Preliminary Stage Of Research Research Articles

PECULIARITIES OF PERFORMING MULTIOBJECT FORENSIC HANDWRITING EXAMINATIONS

The specifics of multiobject forensic handwriting examination is considered. Urgency of their performing and the importance for making decisions on the case are underlined. Attention is drawn to the solution of specific problems that require different approaches, depending on the nature of research objects. Multistage character of research on a multitude of handwriting objects is singled out and features of a separate stage, namely preliminary research are considered. Importance of this stage for the further research planning, selection of the corresponding separate techniques by expert, construction of expert versions is revealed. It is pointed out that methods of performing multiobject handwriting examination at the stage of preliminary research has features that distinguish it from other handwriting methods. Issues related to familiarization with the submitted materials, verification of comparability of samples and establishment of comparative material sufficiency are touched upon. Importance of resolving the issue regarding the need to send an application by a expert is noted. Also, the completion of the preliminary research stage by the formulation of general and private versions per se of the tasks assigned to expert is noted. Recently expert practice requires from experts not only to update methodological approaches in solving handwriting tasks when granting a large number of objects, but also to improve methods of performing relevant research. Above mentioned sequence of research stages can be one of the types of guarantee for full and comprehensive objective research on a large number of objects, an serve the basis for a correct expert decision. Consideration of the issues of features on the stage of preliminary research in carrying out a multiobject handwriting examination is important for handwriting experts, both beginners and with great experience.

PENGARUH PEMANASAN BERULANG (TYNDALISASI) SAUS SPAGHETTI IKAN TUNA TERHADAP DAYA TERIMA DAN PENDUGAAN UMUR SIMPAN DENGAN METODE AKSELERASI MODEL PERSAMAAN ARRHENIUS

Spaghetti sauce of tuna is a processed product of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) with the addition of tuna and added some seasoning. It has a typical taste and as a complement to eat spaghetti. This research was divided into two stages, the preliminary research stage aimed to find out the best treatment of tuna spaghetti sauce which was treated with recurrent heating 1 to 3 times of heating wherein interval 24 hours for each time of heating, with the criteria was organoleptic test results (color, flavor, and flavour) and total microbes. From the preliminary research results obtained the best spaghetti sauce treatment has A2 treatment with 2 times heating. The main research in this study aimed to determine the shelf life of the best sample by using the Arrhenius model acceleration method. The product has stored in 3 different temperatures at 31oC, 38oC and 45oC. Analyzes and parameters used were pH measurement, total microbes, total titrated acids, color and organoleptic brightness levels that include aroma and taste. The result of microbial analysis was TPC as the key parameter, the shelf life of tuna spaghetti sauce was 78 days or 2.6 months while from physical analysis (organoleptic) that has the flavor as the key parameter, the age of tuna spaghetti sauce was 267 days or 8.9 months.

Dual-Polarization NFDM Transmission Using Distributed Raman Amplification and NFT-Domain Equalization

Transmission systems based on the nonlinear Fourier transform (NFT) can potentially address the limitations in transmission reach and throughput set forth by the onset of Kerr-induced nonlinear distortion. Whereas this technique is at a preliminary research stage, a rapid progress has been shown over the past few years leading to experimental demonstrations of dual-polarization systems carrying advanced modulation formats. The lossless transmission required by the NFT to ensure the theoretical validity of the scheme is a fairly strong requirement considering practical transmission links. Here, we address it by using optimized distributed Raman amplification to minimize the power variations to approximately 3 dB over 200 km, thus approaching the lossless transmission requirement. Additionally, we experimentally evaluate the improvement provided by equalization schemes applied to the signals in the NFD. By combining distributed Raman amplification and NFD equalization, we show transmission reaches for dual-polarization nonlinear frequency division multiplexing systems transmitting both two eigenvalues (8 bit/symbol) up to 2200 km and three eigenvalues (12 bit/symbol) up to more than 600 km at hard-decision and soft-decision forward error correction threshold, respectively.

Molecular insight into competitive adsorption of methane and carbon dioxide in montmorillonite: Effect of clay structure and water content

The microscopic competitive adsorption mechanism of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) is of fundamental significance for CO2 sequestration with enhanced gas recovery (CS-EGR) in clay-rich shale gas reservoirs, which is still in a preliminary research stage. In this study, the Na-montmorillonite models with various pore sizes and water densities were generated to gain insights into the CO2/CH4 competitive adsorption behaviors using the combined molecular dynamics and grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations. The effects and corresponding mechanisms of clay pore size, structure heterogeneity and water content on CO2/CH4 adsorption capacity, contribution of selectivity and isosteric adsorption heat were discussed in detail. Simulation results show that the Na-montmorillonite clay favors the preferential adsorption of CO2 over CH4, and the preferential adsorption of CO2 reduces with increasing clay pore size and pressure. Adsorbility factor is the major contribution for the CO2/CH4 adsorption selectivity in dry clay models, while the contribution of volumetric factor enhances with rising pore heterogeneity caused by increasing water content and decreasing pore size. The physical pore heterogeneity in the upper near-wall region resulted from Na+ distribution, associated with the difference of CO2/CH4 dynamic diameter is one reason for the asymmetrical CO2/CH4 density profiles, while the strong affinity between CO2/Na+ and substituted Al atoms in the upper tetrahedron is the other reason. Interestingly, a later increase of CO2/CH4 adsorption selectivity with further rising water density is observed, which is due to the solvation of Na+ in interlayer water phase, re-exposing some high energy adsorption sites for CO2 adsorption. This result provides implication that the CS-EGR efficiency can be potentially improved by increasing the water content in clay. This study gains deep insights into the CO2/CH4 competitive adsorption mechanism in montmorillonite clay at microscopic scale, and can open new potentials for tuning the application of CS-EGR in clay-rich shale gas reservoirs.

Mathematical model and case study of wind-induced responses for a vertical forest

The concept of vertical forests is gaining popularity as it promotes the coexistence of architecture and nature in urban areas. The wind loads and dynamic responses of buildings may be impacted by the presence of vegetation. A wind-induced motion equation of vertical forests was formulated in the preliminary stage of research, assuming that tree cover is enclosed with curtain wall. The model was used to analyze a case. We used the time history of wind pressure attained from wind-tunnel tests of the host structure to calculate wind-induced responses. To investigate the contribution of the vegetation, three cases were analyzed: the original structure, the vertical forest and the host structure with an ETMD (equivalent tuned mass dampers). The impact exerted by tree cover with specific parameters on wind-induced responses was analyzed. The results show that tree cover significantly reduces vibration of the host structure under the action of wind loads, though the vibration-absorbing effects exerted by tree cover are less than that of the ETMD. Parametric analysis indicated that vibration-absorbing effects are more susceptible to the variation of natural frequency of tree cover than its damping ratio.

Mathematics Learning Instructional Development based on Discovery Learning for Students with Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Intelligence (Preliminary Research Stage)

The mathematical ability of Indonesian students is still very low compared to other countries. One alternative to overcome the problem is by creating learning instructional that allows students to learn well. Most of learning instructional developed today do not accommodate the student learning styles especially in schools that have classified students based on multiple intelligences. The dominant intelligences in the classroom are intrapersonal and interpersonal. The purpose of this research is to produce a mathematics learning instructional based on Discovery Learning approach that are valid, practical, and effective for junior high school students with intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligence. These instructional are developed using a development model adapted from the Plomp model. The development process of these instructional consists of 3 phases: front-end analysis/preliminary research, development/prototype phase and assessment phase. From the preliminary research results, we obtain that the intrapersonal student learning outcomes are not different from interpersonal. Teachers and students desperately need learning instructional with simple language and can guide students to understand the subject matter.

Profile of Development of Critical Thinking Student Skills Assessment Instrument in the Course Geography of Disaster

In order to realize the goal of education, students are required to have critical thinking skills, especially in courses that are abstract like geography. Preliminary research has been done to find that the instruments used are not oriented to critical thinking skills. The purpose of this study is to know the process of developing critical thinking skills assessment instruments that meet the valid criteria. This type of research is development research by following the theory of device development according to Plomp (2013). The results show that the development of the device has been done only in the preliminary stage of research and prototyping phase. In the preliminary research stage the results obtained interviews with students and lecturers about the desired learning tool. At the phase prototyping phase obtained a good form of device to measure students' critical thinking skills.

PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH LOKAL BERBASIS AUDIO VISUAL CORAK KAIN SASIRANGAN DI SMAN 5 BANJARMASIN

Local history includes a wide range of knowledge and noble values in a society that can be used as one perspective that is held in life. Those values can be attributed to learning course that leads to the affective attitude of the students. For society, the fabric sasirangan open just an ordinary cloth but the terms of the meaning and significance of the sublime. In this study local history lesson on the meaning attributed to shades of fabric sasirangan. The method used in this research is descriptive evaluative namely by combining the results of field exposure and testing of the products with evaluative methods. Stages in the development of this research are: 1) The preliminary research stage, 2) stage of media development, 3) stages try uj media (product). For data analysis hit feasibility media has been developed using a Likert scale ranges 5. The media effectiveness test using the test T. From the T test results we can conclude that H0 is rejected. Then there are differences in effect on student achievement scores between the experimental class and control class. Through these results we can conclude that the use of instructional media berbasi sasirangan fabric patterns can impact the value of student achievement. As for the assessment of cultural awareness, It can be said there has been a good improvement of student achievement scores between before being given to the media after being given media.

TreePics: visualizing trees with pictures

While many programs are available to edit phylogenetic trees, associating pictures with branch tips in an efficient and automatic way is not an available option. Here, we present TreePics, a standalone software that uses a web browser to visualize phylogenetic trees in Newick format and that associates pictures (typically, pictures of the voucher specimens) to the tip of each branch. Pictures are visualized as thumbnails and can be enlarged by a mouse rollover. Further, several pictures can be selected and displayed in a separate window for visual comparison. TreePics works either online or in a full standalone version, where it can display trees with several thousands of pictures (depending on the memory available). We argue that TreePics can be particularly useful in a preliminary stage of research, such as to quickly detect conflicts between a DNA-based phylogenetic tree and morphological variation, that may be due to contamination that needs to be removed prior to final analyses, or the presence of species complexes.

PENGEMBANGAN E-MODUL INTERAKTIF MENGGUNAKAN ADOBE FLASH PADA MATERI IKATAN KIMIA UNTUK MENDORONG LITERASI SAINS SISWA

Chemical bonding is a material that has the characteristics of abstract concepts and many concepts that must be understood by students and the lack of ability of students in relating the concepts that have been learned in everyday life. The interactive e-module is an effective teaching material for improving students' science literacy. This research aims to develop prototype in the form of interactive e-module using adobe flash on chemical bond material to encourage students' science literacy. Type of research used is research and development with Nieeven model consist of 4 stages: (1) preliminary research stage, (2) stage prototyping stage, (3) summative evaluation stage, and (4) systematic reflection and documentation stage. The results of the development were validated by expert and practitioner validators using the instrument in the form of questionnaires and limited group trials to the X class students at the Islamic High School Al-Azhar NW Kayangan. Quantitative data of validation result are analyzed by percentage formula and effectiveness test result is calculated with N-gain. Qualitative data in the form of responses and suggestions for improvement of validators are used as consideration for revision of the developed prototype. In general, validator assessments of development outcomes were obtained by average percentage by expert validation 88%, 90% practicability of teachers, and 85% limited group trial results, and the results of the N-gain effectiveness test of 0.5. This shows that the developed e-modules are very feasible to proceed to a broader stage and can foster students' literacy skills.

Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Menggunakan Model CAI Sebagai Upaya Memperbaiki Kualitas Pembelajaran Pada Mata Kuliah Fisika Optik

This research aims to develop instructional media products with the computer based instructions in Physics Optical subject matter for S1 Electrical Engineering students, know the difference learning outcomes between students who use instructional media and students who do not use instructional media, and to study the response of students to instructional media with computer based instructions. The research was conducted in two stages: 1) preliminary research stage, research and development which is carried out to develop an interactive instructional media products for Optical Physics. 2) Further research using action research class method, the steps using the model of Lewin. The research consisted of four cycles, in which researcher as a teacher as well as research instruments. The results showed that the instructional media products that are developed enough to attract students which is indicated from the increase of learning outcomes and positive response from students.

Separation of Powers Under the HK Basic Law

Although it is far from clear how far the drafters of the Hong Kong Basic Law ever intended a system of separation of powers to be practiced in Hong Kong, that is how the Hong Kong courts have interpreted the effect of the provisions in that constitutional document, the Hong Kong Basic Law. However this paper argues that the courts' references to separation of powers have been brief and unhelpful, and offer little guidance on how best to characterize the system that exists under the Hong Kong Basic Law. As a result, it remains unclear what existing practices in Hong Kong may be vulnerable to legal challenge for violating a system of separation of powers.This is a working paper written during the preliminary stage of the author's PhD research into separation of powers at the Faculty of Law of the University of Hong Kong and will be subject to revision.

Substituted hydroxyapatites with antibacterial properties.

Reconstructive surgery is presently struggling with the problem of infections located within implantation biomaterials. Of course, the best antibacterial protection is antibiotic therapy. However, oral antibiotic therapy is sometimes ineffective, while administering an antibiotic at the location of infection is often associated with an unfavourable ratio of dosage efficiency and toxic effect. Thus, the present study aims to find a new factor which may improve antibacterial activity while also presenting low toxicity to the human cells. Such factors are usually implemented along with the implant itself and may be an integral part of it. Many recent studies have focused on inorganic factors, such as metal nanoparticles, salts, and metal oxides. The advantages of inorganic factors include the ease with which they can be combined with ceramic and polymeric biomaterials. The following review focuses on hydroxyapatites substituted with ions with antibacterial properties. It considers materials that have already been applied in regenerative medicine (e.g., hydroxyapatites with silver ions) and those that are only at the preliminary stage of research and which could potentially be used in implantology or dentistry. We present methods for the synthesis of modified apatites and the antibacterial mechanisms of various ions as well as their antibacterial efficiency.

SU‐HH‐BRB‐06: Emission Guided Radiation Therapy: A Simulation Study of Treatment without Margin

Purpose: Accurate tumor tracking remains as a major challenge in radiation therapy. Margins are added to the clinical target volume (CTV) to ensure the treatment of tumor in the presence of patient setup uncertainty. Fiducial seeds and calypso markers are commonly implanted into the disease sites to further reduce the dose delivery error due to tumor motion. For more accurate dose delivery and improved patient comfort, the use of radioactive tracers in positron emission tomography (PET) as non‐invasive tumor markers has been proposed ‐ a concept called emission‐guided radiation therapy (EGRT). Method and Materials: Instead of using images obtained from a stand‐alone PET scanner for treatment guidance, we mount a positron imaging system on a radiation therapy machine. Such an EGRT system is able to track the tumor in real time based on the lines of response (LOR) of the tumor positron events, and perform radiation therapy simultaneously. One main algorithmic difficulty of EGRT implementation is how to deliver the dose based on an existing treatment plan and the acquired real‐time tumor location information. In this work, we illustrate the EGRT concept using computer simulations and propose an adaptive algorithm for dose delivery. Results: EGRT's advantage on increased dose delivery accuracy is demonstrated using a prostate treatment case without the setup margin. The emission process is simulated by Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission package and Linac dose delivery is simulated using a voxel‐based Monte Carlo algorithm. A treatment setup error of 1cm is simulated on the prostate. The dose distributions show that the proposed EGRT can accurately deliver the prescribed dose to the CTV without using margins to compensate for the setup error. Conclusion: Although still in a preliminary research stage, EGRT has the potential to substantially reduce tumor location uncertainties and to greatly increase the performance of current radiation therapy.

Interlaboratory simultaneous multielement analysis of aerosol samples from Šumava mountains

The samples of the solid aerosol were taken in Sumava mountains (CSFR/FRG frontier) to be analyzed by PIXE or XRF methods in the frame work of air pollution import investigation. To evaluate differences in the results and to minimize discontinuities in the time series, some analyses of the same samples were done by both methods. The peak areas of Al, Si, S, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn were compared to establish the degree of correlation for separate elements. On the basis of the comparison, the multiplicative factors were determined to estimate the XRF peak areas from the PIXE ones. Relative element concentrations and other data were derived from both determined and estimated peak areas and taken into account in the preliminary stage of research.

Advances in water electrolysis technology with emphasis on use of the solid polymer electrolyte

Efforts to improve water electrolysis technology are being made using three promising approaches: (a) development of solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) water electrolysers, (b) increasing the operating temperature of alkaline water electrolysers from 80° C to a temperature in the range 120–150° C, and (c) investigation of advanced concepts. The research and development efforts on SPE water electrolysers are aimed at (a) low cost current collectors, (b) high-activity electrocatalysts, (c) high temperature capability, (d) low cost SPE, and (e) design and construction of scaled-up cell stacks. Attempts are being made to find materials for cells and auxiliaries which are stable in an alkaline environment at elevated temperatures. Advanced concepts for electrolytic hydrogen production, including (a) finding better reversible electrocatalysts, (b) use of anode depolarizers, (c) water vapour electrolysis in molten or solid electrolytes, (d) development of hydroxyl ion transporting membranes, (e) investigation of thermochemical-electrochemical hybrid cycles, and (f) photoelectrolysis of water, are still at a preliminary research stage.

Gas turbines in stationary power generation

THE ULTIMATE possibilities of gas turbines have been publicized widely. Many of the developments on which improved performance at an economic cost are dependent, are now in such a preliminary stage of research that it is impossible to predict the extent to which these ultimately will be incorporated in commercial gas turbines. This very uncertainty makes the future of the gas turbine intriguing to engineers.

Gas Turbines in Stationary Power Generation

THE ULTIMATE possibilities of gas turbines have been publicized widely. Many of the developments on which improved performance at an economic cost are dependent, are now in such a preliminary stage of research that it is impossible to predict the extent to which these ultimately will be incorporated in commercial gas turbines. This very uncertainty makes the future of the gas turbine intriguing to engineers.