premna tomentosa (500 mg and 750 mg) manifest reduced formation of interface hepatitis, vascular congestion, and fatty degeneration and exhibits more hepatoprotection compared with the rats pre-treated in Liv 52. The blood parameters were amplified by the histopathological perusal of the liver. The lipid -lowering property by the derivatives of cinnamic acid showed anticholesteremic activity. The results confirm the Hepatoprotective and lipid -lowering ability of Premna tomentosa in alcohol-treated rats.

A green synthetic approach of silver nanoparticles using Premna tomentosa leaf extract and their anti-microbial study

By using eco-friendly ways leaf extract from Premna tomentosa was used in the synthesis of Ag NPs (Silver nanoparticles). The extract acts as stabilizing and also as reducing agent. The AgNO3 solution was used as Silver precursor, formation of reddish-brown coloured solution from colourless solution was clearly visible, thus indicating the nanoparticles formation, even surface Plasmon resonance in UV visible spectroscopy was observed at 434 nm, confirming the Ag nanoparticles. Using microbes like Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus antimicrobial activity studies were studied for the synthesised nanoparticles. Green synthesized Ag nanoparticles showed good antimicrobial activities against all the four microbes.The MIC values ranged from 25 to 100 mg/ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa indicating more sensitivity. The Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus had least sensitivity towards the prepared Premna tomentosa Silver nanoparticles.

Assessment of Nephroprotective Potential of Ethanolic Extract Premna Tomentosa (Ept) in Alcohol Toxicity in Male Albino Rats

The nephroprotective prospective of Premna tomentosa extract against Alcohol induced nephrotoxicity in rats was investigated in the present study. The characterization of ethanol extract of Premna tomentosa (EPT) was performed using standard phytochemical analysis. Male albino wistar rats 36 in numbers were divided into 6 groups including control, negative control, positive control and various doses of EPT Treated groups; Nephrotoxicity was induced by alcohol (1ml/100gm b.wt) in animals. Rats intoxicated with Alcohol were fed with 500, 750 mg/kg dose of EPT and Liv 52 (1ml/100gm b.wt) for 60 days. Results show that EPT (500mg/kg b.wt) had a significant effect against alcohol induced nephrotoxicity in rats than EPT (750mg/kg b.wt) in blood parameters and consonantly good histopathological changes in kidney. The deleterious histopathological alterations in kidney associated with glomerular and tubular changes in alcohol intoxicated rats was evident. This result shows Premna tomentosa may be used as supplementary drug for alcoholics.

Traditional method of hunting edible termite, Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki by the Irulars of Gingee hills, South India

Background : Insects, especially termites are considered as one of the nutritious foods widely used by various ethnic communities throughout the world. Present study was undertaken among rural people in Gingee hills of Eastern Ghats, India to know about traditional hunting method for edible termites ( Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki) practiced by them to fulfill their protein requirement and as a source of revenue. Methods : Traditional method of hunting edible termites by Irulars of Periyamalai was observed for a couple of years. Preparation of herbal mixture, trapping method and other information were documented through direct observation in the field and by interviewing the individuals involved in termite hunting. Results : A total of 11 plant species were found to be used in termite hunting process and to treat diseases or allergies occurred (if any) after consumption of termites. Powdered roots of Aristolochia indica L., seeds of Canavalia cathartica Thouars and leaves of Glycosmis mauritiana (Lam.) Tanaka, are used to harvest termites from their mounds and to treat poisonous bites. Acalypha fruticosa Forssk ., Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link., Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig ex L.) J.F. Macbr. Pavetta indica L. and Premna tomentosa Willd. are used by Irulars in treating skin allergic conditions after consuming termites. Conclusions : Traditional method of hunting edible termites with medicinal plants shows the rich traditional knowledge of the Irulars. There should be initiatives to identify and quantify the nutritional and nutraceutical value of termite species used by ethnic people for value addition, which in turn improve their livelihood. Also, it is essential to study the plants employed in termite hunting for their wound healing potential.

<b>On the reproductive ecology of <I>Premna latifolia</I> L. and <I>Premna tomentosa</I> Willd. (Lamiaceae)</b>

Premna latifolia and Premna tomentosa shed their foliage during winter but produce foliage at different periods to avoid competition for nutrients, P. latifolia during the dry season while P. tomentosa during the wet season. Flowering also occurs at different seasons, P. latifolia during the wet season and P. tomentosa during the dry season. The flowering period of P. latifolia is comparatively longer than P. tomentosa; however, both of them display profuse flowering for 2–3 weeks only. The flowers are of gullet type, weakly bilabiate, and the stamens and stigma are situated near the upper corolla lip and are dichogamous, herkogamous and facultatively xenogamous in both species. In P. latifolia, the pollinators are wasps and butterflies while in P. tomentosa, in addition to wasps and butterflies, the bees and flies are also pollinators. Camponotus ants rob the nectar of P. latifolia by removing the entire corolla together with stamens and sometimes also with the style and stigma. Both the species display ornithochory, anthropochory and anemochory. The seeds germinate during wet season in both the species irrespective of their time of dispersal but their continued growth depends on the soil nutrient and moisture environment.

Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Aerial Parts of <I>Premna tomentosa</I> against Paracetamol-Induced Liver Toxicity on Wistar Rats

Hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of aerial parts of Premna tomentosa were evaluated against paracetamol-induced liver toxicity and comparison to the standard hepatoprotectant, silymarin. Thirty male wistar albino rats were randomised into five groups with six rats in each group. Group A&B sereved as normal control and toxic control respectively, and were administered normal saline. Group C& D were treated with ethanolic extract of Premna tomentosa at doses 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg respectively. Group E was treated with the standard drug Silymarin 25mg/kg. Toxicity was induced in all the groups except the first by giving Paracetamol at 2g/kg on the 5th day. All the rats were treated for 7 days and after the last dosing the rats were fasted for 24hrs and sacrificed. Serum was sent for biochemical analysis for assaying liver profile. Histopathology and antioxidant studies were done on liver. In our study ethanolic extract Premna tomentosa showed beneficial effect on paracetamol induced liver toxicity which was evident by the significant improvement in liver profile consisting of AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, total cholesterol, total protein, triglycerides and total bilirubin in a dose dependent manner, which is consistent with the histopathological findings. Increase in GSH and Catalase and decrease in TBARS validates the antioxidant property of the extract. The study has proved that Premna tomentosa posses a significant hepatoprotective activity which was comparable to the standard drug silymarin. It warrants further study in humans before including it in the prevention of hepatotoxicity.

New cytotoxic clerodane diterpenes from the leaves of Premna tomentosa

Bio-activity directed investigation of hexane extract from the leaves of Premna tomentosa led to the isolation of three new clerodane diterpenes (1–3) along with four known compounds (4–7). The structures of new compounds were established using IR, MS, 1D, and 2D NMR techniques. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the crude hexane extract and the isolated compounds were evaluated against seven human cancer cell lines and results indicated that compounds 2 and 4 depicted significant cytotoxicity against hepatocellular carcinoma cell line.

Antioxidant, hepatoprotective and cytotoxic effects of icetexanes isolated from stem-bark of Premna tomentosa

The study investigates the antioxidant, hepatoprotective and antiproliferative effects of novel icetexane diterpenoids (ice 1–4) isolated from hexane extract of stem bark of Premna tomentosa. A549, HT-29, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, A431 cells were used to assess the antiproliferative activity by MTT assay. Cell death induced by apoptosis was determined by morphological assessment studies using acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining (dual staining), mitochondrial potential measurement by JC-1 staining, and cell cycle analysis by propidium iodide staining method by Muse cell analyser. Anti oxidant activity was investigated by in vitro assays such as DPPH, nitric oxide and superoxide scavenging activities. Hepatoprotective activity was determined in vitro with HepG2 cells and in vivo by tBHP induced hepatic damage mice model. Based on the in vitro cytotoxic assays and morphological assessment studies using fluorescence microscopic study (acridine orange and ethidium bromide double staining) and mitochondrial potential measurements, it was found that ice 2 and 3 possess good antiproliferative effect via mitochondrial mediated apoptosis in human lung and breast cancer cells. Results of in vitro antioxidant studies demonstrated that ice-4 has showed good antioxidant activity. The restoration of serum levels of SGOT, SGPT and ALKP, liver GSH status and reduction or inhibition of lipid peroxidation in liver of tBHP intoxicated mice after administration of ice-4 at dose of 250mg/kg indicated its potential use for hepatoprotective activity.

α-Glucosidase enzyme inhibitory and free radical scavenging constituents from Premna tomentosa Linn.

A bioassay-guided fractionation and chemical investigation of the whole plant of Premna tomentosa resulted in the isolation and characterization of premnalin (1), along with the known compounds coniferaldehyde (2), syrangaldehyde (3), acetoxy syrangaldehyde (4), lupeol (5), betulin (6), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone (7), icetexatriene-1 (8), icetexatriene-2 (9). Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic such as (IR, MS, 2D NMR) data analysis and by comparison with the spectroscopic data reported in the literature, premnalin (IC50: 12.11 μg/mL) & (SC50: 20.58 μg/mL), acetoxy syrangaldehyde (IC50: 18.41 μg/mL) & (SC50: 20.83 μg/mL) displayed potent α-glucosidase inhibition and free radical scavengers (DPPH).

An overview of the Herbs in a Siddha Polyherbal decoction-Pidangunaari Kudineer indicated for Hepatomegaly

Handa et al., 1986 noted that in India, more than 87 plants are used in 33 patented and proprietary multi-ingredient plant formulations for liver protection. Siddha Materia Medica illustrates a safer, cheap and potential hepatoprotective polyherbal decoction ‘Pidangunaari kudineer’ comprised of three herbal ingredients such as leaves of Premna tomentosa, pericarp of ripe fruits of Terminalia chebula, rhizomes of Curcuma longa. This formulation is very effective against hepatitis in the clinical practice. The goal of this systematic review of the literature was to summarize the literature on the safety and hepatoprotective activity of above herbs. A manual search of bibliographies of papers identified through an Internet search using multiple search engines. Textbooks on herbal medicine and their bibliographies were also searched. Result and Conclusion: A large number of in vitro, in vivo, human clinical studies on those herbs were identified. These included studies on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihepatoxicity induced by acetaminophen and antituberculosis drugs, anticarcinogenicity, antimicrobial properties and also phytocompounds were identified to justify the safety and hepatoprotective efficacy. Ethnic background of these herbs results liver protection make Pidangunaari Kudineer for further screening for hepatoprotection.

New icetexane diterpenes with intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory and free-radical scavenging activity isolated from Premna tomentosa roots

New icetexane diterpenes ( 1– 2); 8, 11, 13-icetexatriene-10-hydroxy, 11, 12, 16-tri acetoxyl ( 1) and 8, 11, 13-icetexatriene-7, 10, 11-dihydroxy-12, 13-dihydrofuran ( 2) along with six known compounds namely acetoxy syranzaldehyde ( 3), syranzaldehyde ( 4), coniferaldehyde ( 5), lupeol ( 6), betulin ( 7), and 4-(4-methoxy phenyl)-2-butanone ( 8) were isolated from the roots of Premna tomentosa. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were established by detailed spectral analysis using UV, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1D, 2D and Mass. The newly isolated compounds were screened for rat intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory and free radical (DPPH) scavenging potentiality. The new icetexane diterpenes ( 1, 2) and compound 3 were found to have significant α-glucosidase inhibitory and also free radical scavenging (DPPH) activities.

Bioactivity-guided isolation of cytotoxic constituents from stem–bark of Premna tomentosa

A bioassay-guided fractionation and chemical investigation of the stem bark of Premna tomentosa resulted in the isolation and characterization of four new icetexane diterpenes ( 1– 4), along with the known compounds coniferaldehyde ( 5), syringaldehyde ( 6), lupeol ( 7), betulin ( 8), and 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone ( 9). Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic (IR, MS, 2D NMR) data analysis and by comparison with the spectroscopic data reported in the literature. The new compounds exhibited diverse functionalities on a common icetexane diterpene skeleton. In addition, cytotoxic activities of the icetexanes ( 1– 3) were evaluated by determining their inhibitory effects on the human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HT-29, Hep-G2, A-431, and A-549). Compounds 1 and 3 showed selective inhibitory activity against MCF-7 (15.96 μg/mL and 15.84 μg/mL) and HT-29 cell lines (16.21 μg/mL and 14.57 μg/mL), respectively.

Cytotoxic clerodane diterpenoids from the leaves of Premna tomentosa

Three clerodane diterpenoids, premnones A–C ( 1– 3), were isolated from a chloroform-soluble fraction of Premna tomentosa along with four known flavonoids and three known triterpenoids. Among these isolates, premnones A–C exhibited cytotoxic activity when evaluated against a small panel of tumor cell lines. However, premnone A was found to be inactive when evaluated in a follow-up in vivo hollow fiber assay at the highest dose tested (50 mg/kg), using LNCaP, Lu1, and MCF-7 cells.

Protective effect of Premna tomentosa extract (L. verbanacae) on acetaminophen-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in rats

Allurement of herbs as health beneficial foods (physiologically functional foods) and as a source material for the development of new drugs, has led to greater furtherance in the study of herbal medicines during recent years. Plant extracts are being utilized to treat a wide variety of diseases like hepatotoxicity. Premna tomentosa is one such medicinal plant used widely in Indian ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of liver disorders. This study appraised the effectiveness of P. tomentosa leaf extract in protecting the liver against mitochondrial damage induced by acetaminophen, since mitochondrial injury has been investigated as a potential initiator of hepatotoxicity. Normal Wistar strain rats were pre-treated with P. tomentosa extract (750 mg/kg, orally) for 15 days and then intoxicated with acetaminophen (640 mg/kg, orally). Mitochondria were isolated from liver of experimental animals and assessed for the levels of lipid peroxide products, GSH and mitochondrial enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-keto glutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome-C-oxidase). The levels of Lipid peroxidation products were increased and the levels of the other assessed parameters were significantly decreased in hepatotoxicity induced animals. Whereas, the levels were brought back to normal in P. tomentosa pre-treated rats, which shows the protective effect of the extract against mitochondrial damage. Presence of anti-oxidant compound D-limonene (58%) in P. tomentosa leaves, which is known to enhance conjugation of toxic metabolites by maintaining liver GSH concentrations may explain the hepatoprotective property of the extract.

5,3′-Dihydroxy-3,7,4′,5′-tetramethoxyflavone

The title compound, C19H18O8 [systematic name: 5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4,5-di­methoxy­phenyl)-3,7-di­methoxy­chromen-4-one], an extract from Premna tomentosa willd, is used in the Siddha system of medicine practiced in South India. The dihedral angle between the mean planes through the benzo­pyran moiety and benzene ring is 38.60 (7)°. A strong O—H⋯O intramolecular hydrogen bond is observed in the molecular structure. O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions stabilize the mol­ecules in the crystal packing.

Protective effect of Premna tomentosa (L. Verbenaceae) extract on membrane-bound phosphatases and inorganic cations transport in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity rats

Hepatic injury elicits intracellular stress that leads to peroxidation of membrane lipids accompanied by alteration of structural and functional characteristics of membrane, which affect the activities of membrane-bound ATPases. The present study appraised the membrane protective effect of Premna tomentosa, a hepatoprotective drug used in Indian traditional medicine. Wistar strain rats were pre-treated with Premna tomentosa extract (750 mg/kg, orally) for 15 days, 24 h prior to administration of acetaminophen (640 mg/kg, orally). During acetaminophen intoxication, the levels of membrane-bound enzymes were significantly decreased, total ATPase (1.63-fold), Mg 2+ATPase (1.9-fold), Ca 2+ATPase (1.33-fold) and Na +K +ATPase (1.73-fold) which was accompanied by changes in the levels of inorganic cations N +, K + and Ca 2+. These alterations were prevented by Premna tementosa extract pre-treatment, which shows that Premna tomentosa supplemenation could excert a beneficial effect against liver injury-induced membrane damage. The potential of the plant might be credited to the presence of antioxidant compound limonene in the plant.

Assessment of the protective potential of Premna tomentosa (L. Verbenaceae) extract on lipid profile and lipid-metabolizing enzymes in acetaminophen-intoxicated rats.

The liver is often damaged by environmental toxins, poor eating habits, alcohol and over-the-counter drug use that damage and weaken the liver, leading to important public health problems such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and alcoholic liver diseases. It is cardinal to treat liver disorders, because it affects the biochemistry of the cell directly. Damage to the liver can be prevented by including a balanced diet that includes nutrients and herbs that support a healthy liver. Premna tomentosa (PT) is one such herbal drug used widely in India for the treatment of liver disorders, and we have already reported the hepatoprotective potential and antioxidant property of methanolic extract of PT leaves. Because injury to the liver can promote a variety of reactions with consequent effect on lipids, the present study was designed to elucidate the hypolipidemic effect of PT extract in acetaminophen (AA)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Animals were pretreated with PT extract (750 mg/kg, orally) for 15 days and then induced with hepatotoxicity by AA (640 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). PT extract pretreatment significantly inhibited induced alterations in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids, serum lipoproteins, and lipid-metabolizing enzymes. The results indicate that PT extract improves lipid metabolism and has the potential for use in hepatic disorders.