Preliminary Questions Research Articles

Dijalog država članica sa sudom EU kroz prethodno pitanje s posebnim osvrtom na prethodno pitanje Ustavnog suda RH upućenog sudu EU

The institute of preliminary reference is regulated by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (hereinafter: TFEU) and it serves as the sole effective mean of communication between national courts and the EU Court. In addition to its key role in unifying and harmonizing judicial practices, the preliminary reference institute guarantees the effectiveness of judicial protection, implementation of the principles of equality and security, seeking to ensure an equal legal position for all Union citizens. In this paper, the authors elucidate the role of the preliminary reference procedure in the legal order of the European Union (hereinafter: EU), emphasizing the scarce intention of national constitutional courts to refer a preliminary question and their current issues. Taking into account the fact that the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia posed a preliminary question to the EU Court for the first time in April 2023, a process that is still ongoing, the authors analyze the submitted request, problematizing the potential elements of discrimination regarding the freedom of movement of students studying at foreign universities, referring to related examples from the EU Court’s case law.

연구실 안전 분위기 측정도구 개발 및 타당화

Recently, accidents have been occurring continuously in domestic research labs, and in order to prevent them, the safety field is emphasizing the creation of a safe climate. Therefore, in this study, before confirming the role and performance of safety climate, we establish the definition and sub-factor of the concept of safety climate and develop a tool to measure it. Through this, we hope to contribute to revitalizing research on lab safety climate and related variables. Through previous research, a draft of the sub-factors and questions of the measurement tool was developed, and the measurement tool was validated through an expert content validity survey, preliminary survey, and main survey. The survey was conducted targeting people engaged in research activities, the measurement tool was validated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and the reliability of the measurement tool was secured through reliability analysis. In addition, correlation analysis with safety-related variables was conducted. The safety climate measurement tool was drafted with a total of 4 areas and 19 questions, and a total of 16 questions were selected as preliminary questions through verification of content validity. As a result of conducting a preliminary survey and conducting exploratory factor analysis, a total of 4 sub factor and 12 questions were converged. Afterwards, as a result of confirmatory factor analysis through this survey, the measurement tool was found to be valid, and there was a correlation with various safety related variables. The lab safety climate measurement tool consists of four sub-factor : lab operation policy, lab safety regulations, lab safety education, and communication between members, and was developed with a total of 12 questions. The correlation between safety related variables such as safety leadership, safety knowledge, safety attitude, and safety behavior was found to be significant, so it can be used in future lab safety related research and is expected to revitalize research.

Clarification of the Judicial Application Stage of Preliminary Questions

Clarification of the Judicial Application Stage of Preliminary Questions

Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines on Regenerative Medicine Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Consensus Report from a Multispecialty Working Group.

Injectable biologics have not only been described and developed to treat dermal wounds, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, but have also been reported to treat chronic pain conditions. Despite emerging evidence supporting regenerative medicine therapy for pain, many aspects remain controversial. The American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN) identified the educational need for an evidence-based guideline on regenerative medicine therapy for chronic pain. The executive board nominated experts spanning multiple specialties including anesthesiology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, and sports medicine based on expertise, publications, research, and clinical practice. A steering committee selected preliminary questions, which were reviewed and refined. Evidence was appraised using the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) criteria for evidence level and degree of recommendation. Using a modified Delphi approach, consensus points were distributed to all collaborators and each collaborator voted on each point. If collaborators provided a decision of "disagree" or "abstain", they were invited to provide a rationale in a non-blinded fashion to the committee chair, who incorporated the respective comments and distributed revised versions to the committee until consensus was achieved. Sixteen questions were selected for guideline development. Questions that were addressed included type of injectable biologics and mechanism, evidence in treating chronic pain indications (eg, tendinopathy, muscular pathology, osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc disease, neuropathic pain), role in surgical augmentation, dosing, comparative efficacy between injectable biologics, peri-procedural practices to optimize therapeutic response and quality of injectate, federal regulations, and complications with mitigating strategies. In well-selected individuals with certain chronic pain indications, use of injectable biologics may provide superior analgesia, functionality, and/or quality of life compared to conventional medical management or placebo. Future high-quality randomized clinical trials are warranted with implementation of minimum reporting standards, standardization of preparation protocols, investigation of dose-response associations, and comparative analysis between different injectable biologics.

장애학생 교육권 보장과 통합교육 지원을 위한 ‘정당한 편의’ 제공 지표 개발

The purpose of this study was to develop indicators for providing reasonable accommodations
 for students with disabilities in order to both guarantee educational rights for students with
 disabilities and support inclusive education. Until now, there have been no standards or guidelines
 for providing reasonable accommodations in the field of education. To address this issue, we
 developed indicators for providing reasonable accommodations by conducting literature reviews and
 a Delphi survey with 20 experts. The Delphi survey questions were extracted through literature
 analysis, preparation of preliminary questions, and consultation with experts. As a result of the first
 and second Delphi surveys, the indicators for reasonable accommodations were developed,
 comprising a total of 51 indicators across five sub-areas (support system, appropriate education
 and evaluation, human support, learning and assistive technology devices and assistant dog support,
 and facilities and equipment). These indicators can serve as foundational standards and guidelines
 for providing reasonable accommodations to students with disabilities in inclusive education
 settings. This study holds significant importance as it pioneers the establishment of specific
 standards for providing reasonable accommodations in South Korea, thereby ensuring meaningful
 education for students with disabilities in inclusive educational settings. The findings of this study
 are expected to contribute towards improving the quality of inclusive education in South Korea.

Development and validation of an aesthetic capital scale for hospitality industry front-line employees

PurposeWorkers' aesthetic capital is a highly beneficial resource for individuals and organizations. In this study, we developed a credible and reliable Aesthetic Capital Scale (ACS) for frontline service workers in the hospitality industry. Design/methodology/approachIn the first study, we conducted in-depth interviews and collected data from 13 service workers in the airline, international hospitality, and catering industries. In the second study, we carried out a pre-test comprising 212 foodservice workers to purify the ACS. In the third study, we re-purified the ACS and established a first-order five-factor scale by administering 257 questionnaires in a formal survey. In the fourth study, we cross-validated 238 validation samples for scale stability. FindingsFirst, we carried out a literature review and analyzed the interview data to produce a preliminary question bank of 45 items. The items were reviewed by a panel of 14 experts, and 29 items were retained. In the second study, 18 of the 29 items were retained and grouped into five dimensions: personal attire, social exchange, outward investment, education investment, and multicultural capital. In the third study, we validated the scale structure and then performed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to verify scale reliability and construct validity. In the fourth study, we verified the stability of the proposed scale. OriginalityHospitality industries generally train frontline workers in aesthetics, which can enhance their aesthetic capital. This research addresses the gap in applying aesthetic capital to human resource management in hospitality. The proposed five-dimensional ACS offers a progressive perspective on aesthetic capital and can serve as a valid scale for the industry. This study expands on existing aesthetic capital measurement scales to include learning about aesthetics and multicultural perspectives alongside personal appearance and social interaction.

초등교사의 디지털 리터러시 평가척도 타당화 연구

Objectives This study was conducted to validate digital literacy assessment scale for elementary teachers, based on previous research, by constructing sub-domains and collecting items, and then verifying the validity and reli-ability of the scale.
 Methods A survey was conducted on 325 elementary school teachers from K, P, and A Cities for the research. To create the test questions, preliminary questions were developed by taking into account previous studies. Additionally, for data analysis purposes, the software packages SPSS 18 and Jamovi 2.3.21 were utilized.
 Results The results are as follows. First, content validity verification, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted. Second, for reliability verification, item internal consistency was examined, re-sulting in the extraction of four sub-factors (Attitude, Skills, Execution, and Ethics) and 29 items.
 Conclusions By developing a measurement tool for digital literacy targeting elementary school teachers and ver-ifying its validity and reliability, this study can provide implications for enhancing elementary school teachers' digi-tal literacy competence by providing fundamental data.

초등학생(3~6학년)의 학생 주도성 검사를 위한 예비문항 개발

The purpose of this study is to develop a preliminary question that measures the student agency of elementary school students in the 3rd and 6th grades. To achieve the research purpose, an extensive review of relevant literature was conducted, resulting in the identification of six key components of student agency. These components are 'mindset', 'self-perception', 'intentionality', 'choice-making', 'persistence', and 'interactiveness', which have been further categorized into 37 questions across the six identified areas. Second, based on these draft questions, a Delphi survey was conducted targeting 10 researchers related to elementary education and student agency. Through the first Delphi, the names and questions of each area were revised, and based on this, the second Delphi was conducted. As a result of the second Delphi, 32 preliminary questions in 6 factors were derived: 'growth-mindset', 'self-perception', 'intentionality', 'choice-making', 'persistence', and 'interactiveness'. Third, a preliminary test was conducted on 173 3rd to 6th grade elementary school students to confirm the reliability of the preliminary questions, and it was determined that the questions agreed upon through Delphi were stated in terms that elementary school students could sufficiently understand. Through this process, the preliminary questions were revised into 6 components and 31 sub-questions. Next, to verify the validity of the preliminary questions, a test was conducted on 407 3rd to 6th grade elementary school students based on the revised questions, and then an exploratory factor analysis was performed. As a result of the analysis, the preliminary questions for the student agency test for students in grades 3 to 6 of elementary school are 'growth-mindset (4 questions), self-perception (5 questions), intentionality (4 questions), choice-making (3 questions), and persistence (5 questions), interactiveness (7 questions) and 28 sub-questions were finally derived. Finally, the conclusion revealed the implications and limitations of this study, and suggested ways to utilize the preliminary questions developed in this study as well as for future research.

유아의 사회·정서적 유능감 평가척도 개발

Objectives The purpose of this study is to develop an evaluation scale to identify Social-Emotional Competence in young children. Methods To this end, 110 preliminary questions were developed through analysis of prior studies, Delphi survey by experts, and field survey. Validity was verified by analyzing item discrimination, validity, and reliability for the final draft. Results As a result of the study, the test results for each item, validity, and reliability of the children's social and emotional competence evaluation scale items were all found to be good, and the final result was 7 items for emo-tional recognition and understanding, 7 items for emotional expression, 9 items for emotion regulation, and social knowledge. An evaluation scale of 67 questions in a total of 6 areas was developed, including 6 questions on un-derstanding, 9 questions on interpersonal skills, and 9 questions on social problem solving. Conclusions The evaluation scale developed through this study was developed to evaluate Young Children's so-cial and emotional competency, which is the ability of young children to understand their own and others' emo-tions, establish amicable relationships in social relationships, express them appropriately, and solve problems effectively.

한국판 유아교사용 교사효능감 척도 개발 및 타당화 연구

The purpose of this study is to develop a Korean version of the teacher self-efficacy scale for early childhood teachers by adapting Bandura's (2006) teacher self-efficacy scale (TSES) and considering the contextual suitability of early childhood education in Korea, and to verify its validity and reliability. In the preliminary investigation, the constructs and questions of the Korean version of the teacher efficacy scale for early childhood teachers were explored through literature analysis, translation-back-translation, and content validity verification. As a result of the preliminary investigation, a preliminary draft of 6 constructs and 28 questions was developed. In main survey, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability analysis were conducted on 305 early childhood teachers to verify the scale goodness of the Korean version of the teacher efficacy scale for early childhood teachers. As a result of the study, the Korean version of the teacher efficacy scale for early childhood teachers was developed with 6 constructs and 28 questions, and the Cronbach’s α coefficient was found to be .96. Therefore, the Korean version of the teacher efficacy scale for early childhood teachers developed in this study was found to be an appropriate scale for measuring the teacher efficacy of early childhood teachers.

한국 영아교사 소진척도(Korean Infant Teacher Burnout Inventory: K-ITBI) 개발 및 타당화

This study was conducted to develop and validate the burnout inventory of Korean infant teachers. First, through the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on the final 80 preliminary questions, 25 items of the Korean infant teacher Burnout inventory (K-ITBI) were finally derived. In addition, as a result of conducting a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the final item, it was found that the fit was good even for a new sample, so the K-ITBI consisting of 4 factors and 25 items was Validated. Second, the reliability verification (Cronbach's α) of this inventory was found to be good. Finally, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and concurrent validity were secured through the correlation analysis of early childhood teacher burnout, job enthusiasm, job satisfaction, and job stress. The K-ITBI developed and validated in this study is an economical and practical scale that can easily measure the burnout of infant teachers in a short time based on stable reliability and validity.

EFEKTIVITAS MEDIA GURITA KATA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MENULIS PUISI BAGI SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

Poetry writing material is one of the important contents of learning the Indonesian language and literature in elementary school. However, in its implementation, students needed help understanding the learning material for writing poetry. To overcome this problem, teachers can use learning media. One medium that can be used in teaching poetry writing is the visual octopus word learning media. This media is in the form of an imitation octopus with poetry-writing material on each tentacle. This study was carried out to examine the effectiveness of the word octopus in poetry writing material. This study used a quasi-experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest design at Public Elementary School (SDN) 1 Kekeri. Preliminary and final test questions regarding poetry writing material were used as the main instruments for data collection. Data collection underwent three stages: an initial test, providing treatment by applying octopus word learning media, and a post-test. Data analysis was carried out in two phases: prerequisites and testing media effectiveness. The study results show that the Octopus Kata learning media has high effectiveness. It can be seen from the significant difference in the average initial and final test results. This study concludes that the octopus word learning medium effectively increases elementary school students' understanding of learning to write poetry.

Acupuncture as an adjunctive therapy for gastric ulcer: A modified Delphi consensus study

BackgroundAcupuncture is often used as an adjunctive therapy for gastric ulcer (GU). However, there is still a lack of evidence on the appropriate and optimal interventions for acupuncture. This study aimed to optimize the acupuncture treatment of gastric ulcers based on expert consensus for guiding acupuncturists in clinical practice. MethodsTo conduct this study, research evidence was gathered from databases in both Chinese and English. After discussion, preliminary clinical questions were developed. Following three rounds of multidisciplinary clinical expert consultation, the initial consensus questionnaire was formed after testing and modification by team members. A Delphi consensus was ultimately reached to answer the questionnaire and develop guidance for acupuncture treatment. A 9-point Likert-type scale was used to measure the agreement of expert consensus, where a score of 80% between 7 and 9 was defined as “agreement.” ResultsAfter two rounds of Delphi voting, a total of 35 items reached an agreement. These items can be roughly divided into 6 domains. According to expert consensus, the application of acupuncture for gastric ulcer should follow a semistandardized approach. Based on the syndrome differentiation, the main acupoints recommended are Zusanli (ST36), Zhongwan (CV12), Neiguan (PC6), and Sanyinjiao (SP6), while the adjunct acupoints include Taichong (LR3), Guanyuan (CV4), Xuehai (SP10), and Taixi (KI3). In the experience of experts, adverse events associated with acupuncture are typically mild and often manifest as subcutaneous hematomas. ConclusionThere is a lack of definitive acupuncture guidelines that can effectively determine the optimal therapeutic approach for the treatment of gastric ulcer. This expert consensus provides recommendations for clinical research and practice of acupuncture, with a particular focus on the selection of acupoints. However, further exploration through rigorous studies is necessary due to the limited availability of clinical evidence.

Remdesivir and mortality reduction in COVID-19 patients: a systematized subgroup analysis of clinical trials

ObjectiveRemdesivir has not shown survival benefit for patients with severe COVID-19. However, subgroup analysis of ACTT-1 Study Group showed an apparent reduction in mortality for patients who required non-high-flow oxygen. Presentation of SOLIDARITY study results were associated by a meta-analysis combining mortality results by subsets from randomized clinical trials. The aim is a methodological assessment of reliability and clinical applicability about findings by subgroups on the effect of remdesivir on mortality in patients with COVID-19. MethodA validated tool was used to evaluate the findings of subgroup analyses in randomized clinical trials, including meta-analysis attached to SOLIDARITY study. It is structured in preliminary questions to reject subset analyses without relevant minimum conditions, and a specific checklist. The latter considers certain criteria: statistical association, which encompassed p of interaction, prespecification of subgroups, sample size, number of factors analyzed, and overall study result; biological plausibility of observed differences; and consistency between results of similar studies. A score was assigned to each criterion and the tool related global summation to a recommendation on the applicability of subset results in clinical decision making. ResultsPreliminary questions had positive answers, so checklist was applied. Statistical association obtained “null” assessment (-3 points), including a “doubtful” p of interaction (p = 0.0650) among subgroups and mortality reached no statistical significance for global population. These findings reduced the reliability of subset analysis. Biological plausibility was considered “probable” (+3 points) because antiviral could have a greater effect before the inflammatory process and clinical worsening. Consistency between results of similar studies was evaluated as “possible” (+2 points) analysis for compatibility of ACTT-1 and SOLIDARITY study results. The recommendation about application of subset analysis results according to the risk of patients was “null”. ConclusionsThis structured interpretation of subgroup analysis suggested too much uncertainty in hypothesis about remdesivir could reduce mortality in patients with severe COVID-19 who required non-high-flow oxygen. It was probably a random finding. Therefore, a randomized clinical trial about effect of remdesivir in mortality in patients with COVID-19 and non-high-flow oxygen is essential.

A Survey of the Course: 'How to Successfully Write a Scientific Article'.

The aim of the present survey was to analyze the knowledge and skills in medical paper writing of physicians who attended the course "how to write successfully a scientific paper." A blind survey was used to analyze participants' knowledge on the topic of the course "how to write successfully a scientific paper." Before starting the workshop, participants anonymously filled out the input questionnaire containing 12 preliminary data questions. The three-hour course included a lecture on the steps of creating and writing a scientific article with examples. At the end, all participants anonymously completed the exit questionnaire consisting of 18 questions. Differences and associations between the collected data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. The survey included 22 participants, most of whom were women (16, 72.7%). The participants' educational level was proportional to their age. 12 of the participants had an intermediate level, while the others reported higher English proficiency. Half of the participants had never published an article. A significant difference was observed between English level and being the first author of an article published in a scientific journal (p = 0.044). Before class, only 13.6% of participants knew that guidelines are mandatory for making clinical decisions according to evidence- based medicine. There was a significant positive correlation between sex and current affiliation (p = 0.038). A negative correlation was observed between sex and article publication (p = 0.037). A positive correlation was observed between English level and current affiliation (p = 0.020). There was a negative correlation observed between previous sources of learning scientific article writing and having already published an article (p = 0.025). A positive correlation was found between reading an article and publishing it (p = 0.046). Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between reading frequency, number of published articles, being the first author, and knowing the title of a scientific article (p = 0.036, p = 0.027, and p = 0.030, respectively). The results of the questionnaires revealed discrepancies in prior research engagement and understanding of scientific concepts and rules. This survey highlights the importance of the course "how to successfully write a scientific article" in improving participants' knowledge of scientific work and the process of creating an article for submission to medical journals.

대학생 공통핵심역량(전공역량) 진단도구 개발

Objectives This study was conducted for the purpose of developing a common core competency (major competency) assessment in the major area of k university.
 Methods The study was conducted from December 2022 to February 2023, and the responses of 822 students at K University were used for the final analysis. For data processing, descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, and normality analysis were performed using the SPSS program, and confirmatory factor analysis, conceptual reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and mean variance extraction were performed using AMOS.
 Results First, 198 preliminary questions were derived through literature research, and expert verification and face validity verification were conducted. Second, in the preliminary survey, items with a factor load of .5 or less were removed through exploratory factor analysis with data from 822 people, and 8 factors were derived. Third, as a result of internal consistency reliability analysis for each factor, it was found to be .7 or higher. Fourth, as a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, there was no problem with the model fit index, and as a result of calculating the conceptual reliability and average variance extraction index values for validity analysis, the conceptual reliability was .7 or higher, and the AVE was .5 or higher, indicating that each variable has intensive validity. appeared to be Fifth, this study developed a common core competency (major competency) assessment consisting of a total of 8 factors and 69 questions through exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability analysis.
 Conclusions This study developed a common core competency (major competency) assessment in the major area of k university with high validity and reliability, and discussed the significance and limitations of the common core competency (major competency) assessment based on the research results.

노인라이프스킬 척도 개발 및 타당화

The purpose of this research is the construct of life skills for older adults was established after the overall perception of life
 skills required in the daily life of older adults were explored, and then life skills necessary in late life was presented as an integrated model
 through a complex dimension of physical, psychological, and social aspects. After establishing the construct, a tool for measuring life skills
 for older adults was ultimately developed. In-depth interviews were conducted with 17 older adults aged between 65~84 to understand their
 experiences and perceptions regarding life skills for older adults. Also, an open-ended survey was conducted on 91 older adults participants
 to gather various opinions. Through inductive analysis, the construct of life skills for older adults was established with five factors: physical
 activity performance skills, daily self-efficacy skills, adaptation and acceptance skills, participation skills in social activities, and engagement
 skills in digital society. Preliminary questions were developed based on the details and construct of life skills for older adults established,
 of which 35 questions of 5 factors were selected through evaluating content validity. The goodness-of-it of the items and the possibility
 of using factor analysis were confirmed through data collected in the survey. 23 questions of 5 factors were finally determined to measure
 the life skills for older adults through confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent validity and discriminant validity were checked to verify
 that the final 23 questions accurately measured the variable’s construct. Concurrent validity, cross validity, the equivalence between groups
 based on gender were additionally checked to confirm validity. The life skills scale for older adults developed through this study is a tool which evaluates the level of life skills for older adults in the physical, psychological, and social aspects. It not only provides useful information
 in predicting increase in quality of life in late life, but also can be used in future studies which focus on researching relations between
 variables regarding psychosocial factors of older adults.

Methodology of identifying customary international law applicable to cyber activities

AbstractWhat is striking about recent scholarship on the application of customary international law to cyber activities is how little has been dedicated to the preliminary question of how one identifies the applicability of existing rules of customary international law to cyber operations. Yet, the answer to this preliminary question holds the key to answering many of the questions which arise regarding whether existing rules of customary international law apply to cyber activities. This article seeks to answer the preliminary question. After providing background on the nature of customary international law, and in light of recent scholarly trends and what is often implied in literature on cyber activities, it makes the argument that rules of customary international law are not interpretable. Accordingly, reference must be made to state practice accepted as law for the purpose of identifying applicable customary international law; the article provides guidance on how this should be done. For a precedent of state practice to be relevant to determining the existence of a customary rule applicable to a cyber activity, pursuant to the International Court’s jurisprudence, the precedent must not have significant distinguishing features from the cyber activity concerned. For determining whether a precedent of opinio juris recognizes the existence of a customary rule applicable to the cyber activity, it is necessary to determine whether the relevant state pronouncement intended to accept as law a rule applicable thereto. In anticipation of objections, the article also addresses the practicability of the approach laid out.

Quality assessment of pharmaceutical care to patients with headaches using the simulated patient method: interaction practice

Relevance. WHO assesses headaches as a global world problem. Russia occupies a leading position in the prevalence of primary headaches. Headaches are one of the most common reasons for visiting a pharmacy for self-medication. The interaction of the pharmacist and the visitor with the headache problem in general determines the quality of pharmaceutical care.Aim. To assess the practice of the interaction between a patient with a headache and a pharmacist using the simulated patient method.Materials and methods. Trained simulated patients (women aged 20, 40 and 58 years) visited a total of 101 pharmacies. The dialogue was recorded on a voice recorder, all the features of the interaction were additionally recorded aſter the visit. Special forms were filled out based on the information received. The data was processed using Microsoſt Excel 2010 and STATISTIKA 10.0.Results. The average interaction time was 98.2±3.8 seconds. There was a high frequency of spontaneous recommendations without preliminary questions (66.3%), a small number of questions asked (0.84±0.1). These indicators practically did not depend on various factors (type of pharmacy organization, age of the pharmacist, age of the simulated patient, the presence of a queue, and others).Conclusion. The results of the study demonstrate a low level of interaction between pharmacists and visitors with a headache, as well as a practical absence of involvement in the process of providing pharmaceutical care, which negatively affects its quality: frequent spontaneous recommendations, short consultations and rare questions. The approach to the interaction of pharmacists with visitors with headaches is formal and requires standardization.

Quality assessment of pharmaceutical care to patients with headaches using the simulated patient method: drug recommendations and pharmaceutical counseling

Relevance. Headaches are one of the most important health problems both in Russia and around the world, as well as one of the most common reasons for self-treatment in a pharmacy due to the availability of over-the-counter drugs. Pharmaceutical workers play an important role in the control of self-medication, and the rationality of drug recommendations determines the quality of pharmaceutical care.Aim. To assess the rationality of drug recommendations for a patient with a headache and pharmaceutical drug counseling using the simulated patient method.Materials and methods. Trained simulated patients (women aged 20, 40 and 58 years) visited a total of 101 pharmacies. The dialogue was recorded on a voice recorder, all the features of the interaction were additionally recorded aſter the visit. Special forms were filled out based on the information received. The data was processed using Microsoſt Excel 2010 and STATISTIKA 10.0.Results. There was a high frequency of spontaneous recommendations without preliminary questions (66.3%), recommendations (14.9%) and dispensing of prescription drugs (5.0%), frequent recommendations of combined drugs (91.0%). Trade name Pentalgin (46.5%) and trade name Nurofen (42.6%), INN Ibuprofen (47.5%) were the most recommended. Combination analgesics were purchased in most of the visits (72.0%), information on the duration of use of the drug and the need to visit a doctor was never provided.Conclusion. Pharmacists' recommendations are in most cases irrational, focused on the drug as a product and sometimes unsafe, and counseling is practically non-existent. Improving the quality of pharmaceutical care at this stage should include the development of standards for drug recommendations and adequate counseling.