Preliminary Questions Research Articles

대학교원의 성역할 인식척도 개발과 타당화 연구

Purpose: This study developed a gender role scale for university faculty members to measure and verify how they feel and express their gender roles, and to validate the developed tool. Methods: Preliminary questions were extracted by selecting fifty-nine questions as three sub-factors after verifying the validity of the contents from one to three times with tweleve university professors and field experts. Results: An online survey was conducted with 241 university faculty members using exploratory factor analysis. The validity of this scale was verified by conducting a confirmatory factor analysis of 373 university faculty members, and the suitability of the scale was confirmed. Conclusion: Analysis confirmed that the scale was a valid test tool through the correlation between the Korean gender equality consciousness scale and the Korean multi-faceted gender consciousness scale.

Early mobilization in intensive care unit in Latin America: A survey based on clinical practice.

The application of early mobilization (EM) in intensive care units (ICUs) has shown to improve the physical and ventilatory status of critically ill patients, even after ICU stay. This study aimed to describe the practices regarding EM in ICUs in Latin America. We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study of professionals from all countries in Latin America. Over 3 months, professionals working in ICU units in Latin America were invited to answer the survey, which was designed by an expert committee and incorporated preliminary questions based on studies about EM recommendations. As many as 174 health professionals from 17 countries completed the survey. The interventions carried out within each ICU were active mobilization (90.5%), passive mobilization (85.0%), manual and instrumental techniques for drainage of mucus secretion (81.8%), and positioning techniques (81%). The professionals who most participated in the rehabilitation process in ICUs were physiotherapists (98.7%), intensive care physicians (61.6%), nurses (56.1%), and respiratory therapists (43.8%). In only 36.1% of the ICUs, protocols were established to determine when a patient should begin EM. In 38.1% of the cases, the onset of EM was established by individual evaluation, and in 25.0% of the cases, it was the medical indication to start rehabilitation and EM. This report shows us that EM of critically ill patients is an established practice in our ICUs like in other developed countries.

Who’s Afraid of EU Primary Law? Judicial Review of the EPPO’s Decision on Forum Choice

The proposal for Regulation 2017/1939 establishing the European Public Prosecutor’s Office (The EPPO Regulation) was criticized for completely excluding the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) from judicial review of decisions on forum of prosecution by the EPPO, an EU body. The system of judicial review under the EPPO Regulation has improved significantly relative to its initial proposal, by enabling national courts to refer preliminary questions to the CJEU. Despite this, several issues remain. This article examines whether the limitations imposed by the EPPO Regulation on the use of the action for annulment procedure laid down in Article 263 TFEU comply with EU primary law. More specifically, whether it complies with effective judicial protection as protected under Article 47 CFR, and the legal basis for the EPPO’s system of judicial review, Article 86(3) TFEU. We argue that the preliminary reference procedure is not effective enough in remedying the limited access to the action for annulment procedure to reliably safeguard the defendants’ right to effective judicial protection. To the extent that the current system for judicial review under the EPPO Regulation is at odds with the Article 47 CFR, the EU legislator did not have the competence to enact it under Article 86(3) TFEU. This article proposes that in order to circumvent the unlawful restrictions imposed by the EPPO Regulation, defendants could and should make use of the action for annulment procedure to contest the EPPO’s choice of forum.

미취업 청년의 취업스트레스 척도 개발 및 타당화

Objectives The purpose of this study was to develop the reliable and valid job-seeking stress scale for unemployed youth. Methods A total of 131 questions were composed based on literature research and open-ended questionnaire data to extract preliminary questions on the job-seeking stress scale of unemployed youth. Content validity was verified for experts, and preliminary questions composed of 58 items were derived through face validity verification for unemployed youth. Exploratory factor analysis was performed on 232 unemployed youth, and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on 292 people to verify the validity of the developed scale. Results Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed, and convergent and criterion validity were verified. The job-seeking stress scale of unemployed youth was finally composed of 29 items, and the sub-factors were derived from the personal dimension, family dimension, interpersonal dimension, and social environmental dimension. Conclusions The nature of job stress experienced by unemployed youth who are in a job-seeking state after graduating from college was investigated. Based on this, it is expected to help diagnose and intervene for youth complaining of job-seeking stress.

A study on the Development and Validation of Disability Empathy Scales for Pre-Service Early Childhood Teacher

"This study aimed to develop and validate a tool that can measure the degree of empathy for disabilities of pre-service early childhood teachers. Through this, it is intended to improve the professionalism of pre-primary early childhood teachers related to inclusive education with disabilities. First, the conceptual definition of disability empathy was established through the search for prior research, preliminary questions were developed and tool validation was carried out. The survey was conducted with 209 university students majoring in early childhood education in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. As a result of the study, the disability empathy scale consisted of 14 items with 3 factors, and the sub-factors were named cognitive empathy, emotional empathy, and expressive empathy. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis to confirm the internal factor structure of the disability empathy scale, it was found that the three-factor model adequately explains the data. Based on the study results, the significance and implications of the study were discussed."

Improving otoscopy education and diagnostic accuracy: A prospective interventional study.

To assess and improve otoscopy examination skills across various medical specialities who perform otoscopy during their professional practice. A pre-intervention survey was created using www.surveymonkey.com, which included several preliminary questions to clarify the participant's speciality and training level, followed by 25 individual otoscopy images. The participants were given 12 possible diagnoses for each otoscopy image and asked to choose the single best answer. After completing the survey, participants were asked to watch an otoscopy teaching session. This teaching session was created with multidisciplinary feedback, and the content included a demonstration video and a didactic lecture. Finally, a post-intervention survey was circulated four weeks later to the same cohort of doctors to assess improvement. A total of 79 pre-intervention surveys were collected with an average score of 53% (range 20-100%). The spectrum of medical specialities that completed the pre-intervention survey included paediatrics, ear, nose, and throat (ENT), emergency medicine, and general practice. The largest cohort of surveys came from senior house officers (SHO). In addition, 78.5% of responses were completed by doctors who had not worked in ENT before. After completing the otoscopy teaching session and at least four weeks after the initial survey, 23 post-intervention surveys were completed with an average score of 66% (range 32-100%), a 13% improvement. The results of the pre-intervention survey show that many doctors have difficulty diagnosing ear conditions. The implementation of a 25-min teaching session achieved a 13% improvement in the otoscopy knowledge of doctors across a variety of specialities.

핵심역량 진단도구 개발 연구

The purpose of this study is to develop a core competency diagnostic tool. As for the contents of the study, the core competency diagnostic questions were developed and the reliability and validity of the core competency diagnostic questions were analyzed. The research results are as follows. First, 504 diagnostic questions for core competency were produced. Second, university professors and related experts developed 216 preliminary questions out of 504 diagnostic questions. Third, the preliminary questions were revised and supplemented by conducting a facial validity assessment of the preliminary questions for graduates with a doctoral degree in education. Fourth, as a result of analyzing the reliability and validity of the core competency diagnostic tool, it was found that there were no problems with reliability and validity.

대학생 진로탄력성 척도개발에 관한 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the career resilience scale of university students. Methods To this end, first, the concept of career resilience and constituent factors were extracted through literature research, open surveys, and group interviews. Second, basic statistics, reliability, and exploratory factor analysis were conducted based on data from 540 university students in Busan, Ulsan, and Gyeongnam with 70 preliminary questions that have been reviewed for expert content validity. Third, for validation, confirmatory factor analysis, convergence, and discriminant validity were conducted through data of 330 university students in Busan, Ulsan, and Gyeongnam with 35 questions. Results As a result of the study, first, exploratory factor analysis confirmed 7 constituent factors (self-awareness, self-confidence, achievement orientation, career preparation, creativity, flexibility, and relationship), and 35 questions. Second, confirmatory factor analysis was appropriate, and convergence validity and discriminant validity were also appropriate. As a result, the final measure of career resilience of university students was determined to be 7 constituent factors and 35 questions, and individual factors could include self-awareness, self-confidence, and achievement orientation, job factors could include career preparation, creativity, flexibility, and social factors. Conclusions Based on the above results, the significance and limitations of the study, and suggestions for subsequent studies were presented.

유아 자조기술 검사도구 개발 및 타당화

Objectives The purpose of this study was to develop a test tool to identify self-help techniques for infants and to verify its validity. Methods To this end, 56 preliminary questions were developed through analysis of prior research, interviews with field teachers, verification of content validity, and verification of item comprehension and suitability. To validate the final draft, a survey was conducted on 371 children aged 3-5 years, and item quality, validity, and reliability were verified. Results In the area of infant self-help skills, which is the ability necessary to maintain life in the society to which they belong, a test tool of 54 questions was developed in a total of 4 areas: eating skills, toilet skills, putting on/off skills, and personal hygiene skills. The item quality, validity, and reliability test results were all good. Conclusions The test tool developed through this study is expected to provide meaningful practical information for the development of self-help skills programs suitable for the development of children as well as a basis for evaluating the degree of self-help skills of infants and helping them to lead independent daily life.

A Claim for Payment of Amounts Exceeding the Value of the Completed Contractual Obligation to be Returned Due to Invalidity of the Loan Agreement in the Light of the Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts and the Case Law of the Court of Justice of the European Union

In view of the increasing number of consumer claims examined by common courts of law for establishment of invalidity of mortgage loan agreements denominated in or indexed to a foreign currency (most often, the Swiss franc), a question arises about the validity of the concept of allowing banks to pursue claims against consumers for a substitute of a fee, compensation, reimbursement of costs incurred, or valorisation, in connection with the use of the capital paid out to consumers after the execution of the contract that is subsequently ruled to be invalid. The authors argue that on the basis of the current jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union relating in particular to the interpretation of the Directive 93/13 and its objectives, it is admissible to rule that the bank, being the stronger party to the mortgage loan agreement, is not entitled to the above-mentioned claims. The aim of the study is to discuss the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union in terms of justification of the above position, in relation to the expected decision on the preliminary question of the District Court for Warsaw-Śródmieście in Warsaw.

Reimagining home-based learning through comparisons of alternative schooling methods

Moving forward into a post-pandemic world, we can reimagine institutional education systems by reflecting on the lived experiences of emergency home-based learning and exploring the alternative narratives of traditional homeschooling. Having worked in the educational sector of Ontario during the pandemic, I observed families transitioning their homes into blended learning spaces for emergency home-based learning and the challenges that came with this change. Parents found themselves trying to explain teaching materials with no previous training while teachers tried to enforce traditional classroom expectations in households where many children had no remote learning structures in place (Fontenelle-Tereshchuk, 2020; Orelien-Hernandez et al., 2021). In contrast, the growing homeschooling alternative, a blend of home and educational space, had established relational systems to support this kind of community-based pedagogy. This alleviated many of the challenges of multimodal learning and had shown promise in increasing student academic scores, creating alternatives to socioeconomic barriers found in institutional education, and fostering racial protectionism (Mazama & Lundy, 2012; Statistics Canada, 2021a; Van Pelt, 2015). My paper introduces the preliminary questions and discussion of my proposed study for my master’s thesis using place-based pedagogy (Corbett, 2009; Ellsworth, 2005; Gruenewald, 2003; Illich, 1971) to open a conversation around homeschooling as a resource for post-pandemic pedagogical design and development.

Copyright protection of live esports broadcast under China's new Copyright Law

Due to the explosive growth of esports competition and the emergence of a new esports industry, live esports broadcast has highlighted regulatory gaps, and the implementation of China's new Copyright Law (2020 Amendment) has partially compensated for those gaps. According to the new Copyright Law, live esports broadcast and the corresponding original game picture may be classified as audiovisual works, whereas the properties of works containing player-operated picture may be denied. The purpose of this opinion paper is to propose and clarify preliminary legal questions regarding copyrightable original game picture, player-operated picture, fair use, performer's rights, and protection models under the new Copyright Law. Based on our statutory interpretations of the new Copyright Law, it is suggested that: if classified as fair use, use of the original game picture in a live esports broadcast would harm the game developer's legitimate interests, and should not be considered fair use; and, esports players do not qualify for performer's rights because their work does not convey the game's aesthetics. When infringements such as pirated broadcasting and unlawful production of live esports broadcasts occur, applicable rights-holders such as game developers, event organizers, and live streaming platforms could pursue remedies under the new Copyright Law.

Framing rehabilitation through health policy and systems research: priorities for strengthening rehabilitation

BackgroundRecent estimates report that 2.4 billion people with health conditions globally could benefit from rehabilitation. While the benefits of rehabilitation for individuals and society have been described in the literature, many individuals, especially in low- and middle-income countries do not have access to quality rehabilitation. As the need for rehabilitation continues to increase, it is crucial that health systems are adequately prepared to meet this need. Practice- and policy-relevant evidence plays an important role in health systems strengthening efforts. The aim of this paper is to report on the outcome of a global consultative process to advance the development of a research framework to stimulate health policy and systems research (HPSR) for rehabilitation, in order to generate evidence needed by key stakeholders.MethodsA multi-stakeholder participatory technical consultation was convened by WHO to develop a research framework. This meeting included participants from selected Member States, rehabilitation experts, HPSR experts, public health researchers, civil society and other stakeholders from around the world. The meeting focused on introducing systems approaches to stakeholders and deliberating on priority rehabilitation issues in health systems. Participants were allocated to one of four multi-stakeholder groups with a facilitator to guide the structured technical consultations. Qualitative data in the form of written responses to guiding questions were collected during the structured technical consultations. A technical working group was then established to analyse the data and extract its emerging themes. This informed the development of the HPSR framework for rehabilitation and a selection of preliminary research questions that exemplify how the framework might be used.ResultsA total of 123 individuals participated in the multi-stakeholder technical consultations. The elaborated framework is informed by an ecological model and puts forth elements of the six WHO traditional building blocks of the health system, while emphasizing additional components pertinent to rehabilitation, such as political priority, engagement and participatory approaches, and considerations regarding demand and access. Importantly, the framework highlights the multilevel interactions needed across health systems in order to strengthen rehabilitation. Additionally, an initial set of research questions was proposed as a primer for how the framework might be used.ConclusionsStrengthening health systems to meet the increasing need for rehabilitation will require undertaking more HPSR to inform the integration of rehabilitation into health systems globally. We anticipate that the proposed framework and the emerging research questions will support countries in their quest to increase access to rehabilitation for their populations.

Common Application of EU Regulations and Their Effectiveness in the Context of the CJEU Judgment in the Case of SS v. MCP, C-603/20 PPU

Abstract International child abduction is a problem, seen as growing, and increasingly as an activity that should be ruthlessly stigmatized and, if possible, eliminated from practice. The objectives of reducing, stigmatizing and ultimately eliminating international child abduction are served by a variety of measures within the framework of the Hague Conference on Private International Law and the European Union, including the creation of some sort of rapid response system. In the context of the operation of this combined system, in November 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union received a preliminary question from the UK High Court of Justice (England & Wales), Family Division, in relation to doubts arising in the course of newly instituted court proceedings concerning jurisdiction in parental matters in situations of child abduction to a third, non-EU country. The issue is important as it relates to the possibility of initiating proceedings in the country from which the child has been abducted when the country to which the child has travelled is not in the EU.

Integrating the Experiential Learning Cycle with Educational Supervision

Kolb’s experiential learning cycle includes concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. This paper first examines some preliminary questions concerning the rationale for exploring the use of Kolb’s experiential learning in supervision. Kolb’s experiential learning theory, as well as four supervision models compatible with his learning cycle, are reviewed. Guidelines are suggested for integrating the experiential learning cycle with clinical supervision, collaborative action research, lesson study, and the collegial support group. Different types of research are recommended for studying the integration of the experiential learning cycle with supervision.

기독교신앙생활척도 개발 및 타당화

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the Christian Faith life scales based ontheology. The scale consists of a relationship with God, religious beliefs, and assessment of life. In this study, preliminary questions were selected through previous studies. As a result of theexploratory factor analysis, 18 items of three factors that satisfy factor loading (>.5), crossloading (<.32), commonality (>.4), and reliability (>.8) were extracted. As a result of theconfirmatory factor analysis, CMIN/DF (2.572), RMSEA (.073), TLI (.938), and CFI (.947) met thecriteria to confirm model fit, and convergent validity and discriminant validity were alsoconfirmed. In addition, criterion-related validity was confirmed through the ReligiousCommitment Inventory scale, the Religious Orientation Scale, and the Biblical Heart Inventory. The significance of this study is that it developed a Christian Faith Life scales based on theologyfor Koreans. This study has limitations in that the Christian faith life was defined according tothe view of a theologian, and that it was difficult for the sample to represent the population. As a follow-up study, the Christian Faith Life scales can be developed through the views ofother theologians, and scales that can represent the population through a richer and morediverse sample can be developed.

성인발달장애인 부모의 부모소진 척도 개발 및 타당화

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a parental burnout scale for parents of adults with developmental disabilities. This study selected the psychometric properties and preliminary questions of the parental burnout based on the analysis of interview data from parents of adults with developmental disabilities and reviewing of existing literature. Then, preliminary scale was developed after expert’s evaluation of the contents validity and conducted an exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. As a result of the analysis, 20 items consisting of five sub-factors were confirmed as the final question. To secure validity of the developed scale, the convergent and discriminant validity and the reference validity of the scale was examined and confirmed the adequacy of the scale to measure parental burnout of parents of adults with developmental disabilities. Finally, the limitations of the study and suggestions for follow-up studies were discussed.

Note: The Difficulties of Extradition From New Zealand to China: Minister of Justice v Kyung Yup Kim

In all extradition decisions, two competing values must be weighed: the desire to return criminals to face justice for alleged crimes; and the need to protect fundamental human rights such as freedom from torture and the right to a fair trial. Two approaches to extradition have emerged in modern extradition cases – the broad, systems-based approach, which prioritizes human rights concerns, and the narrow, individualizing approach, which prioritizes effective return. New Zealand’s Supreme Court has recently grappled with this balancing act in the 2021 decision of Minister of Justice v Kyung Yup Kim, a judicial review proceeding in which an individual challenged the decision to extradite him to China. The Supreme Court found that assurances were capable of meeting a risk of torture, and that provided further assurances were sought, they could also be capable of meeting the risk of an unfair trial. The decision of the Supreme Court can be contrasted to that of New Zealand’s Court of Appeal, which had held that before accepting assurances relating to human rights issues, a preliminary inquiry should be undertaken into the human rights conditions in the requesting state. The Supreme Court held that such a preliminary question was unnecessary. This case note discusses the approaches of both the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court and concludes that the Supreme Court has taken a narrower individualized approach.

고등학생의 행복에 대한 귀인 요인 분석

Objectives Recently, while the importance of human rights and happiness of children and adolescents has been highlighted, it is reported that Korean adolescents have a significantly lower sense of happiness compared to adolescents from other countries. In such a situation, it is very important to find out what the youth thinks of happiness and in what circumstances they feel it is very important in that it lays the basis for interventions for their happiness in the future. Therefore, in this study, the purpose of this study was to find out what the factors attributing happiness to high school students were. Methods To achieve the purpose of this study, an open-ended questionnaire survey was conducted to collect questions from high school students located in Chungcheongnam-do. Preliminary questions about the reasons for happiness and unhappiness were collected through the questionnaire, and a test tool for happiness attribution was developed through item relevance evaluation. Results The results obtained in this study are first, according to the thematic analysis results, high school students attribute happiness to seven factors: family factor, friendship, relationship with the opposite sex, personal characteristics, ability, effort, and life satisfaction. Second, as a result of factor analysis of 90 happiness statements through item relevance evaluation, a total of five factors were analyzed: family factor, personal characteristics, life satisfaction, self-efficacy, and friendship. Conclusions This study has significance as a study related to the happiness of adolescents in that the sense of happiness felt during adolescence plays an important role in helping adolescents acquire a sense of identity and lead their own inner growth to grow into correct adults. In addition, it can be seen as a meaningful study in that it tried to systematically elucidate the factors of happiness by analyzing the validity of the classification revealed in the subject analysis method through factor analysis in detail.

코인 몰입 척도 개발 및 타당화 연구

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Coin Engagement Scale (CES) which measures the degree of investors' engagement to coin investment. For this purpose, the concept was set based on open-ended question responses for 219 people with coin investment experience and the literature review of behavioral addiction and stock investment, and a total of 58 preliminary questions were selected through content validation. 191 coin investors were collected to select the final items, and exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted. As a result, a total of 23 items were extracted with the structure of 4 factors (Dysfunctional aspects: Negative emotions, Daily living disturbance, Over engagement; Functional aspects: Positive function). In addition, confirmatory factor analysis and validity analysis were conducted, as a result, it was supported that the CES was a reliable and valid scale. These results support that the CES can serve as a tool for multidimensional measurements of the coin investor's engagement. This study could be provided as an important foundation for the study of coin investment and behavioral addiction.