Premenstrual Research Articles

월경전증후군 간호대학생의 내분비계 교란물질 노출, 사회적 지지가 임상실습스트레스에 미치는 영향

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effects of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and social support on clinical practicum stress among nursing students with premenstrual syndrome.
 Methods This descriptive correlational study was conducted among 101 nursing students. The participants an-swered self-report questionnaires. The data were analyzed using the t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and hierarchical multiple regression in IBM SPSS version 23.0.
 Results The mean scores for exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals, social support, and clinical practicum stress were 2.24±0.36, 4.19±0.62, and 2.43±0.56, respectively. Clinical practicum stress positively correlated with exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and negatively correlated with social support The explanatory power of the model was 18%, and it was statistically significant (F=8.25, p<.001). Social support (β=-.32, p<.001) was the most powerful variable affecting clinical practicum stress, followed by grade (β=.27, p=.005) and ex-posure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (β=.20, p=.030).
 Conclusions To reduce clinical practicum stress among nursing students with premenstrual syndrome, it is nec-essary to improve their social support and avoid exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals. This study will pro-vide fundamental information on programming and a policy proposal related to clinical practicum stress for nursing students with premenstrual syndrome.

The Effect of Yoga Therapy on Premenstrual Syndrome in Adolescent Girls at SMP Swasta Muhammadiyah 1 Medan

A teenage daughter often suffers from painful menstrual moments (premenstruation syndrome). The prevalence of premenstruation syndrome in Central Java is 56%. Although painful, it is not dangerous; however, it can bother activity daily. Possible non-pharmacological therapy used to overcome premenstrual syndrome is yoga practice. A study introduction found that 24 out of 30 female students suffer painful periods. Research purposes This is to know the influence of yoga practice on the level of painful menstruation in students of Muhammadiyah 1 Medan Private Middle School. Types of research This is a quantitative study with a pseudo-design experiment. Consecutive sampling was used to collect data from 20 respondents with the use of a painful numeric scale. As for the analysis using the Wilcoxon test, the scoring scale for painful numeric before and after yoga practice shows a scale of 5.15 and 3.00. A bivariate test shows the p-value is 0.000. There is an influence of yoga practice on the level of painful menstruation in students of Muhammadiyah 1 Medan Private Middle School.

Reproductive healthcare in adolescents with autism and other developmental disabilities

Adults with developmental disabilities often have less access to reproductive health services than adults without these disabilities. However, little is known about how adolescents with developmental disabilities, including autism, access reproductive healthcare. We aimed to characterize the use of reproductive healthcare services among adolescents with autism and those with other developmental disabilities in comparison with adolescents with typical development. We conducted a cohort study of a sample of adolescents who were continuously enrolled members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California, an integrated healthcare system, from ages 14 to 18 years. The final analytical sample included 700 adolescents with autism, 836 adolescents with other developmental disabilities, and 2187 typically developing adolescents who sought care between 2000 and 2017. Using the electronic health record, we obtained information on menstrual conditions, the use of obstetrical-gynecologic care, and prescriptions of hormonal contraception. We compared healthcare use between the groups using chi-square tests and covariate-adjusted risk ratios estimated using modified Poisson regression. Adolescents with autism and those with other developmental disabilities were significantly more likely to have diagnoses of menstrual disorders, polycystic ovary syndrome, and premenstrual syndrome than typically developing adolescents. These 2 groups also were less likely than typically developing peers to visit the obstetrician-gynecologist or to use any form of hormonal contraception, including oral contraception, hormonal implants, and intrauterine devices. Adolescents in all 3 groups accessed hormonal contraception most frequently through their primary care provider, followed by an obstetrician-gynecologist. Adolescents with autism and those with other developmental disabilities are less likely than their typically developing peers to visit the obstetrician-gynecologist and to use hormonal contraception, suggesting possible care disparities that may persist into adulthood. Efforts to improve access to reproductive healthcare in these populations should target care delivered in both the pediatric and obstetrics-gynecology settings.

Does an alternate-day modified fasting diet improve premenstrual syndrome symptoms and health-related quality of life in obese or overweight women with premenstrual syndrome? A randomized, controlled trial.

Premenstrual syndrome disorder (PMS) is a condition that affects health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and encompasses a variety of symptoms, including psychological, physical, and behavioral symptoms. Some evidence suggests that an increase in body mass index (BMI) can reduce both HRQoL and menstrual quality. This is because the body fat tissue can affect menstrual cycles by changing the estrogen/progesterone ratio. This study investigated the impact of two diets alternate-day modified fasting (ADMF) and daily calorie restriction (DCR) - on PMS syndrome and HRQoL. The study was a randomized controlled, open-label trial that lasted for 8 weeks and involved 60 obese/overweight women. Participants were recruited from the Health Service Centers of Kashan University of Medical Sciences using simple random sampling. The study compared the impact of the ADMF and DCR diets on HRQoL and PMS symptoms. Patients were classified based on their BMI and age and then allocated to either the intervention (ADMF) or control (DCR) group using a random numbers table. The study measured HRQoL, PMS severity, weight, BMI, body fat mass, waist circumference, fat-free mass, and skeletal muscle mass before and after the study. The study had an almost 18% dropout rate. Significant improvements were observed in mood lability (p = 0.044) and expressed anger (p < 0.001) in relation to PMS symptoms. However, no significant differences were detected in the changes of other COPE subscales. The ADMF diet had a significant impact on the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) total score (p < 0.001) and physical function subscales (p = 0.006) as well as mental health (p < 0.001) when compared to the control diet. This implies that the ADMF diet increased both SF-12 total score and its subscales. The intervention led to improvements in HRQoL, physical function, and mental health. Additionally, significant improvements in BMI and weight were observed between the two groups pre- and post-study (p < 0.001). Anthropometric data, including body fat mass and waist circumference, showed a significant improvement (p < 0.001 and p = 0.029, respectively) before and after the study. However, there were no significant changes in fat-free mass (p = 0.936) and skeletal muscle mass (p = 0.841) between the two groups. The study suggested that ADMF can improve HRQoL, mood lability, and expressed anger. It also showed that ADMF can reduce waist circumference, weight, and body fat mass in obese/overweight women. The Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20220522054958N1).

Comparative Study of the Prevalence of Psychological and Physiological Symptoms of Pre-Menstrual Syndrome between Rural and Urban Adolescent School-Going Girls

Comparative Study of the Prevalence of Psychological and Physiological Symptoms of Pre-Menstrual Syndrome between Rural and Urban Adolescent School-Going Girls

Effect of Dry Cupping on Physical Symptom of Headache in Premenstrual Syndrome among Females within 18-26 years : A Randomised Clinical Trial

BACKGROUND: Premenstrual syndrome or PMS are a group of psycho neuroendocrine condition whose cause is not known often experienced prior to menstruation. PMS symptoms are varied with prevalence of premenstrual headache of nearly 43%. Numerous evidences for management of PMS in general are available however literature on specific management of premenstrual headache is unavailable. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of dry cupping on physical symptom of headache in the premenstrual syndrome using Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP), Headache Impact test (HIT-6) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) METHODS: Females within 18-26 years who complained of premenstrual headache and were willing to participate were included. Subjects were recruited and randomly divided into two groups. Outcome measures used were Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP) and Headache Impact test (HIT-6). Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used pre and post intervention. Group A was given cervical traction whereas group B was given dry cupping and cervical traction. DRSP and HIT-6 were recorded for four cycles. RESULTS: The mean of demographic data suggested that both the group were homogenous at the baseline in terms of age and BMI. HIT-6 mean scores when compared from baseline to 2nd follow up for both the groups demonstrated statistically significant outcome. This improvement was maintained for over a period f two cycles in group B. DRSP and VAS mean scores were compared from baseline to post intervention showed high statistically significant improvement (p=0.0001) CONCLUSION: The study concludes that dry cupping is an effective tool for immediate to long term reduction of premenstrual headache symptoms.

Concentrated Gelatinized Proprietary Phenotype Formulation of Lepidium peruvianum (maca) Positively Impacts Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Dysmenorrhea, and Hormone Levels for Fertility Optimization: A Case Report

Concentrated Gelatinized Proprietary Phenotype Formulation of Lepidium peruvianum (maca) Positively Impacts Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Dysmenorrhea, and Hormone Levels for Fertility Optimization: A Case Report

Effects of the PREMEN-CALM® in the Management of the Premenstrual Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study

Premenstrual syndrome is a common disorder in women of reproductive age characterized by a variety of cyclical symptoms with a great impact on their lifestyle. Available pharmacological options include both antidepressants and oral contraceptives, both of which have side effects, are expensive and not always effective. Vitamins, minerals and plant extracts have been proven to alleviate the symptomatology of the premenstrual syndrome. For this reason, the purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of a commercial phytotherapeutic dietary supplement (PREMEN-CALM®: γ-aminobutyric acid, Rhodiola rosea L., Vitex agnus-castus, vitamin B6 and melatonin) as an alternative treatment for this condition. A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled pilot study was performed. Participants (n = 42) were assessed before and after 3 months of taking the supplement (n = 21) or the placebo (n = 21). Outcome measures include antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers, body composition, subjective sleep quality, mood state profile, quality of life, and certain characteristics of the menstrual cycle. The within-group analysis revealed a significant improvement in the total antioxidant status (1.49 ± 0.34 vs reference value 1, p = 0.002), mood state profile (p = 0.02), and affective symptoms (p = 0.01) in the women receiving the commercial phytotherapeutic dietary supplement PREMEN-CALM®. On the contrary, the between-group analysis showed no statistical differences, suggesting a plausible placebo effect. The phytotherapeutic supplement PREMEN-CALM® might be effective in treating or alleviating the symptoms of the premenstrual syndrome without adverse events. Integrative medicine approaches in the clinical practice may help improve the health of women suffering from this and other gynecological conditions.

The Relationship between Knowledge and Stress Levels Facing Premenstrual Syndrome in Class X Female Students at SMK Swasta Alwasliyah 17

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Is a group of physical, behavioral and emotional symptoms that occur cyclically and repeatedly Around 75% of women complain of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and 30% of them require treatment. This study aims to identify the relationship between knowledge and stress levels in dealing with pre-menstrual syndrome in class X female students at SMK Swasta Alwasliyah 17, Air Putih District. This type of research is correlational, namely examining the relationship between two variables in a situation or group of subjects, using a cross-sectional approach, namely looking for the relationship between the variables studied. The place of this research was carried out at SMK Swasta Alwasliyah 17, Air Putih District, Batubara Regency. The sample for this research was 30 female students in class X of SMK Swasta Alwasliyah 17. Based on statistical tests, it is known that there is a relationship between the level of knowledge and the level of stress in dealing with pre-menstrual syndrome, characterized by a significance value of p-value 0.000 &gt; (0.05) where the p-value is 0.000 and the chi-square value is 48.302. Suggestions in research so that teenagers can increase their knowledge about pre-menstrual syndrome and control excessive stress by learning relaxation techniques to minimize stress.

Effect of pranayama on sympatho-vagal imbalance and cognitive deficit in premenstrual syndrome.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a prevalent and often neglected condition that affects around 80% of women of reproductive age. In PMS, abnormal fluctuations in gonadal hormones cause altered homeostasis, resulting in sympatho-vagal imbalance and poor cognition. To compare autonomic function parameters and cognitive performance between PMS and control groups, and to study the effect of pranayama on the above parameters in PMS women. It was a randomized control trial. We recruited 40 women of reproductive age who fit the inclusion criteria. They were asked to complete the Premenstrual Syndrome Screening Tool (PSST) questionnaire and were categorized as having PMS (n = 20) or not having PMS (n = 20). All study participants had their baseline CAFT, HRV, BRS, P300, and MOCA values recorded. Following that, participants in the PMS group were divided into two groups of ten at random. For 8 weeks, one group received pranayama training. Following that, all baseline data were recorded again in both the pranayama and no-intervention groups. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data. For parametric data, the unpaired t test was used to compare between the PMS and no PMS groups, whereas the Mann-Whitney U test was employed for non-parametric data. To compare the parameters before and after intervention, the Students paired 't' test for parametric data and the Wilcoxan-signed rank test for non-parametric data were used. According to the findings, autonomic function and cognition were considerably affected in the PMS group and improved significantly in the PMS group following pranayama intervention. Pranayama is an effective and safe non-pharmacological method for treating PMS and improving women's quality of life.

Heart Rate Variability (HRV) as a Marker of Improved Autonomic Function in PMS: A Homeopathy Intervention-Based Single Blind Randomized Control Study

Abstract Introduction: Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) is a prevalent condition contributing to a spectrum of physical and psychological symptoms during the menstrual cycle. Heart rate variability (HRV) stands as a potential tool to delve into the autonomic nervous system’s intricacies. This study aims to bridge this knowledge gap by investigating the relationship between HRV and PMS while concurrently evaluating the efficacy of individualised homoeopathic interventions in managing PMS. Materials and Methods: A prospective case–control study was conducted from August 2020 to April 2021, involving 37 young females aged 16–45 years with diagnosed PMS. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV criteria and were randomised into the case (homoeopathy intervention) and control (placebo) groups. Individualised homoeopathic medicines were administered to the case group, while the control group received a placebo. Both groups were followed for 6 months. Autonomic function was assessed using HRV, employing NICOMON, and clinical improvement was evaluated through the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ). Statistical analysis included paired t-tests and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: Out of the initially screened 37 subjects, 31 completed the study. The homoeopathy group (n = 15) demonstrated a highly significant improvement in MDQ scores compared to the placebo (n = 16) group (P &lt; 0.00001). HRV analysis revealed significant increases in total power, low-frequency, high-frequency, root mean square of successive normal-to-normal interval differences, NN50 and pNN50%, indicating enhanced autonomic modulation and parasympathetic dominance in the homoeopathy group (P &lt; 0.001, P = 0.006, P = 0.006, P = 0.039, P &lt; 0.001 and P = 0.013, respectively). The miasmatic analysis highlighted an 80% prevalence of sycotic miasm in the PMS cases. Conclusion: Individualised homoeopathic interventions resulted in substantial improvements in autonomic function, as evidenced by HRV metrics, and clinical symptoms in PMS patients. The study sheds light on the potential therapeutic impact of homoeopathy in achieving autonomic balance and relieving PMS symptoms. While acknowledging the study’s limitations, including sample size, these findings suggest avenues for further research in this domain.

The relationship between premenstrual syndrome and personality traits in university students.

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between personality traits and premenstrual syndrome in university students. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 616 female university students between February and June 2020. The Premenstrual Syndrome Scale score was determined as a mean of 125.40±25.41. According to linear regression analysis, extrovert/introvert personality traits, emotional balance/neuroticism, and consistent/inconsistent personality traits were statistically significant predictive factors of premenstrual syndrome. The results of this study demonstrated that two-thirds of the students had premenstrual syndrome and personality traits affected premenstrual syndrome. It is recommended that attention should be paid to personality traits when coping with premenstrual syndrome.

Normative Reference Value of Proprioception and Reaction Time among Females with PMS- A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) encompasses physical, emotional, and behavioral changes prior to menstruation. While hormonal fluctuations during PMS may affect neurological processes, direct links to alterations in proprioception and reaction time are not firmly established. Normative reference scores have not been established for proprioception and reaction time among females with premenstrual syndrome. Aim: To determine the normative reference score of proprioception and reaction time among females with PMS using the Sensbalance MiniBoard. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Physiotherapy, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India, recruited females aged 18 to 40 years, with regular menstrual cycle, and with Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), diagnosed according to Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) criteria (≥5 out of 11 symptoms). The study aimed to establish normative values for these measures in PMDD individuals. Results: The normative data for proprioception in four directions i.e. front, back, left, and right were 19.47±18.26°, 7.59±3.66°, 11.94±12.93°, 10.99±8.02°. The normative data for the reaction time in front, back, left and right was obtained as 0.94±0.32 s, 0.79±0.16 s, 0.91±0.27 s and 0.93±0.50 s, respectively. Conclusion: The results suggest the feasibility of conducting an extensive study with a larger sample size to facilitate the generalisation of data to a global population.

Effect of Yoga on Premenstrual Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Yoga takes an approach that addresses the mental and spiritual aspects, making it a powerful tool for treating medical conditions that often do not respond well to traditional methods. Researchers have a growing interest in studying the effects of yoga on chronic health issues and mental wellbeing. Aim: To investigate and summarise the impact of yoga on premenstrual syndrome. Materials and Methods: For this systematic review, international databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, EBSCOhost, and ScienceDirect) were systematically searched from the inception of the databases until January 31, 2024. The keywords “premenstrual syndrome” and “yoga” were employed, and “Medical Subject Headings” (MeSH) were utilised for these keywords. Two researchers independently screened articles, and consensus for inclusion was achieved through mutual discussions. All studies assessing the effect of yoga on premenstrual syndrome were extracted from the selected studies without restricting to the form or type of yogic intervention. Results: A total of 35 studies on the subject were scrutinised, and 12 publications meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were incorporated in the study for evaluation. All studies indicated that yoga is effective in reducing at least one or some of the physical symptoms, such as bloating, pain, fatigue, breast tenderness, appetite changes, and psychological changes like irritability, stress, anxiety, depression, loss of interest, attention, control, and arousal during premenstrual syndrome. There is a lack of clarity regarding the effect of yoga on many other symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. Conclusion: Yoga interventions demonstrate effectiveness in alleviating premenstrual symptoms in women with premenstrual syndrome.

Awareness of women at reproductive age towards premenstrual syndrome and its association with psychosocial and lifestyle variables in al Qassim region

Background: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) significantly impacts women&amp;apos;s health and daily functioning. This study investigated the awareness and prevalence of PMS among women aged 15 to 40 in the Al Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. The study aimed to identify gaps in awareness and establish correlations between lifestyle choices and PMS severity. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used, targeting 400 women selected through random sampling. Data were collected via an online self-assessment questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics, medical history, PMS diagnostic criteria, and awareness levels. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), employing chi-square tests to explore relationships between variables. Results: The results showed no significant association between physical activity (χ2(1) = 0.48, p = 0.489), relaxation exercises (p = 0.615), and smoking (p = 1) with PMS symptoms. However, a significant association existed between depression and PMS symptoms (χ²(1) = 8.51, p = 0.004), underscoring the need for mental health interventions. Additionally, vitamin intake was significantly associated with menstrual cycle regularity, suggesting potential benefits of nutritional supplementation. These findings contributed to a deeper understanding of PMS in the context of Al Qassim&amp;apos;s cultural and environmental factors, offering valuable insights for public health initiatives and healthcare providers in developing targeted treatment strategies for affected women. Conclusion: The study examined menstrual cycle regularity and premenstrual syndrome symptoms, exploring their relationships with lifestyle factors. The research investigated how smoking, depression, physical activity, relaxation, and vitamin intake impacted these reproductive health outcomes. Regular exercise and relaxation showed no significant effects, but there was a substantial correlation between depression and the severity of PMS symptoms.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and Its Relationship with Stress: A Study on Medical and Allied Medical Science Students at a Tertiary Care Center

Abstract Background: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), now classified under mood disorders, is characterized by a group of cognitive, affective, and physical symptoms and is associated with socio-occupational dysfunction with poor quality of life. Most of the women in their reproductive ages suffer from discomfort before the onset of menses and this severe discomfort may also lead to stress. Aim: The aim of the study is to study the prevalence of PMDD among medical and allied medical science students and assess the stress associated with it. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted at a tertiary care cente in Jaipur, Rajasthan. One hundred and eighty-one students were enrolled from medicine, clinical dietetics, and physiotherapy branches. The study tools used for data collection included a semi-structured self-reporting questionnaire, a premenstrual symptom screening tool (PSST), and a perceived stress scale (PSS). The data were analyzed using SPSS software. The recorded data were evaluated and presented based on mean, standard deviation, and proportion. Results: One hundred and eighty-one students were enrolled with the average age of 20.4 ± 1.54 years. On screening by PSST, 29 qualified for PMDD, 43 students met the criteria for premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and the remaining 109 had no to mild premenstrual symptoms. Students with PMDD and moderate-to-severe PMS had significantly more stress as compared to students with no to mild premenstrual symptoms. Conclusion: Our study is a step forward in understanding the stress experienced by students suffering from PMS/PMDD. As students suffering from PMS or PMDD have higher stress levels, colleges or universities can give special focus to address these issues.

Post-COVID-19 Menstrual Abnormalities among Medical Students at a Tertiary Care Medical College in Southern India: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: The emergence of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) caught the world by surprise, leading to a widespread global pandemic that has had profound and distressing effects on various levels. Its impact has been far-reaching, causing severe consequences that continue to unfold. COVID-19 is a multisystem inflammatory disease involving all organs, including the female reproductive system. Aim: To determine the prevalence of COVID-19 among students and compare post-COVID-19 menstrual abnormalities in the home and hospital groups. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess post-COVID-19 menstrual abnormalities among medical students at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NRI Institute of Medical Sciences, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, in southern India from April to December 2022. A total of 600 medical students were approached, and 549 responded, among whom 258 students were reported as COVID-19 positive and 291 reported as COVID-19 negative. After excluding risk factors, 204 COVID-19 positive students were selected as the study population. Data were collected using a prevalidated questionnaire. The COVID-19 study population of 204 (100%) was further stratified into two groups based on the treatment taken at home 162 (79.4%) or in the hospital 42 (20.5%). Chi-square test and Fisher’s-exact tests were used to compare post-COVID-19 menstrual abnormalities, including cycle length abnormalities, Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB), dysmenorrhoea, Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), and hypomenorrhoea. Results: The prevalence of COVID-19 in the study population was 204, accounting for 37.15% of the total population 204/549. Out of the 204 students, 162 (79.4%) received home treatment, and 42 (20.5%) received hospital treatment. PostCOVID-19 menstrual cycle abnormalities were more prevalent in the hospital group 26/42 (61.9%) than in the home treatment group 76/162 (46.9%). The most common abnormality in both groups was PMS, with a prevalence of 21 (50%) in the hospital group and 38 (23.4%) in the home group. In the home group, 37 (22.8%) experienced longer cycles, 33 (20.3%) had dysmenorrhoea, and 19 (11.7%) had shorter cycles. In the hospital group, 14 (33.3%) had longer cycles, 13 (30.9%) experienced dysmenorrhoea, and 9 (21.4%) had shorter cycles. HMB was reported by 6 (14.2%) in the hospital group and 13 (8%) in the home group, while hypomenorrhoea occurred in 11 (6.7%) in the home group and 5 (11.9%) in the hospital group. A significant association (p=0.001) was found between the COVID-19 treatment groups and PMS. However, for other post-COVID-19 menstrual abnormalities, such as cycle length, dysmenorrhoea, HMB, and hypomenorrhoea, there was no significant association between these abnormalities and COVID-19 treatment groups. Conclusion: Post-COVID-19 menstrual abnormalities were more frequently observed in the hospital group compared to the home group. All post-COVID-19 menstrual irregularities resolved within six months, except for PMS.

Association of Serum Electrolytes Level with Premenstrual Syndrome

Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a significant health condition that affects a significant portion ofthe female population. Due to the ovarian hormone, changes in serum electrolyte levels can happen in the late lutealperiod of the menstrual cycle. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to find out the association of serum electrolytes levels of 30 youngunmarried women with PMS from July 2016 to June 2017 in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah MedicalCollege, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Results: The mean age of both groups of young unmarried women of was 20.30±1.15 years and 20.53±1.17 years. Themean serum sodium level was 139.97±1.30 and 140.93±1.68 mmol/L, and the serum potassium level was 4.20±0.32and 4.17±0.31 mmol/L. The mean serum sodium level was significantly higher in group B in comparison to groupA (p&lt;0.05). Premenstrual scores of irritability, abdominal bloating, backache, depression, fatigue, breast tenderness,headache, and anxiety were significantly higher in comparison to those of postmenstrual scores in the PMS group(p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: These study results acclaimed that serum sodium levels influence the physical and psychological symptoms of women with PMS.

Curcuminoid-Piperine Combination Improves Radical Scavenging Activity in Women with Premenstrual Syndrome and Dysmenorrhea: A Post-hoc Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Study.

Oxidative stress maybe involved in the patho-etiology of menstrual-associated complications. Curcuminoids, are polyphenolic natural compounds that have potentially important functional activities. This triple-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was performed to investigate the effects of a curcuminoids on oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in girls with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and dysmenorrhea. Eighty young girls with both PMS and dysmenorrhea were randomly given either curcuminoids (500 mg+5 mg piperine) or a placebo daily, for a period from 7 days pre- until 3 days post- initiation of menstrual bleeding for 3 successive menstrual cycles. The total antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging activity of serum and urine were quantified via ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods, respectively. There were no significant differences between the placebo and curcumin groups, with respect to the age, dietary intake and biochemical/anthropometric indices (p>0.05). The curcumin treatment significantly increased the free-radical scavenging activity of serum compared to the treatment with placebo (p=0.031). Although, no significant changes were found in serum and urinary levels of FRAP, DPPH and MDA between the groups (p>0.05). Curcumin treatment did increase free-radical scavenging activity and antioxidant potential in girls with PMS and dysmenorrhea. Investigations with higher doses and duration of curcumin are required to verify our findings.

Influence of lifestyle factors on menstrual disorders

Menstrual disorders, including dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS), significantly impact the quality of life of many women. These disorders can be influenced by various lifestyle factors such as diet, physical activity, stress, body weight, and substance use. This review examines the existing literature on the impact of these lifestyle factors on menstrual health. Nutrient deficiencies and imbalanced diets, especially those low in magnesium, vitamin B6, and vitamin D, are associated with increased severity of PMS and dysmenorrhea. Conversely, diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are linked to more regular menstrual cycles. Regular physical activity is beneficial, often reducing menstrual pain and promoting cycle regularity. However, excessive exercise, particularly in athletes, can lead to energy deficits and hypothalamic amenorrhea. Stress is another crucial factor, with chronic stress elevating cortisol levels and disrupting the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, leading to irregular cycles and exacerbated PMS symptoms. Body weight also plays a significant role; both obesity and being underweight can disrupt hormonal balance, with obesity leading to excess estrogen and heavy bleeding, and low body weight resulting in reduced estrogen production and amenorrhea. Substance use, including high intake of alcohol and caffeine, is linked to an increased risk of PMS and irregular cycles, while smoking exacerbates dysmenorrhea and accelerates menopause. Addressing these lifestyle factors through balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, effective stress management, and maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for improving menstrual health and overall well-being. Further research is needed to fully understand the complex interactions between lifestyle factors and menstrual health.