Preliminary Phytochemical Screening Research Articles

Evaluation of Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, and Thrombolytic Activity of Methanolic Extract of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus

Objective: The main objectives of the study are preliminary phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity and in vitro thrombolytic activity evaluation of extract Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done by using standard methods. Human blood clot lysis was used to evaluate the thrombolytic activities. The antioxidant activity is evaluated by free radical scavenging activity of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method and total phenolic content. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various bioactive components like Tannin, Saponins, Phenol and Flavonoids. In thrombolytic assay, a significant clot lysis was observed plant extract compared to the negative control. The plant could be beneficial in synthetic drug formulation by virtue of the presence of antioxidant activity. The crude extract of plant were found to have Antioxidant activity with the concentration of 20 µg/ml, 40 µg/ml, 60 µg/ml, 80 µg/ml, 100 µg/ml respectively compared to control and standard. In DPPH scavenging assay, IC50 values of extract and ascorbic acid were found to be 31.87 µg/ml and 52.04 µg/ml respectively. Total phenol content was 10.5 mg. Conclusion: In conclusion, with this study it could be concluded that the phytochemical, antioxidant assay and thrombolytic activity of methanol extract Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus would give valuable information for further characterization and exploitation of this important medicinal plant.

Physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical analysis of different brands of Hingwashtak churna; a polyherbal medicine in Sri Lanka

Hingwashtak churna is a polyherbal medicine, used to treat gastrointestinal diseases like gastric ulcers, bloating, acidity, and joint disease. The quality evaluation of hingwashtak churna is needed for its acceptability and safety for stakeholders. Therefore, this study focused on the evaluation of physiochemical and preliminary phytochemicals of different selected marketed brands of polyherbal medicine “hingwashtak churna” in Kurunegala, Sri Lanka. Three brands of powder form (H1, H2 & H3) of Hingwashtak churna samples were purchased in Kurunegala, Sri Lanka. Preliminary phytochemical screening and physio-chemical tests were carried out for each brand. The results were analyzed with one-way ANOVAs using SPSS 22. The results of physico-chemical parameters obtained from the study showed that there was a significant difference (Ρ > 0.05) among all three marketed brands as well as between each and other brands. Phytochemical screening of aqueous extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, reducing sugar, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, phenols and ascorbic acid in all the brands. There was a significant difference in the flow properties of the powders from all three brands. Most of the parameters of the physiochemical tested brands of Hingwashtak Churna had roughly similar values to previous studies. As no published data are available in Sri Lanka, this preliminary profile could be a reference in future studies. However, further analysis has to be done in order to standardize the product according to the WHO guideline on Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials.

Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Quantification of Quercetin in Muntingia Calabura Leaves and Fruits Using HPLC Method

The present is to evaluate the pharmacognostic character of Muntingia Calabura and estimation of quercetin in flavonoid rich leaves and fruit fractions. Pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of morphological, microscopic characters, physicochemical parameters and HPLC fingerprint analysis of leaf and fruit extracts of Muntingia calabura samples using standard methods. Further, the extracts were used to analyze total phenol, flavonoid contents and estimated antioxidant activities using DPPH. fruit size. and color of Muntingia calabura was the distinguishing morphological character observed in the present study. The detailed powder microscopy of leaf confirmed the presence of fibers, trichomes, vascular bundle and Xylem vessel. and fruits with specified Epicarp, Reticulate xylem vessel, starch grains, Endosperm, oil globules, parenchymatous tissue. Physicochemical parameters like ash values, and extractive values. were determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, carbohydrates and flavonoids. Using HPLC Profiling, Standard quercetin was found to have a retention time of 7.313 while flavonoid-rich leaf and fruit had retention times of 7.245 and 7.210, respectively. Based on the results of the research, it was discovered that Muntingia calabura, fruit and leaves contain a variety of secondary metabolites with strong antioxidant ability. The morphological and histological traits of Muntingia calabura, leaves and fruit can be witnessed under a microscope. Using HPLC Profiling for Quantification of Quercetin in flavonoid rich fraction of leaves and fruits.

Insulin secretory actions of polyphenols of Momordica charantia regulate glucose homeostasis in alloxan-induced type 2 diabetic rats

Abstract Objective Momordica charantia, commonly known as bitter gourd, is traditionally used as remedies for various diseases including diabetes. The main objective of this study is to investigate the in vitro and in vivo insulinotropic and antidiabetic effects of an 80% ethanolic extract of M. charantia (EEMC) fruit, as well as the underlying molecular mechanism involved and preliminary phytochemical screening. Methods The insulin secretion was measured using clonal pancreatic BRIN-BD11 β-cells and isolated mouse islets. The ability of EEMC to inhibit carbohydrate digestive enzymes and glucose absorption and to scavenge free radicals was assessed via starch digestion, glucose diffusion, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay methods. The effects of EEMC on a variety of metabolic parameters were evaluated in alloxan-induced type 2 diabetic rats, including lipid profile. Finally, a preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted to identify the active phytoconstituents. Key findings EEMC increased insulin release through the KATP-dependent/cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway, which depolarizes the β-cell membrane and elevates intracellular calcium. It also inhibited glucose absorption and free radicals, suggesting its potential to delay gastric emptying, attenuate oxidative stress, and reduce inflammatory cytokines. In vivo studies showed that EEMC improves oral glucose tolerance, food intake, fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, and lipids and promotes intestinal motility. The active phytoconstituents in EEMC, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and glycosides, are likely responsible for these effects. Conclusion The antihyperglycemic properties of EEMC indicate that it might be a promising candidate for diabetes management. However, additional study into the application of M. charantia in type 2 diabetes is essential.

Evaluation of Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Studies for the Development of Quality Control Parameters for Stem Bark of Ximenia americana Linn. (Olacaceae)

Abstract Background: Plants are extremely useful to humankind as medicine, and hence the properties of medicinal plants have to be scientifically evaluated. Aim: The aim of this study is to establish pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters for stem bark of Ximenia americana Linn. (Olacaceae). Materials and Methods: Macroscopical, microscopical evaluation, powder microscopical studies, quantitative microscopy, physicochemical evaluation, fluorescence analysis, analysis of inorganic elements, and determination of heavy metal contamination were performed as per the World Health Organization guidelines and standard methods. To evaluate various phytoconstituents, phytochemical investigations such as preliminary phytochemical screening, high-performance thin-layer chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography were performed. Results: Microscopical studies showed the presence of thick cortex, periderm cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibers, sieve elements, prismatic and granular calcium oxalate crystals, and resinous cells. The length and width of fibers, stone cells, and diameter of starch grains were measured. Physicochemical evaluation like ash values has shown total ash – 8.01% ± 0.02% w/w, acid-insoluble ash – 1.53% ± 0.02% w/w, water-soluble ash – 1.54% ± 0.01% w/w, sulfated ash – 12.02% ± 0.07% w/w, water-soluble hot extraction – 26.48 ± 0.02% w/w, cold maceration – 11.76% ± 0.04% w/w, alcohol soluble – 15.69% ± 0.03%w/w, ether soluble – 2.06% ± 0.03% w/w, and loss on drying – 4.88% ± 0.01% w/w. Conclusion: Pharmacognostical study on the stem bark of Ximenia americana may be reported as first. The results of pharmacognostical and phytochemical studies will be helpful for authentication and provide quality control parameters for the stem bark of this plant.

Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino exerts cardioprotective effects by improving hemodynamic, biochemical and histopathological changes through activation of PI3K signalling in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats.

To evaluate the cardioprotective effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats and to evaluate the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K) in cardioprotection. The protective effect of the hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (LEGP) on the heart was investigated against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced MI in rats. Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed followed by molecular docking. For the in vivo studies Wistar albino rats (Male) were divided among different groups. Different parameters were evaluated such as heart weight index, Electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride assay, cardiac enzyme markers, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes, PI3K levels, and histopathology of cardiac tissue. Results showed that LEGP improved the electrocardiogram, reduced infarct size, and decreased the levels of cardiac enzyme markers and oxidative stress, while antioxidant enzymes and PI3K levels were increased. LEGP protected the heart against ISO-induced MI in rats by improving hemodynamic, biochemical and histological attributes. These protective effects were produced by the phytoconstituents of the LEGP through modulation of the PI3K signalling pathway.

Study of Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Analgesic Properties of the Stem of Helicteres isora Linn

Helicteres isora Linn., often referred to as the Indian screw tree, goes by the names Atmora or Rajot in Bangladesh. A genus of flowering plants in the Malvaceae family is called Helicteres (shrub). According to reports, extracts from fruits, roots, and bark have anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, anti-dysenteric, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant properties. To the best of our knowledge no attempts have been made for finding out therapeutic potentials of the stem part of this plant. From preliminary phytochemical screening we noticed the presence of different phytochemical constituents including the Alkaloids, glycoside, flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins, fats & fixed oils. Where Alkaloids and fats & oils were moderately present. But steroids, saponins and Triterpenoids were absent in methanolic extract of Helicteres isora stem. The results of the present study provide scientific basis for the use of Helicteres isora in traditional medicine in the treatment of aforementioned diseases. Furthermore, some new pharmacological effects of the plant have been revealed. It is thus important that extensive phytochemical and pharmacological studies should be carried out on the basis of the results of the current study to eventually find bioactive compounds as new lead compounds.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of bio-pigment from Beta vulgaris

ABSTRACT: Plants are essential for sustaining life on our planet, providing a diverse range of species that possess therapeutic properties. With a growing awareness of health and well-being among consumers, there has been a rise in the popularity of natural colorants sourced from plant-based materials. In this context, the main objective of this research was to extract valuable natural pigments from Beta vulgaris (commonly known as beetroot), with the aim of increasing the availability of pigments from natural sources while simultaneously minimizing environmental and health risks. The crude extract of pigments was obtained using the maceration method during the extraction process. The crude extract was then purified using flash column chromatography with various solvents as the mobile phase. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of active compounds like phenols, carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins. High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) was performed to analyze the betalain profile, showing distinct bands at specific Rf values. The specific functional groups were identified in the Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum based on the presence of characteristic bands. Antibacterial activity testing demonstrated varying degrees of inhibition against test organisms like Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The evaluated plant pigments exhibited positive results in terms of antioxidant activity, exhibiting free radical scavenging capabilities. The aqueous methanol extract showed the highest extraction yield at 36.71%. The aqueous methanol extract of Beta vulgaris showed the maximum antibacterial activity at 20 mm against Bacillus cereus. The methanol extract and aqueous ethanol extract displayed the lowest IC50 values (45.56 µg/ml and 43.23 µg/ml, respectively), indicating their high antioxidant potential. These findings highlight the promising potential of Beta vulgaris as a valuable source of natural pigments with both antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Characteristics of the Colchicum luteum Baker (Suranjan) growing wild in Kashmir Valley, India

Colchicum luteum (Liliaceae) belongs to genus Colchicum. The Liliaceae family consists of 280 genera and 4000 species, with diverse geographical locations. In the Kashmir valley, they are widely distributed. Colchicum luteum is a perennial plant with corms and starchy rhizomes. This drug holds a prime position in the Unani system of medicine due to presence of alkaloid colchicine, which is found to be effective in arthritis, gout, rheumatism, and used as a carminative, laxative, and aphrodisiac. Its hydro-alcoholic extract was screened for the presence of several phytoconstituents using preliminary phytochemical methods. The microscopy of the Colchicum luteum corm revealed the presence of Fragment of Vessels with Spiral and Annular Thickening, Parenchyma and Part of a Spirally Thickened Vessel, Calcium-Oxalate Crystal, Starch-Granule and Single-Fibre. Proximate analysis revealed that Colchicum luteum corm dry plant powder has a 2.6% Total Ash Value, 1.0% Acid Insoluble Ash Value, and 1.8% Water Soluble Ash Value. 10.6 percent was determined to be the loss on drying. Post treatment with various chemical agents, fluorescence examination of the powdered plant material was performed under UV light at 254 nm and visible light. The current study showed the microscopical characters, the preliminary phytochemical screening and the proximate analysis of the Colchicum luteum corm. Information collected from such studies can be used as benchmark in the quality control of this plant as herbal medicine for treatment of various diseases.

CLOT LYSIS AND MEMBRANE PROTECTION POTENTIALS OF CHEILANTHES TENUIFOLIA METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT

Cheilanthes tenuifolia is a little perennial fern that falls within the taxonomic classification of the Pteridaceae botanical family. The plant has a diverse array of phytochemical substances, including alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids, which have demonstrated promising medicinal properties. This study aimed to evaluate the in-vitro membrane-stabilizing and clot lysis activities of a methanol leaf extract of C. tenuifolia (MCT). For this, we performed hypotonic solution-induced erythrocyte lysing and human blood clot lysis methods to check the membrane stabilizing and clot lysis capacities of MCT using acetylsalicylic acid and streptokinase as standards, respectively. Additionally, we also checked its phytochemical groups. The results of a preliminary phytochemical screening indicate the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins in the plant. MCT inhibited hemolysis in a concentration-dependent manner and inhibited 78.93 ± 0.01% hemolysis (IC50 = 46 ± 2.11 µg/ml) at the higher concentration (160 μg/ml), whereas the standard drug, acetylsalicylic acid (IC50 = 64.10 ± 2.08 µg/ml) inhibited 97.71 ± 0.01% at the same concentration. It also exhibited clot lysis in a concentration-dependent manner, where the maximum percentage of clot lysis was observed at 160 μg/100 ml where the IC50 value was 198.41 ± 1.87 µg. The standard drug streptokinase showed 77.51 ± 0.01% clot lysis. C. tenuifolia possesses various important secondary metabolites and shows membrane stabilizing and clot lysis capacity. Further studies are required to elucidate its active principles and their biological effects.

Phytochemical screening, investigations & antimicrobial activity on the various extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Alternanthera sessilis (Joyweed) and Crepidium acuminatum (Jeevak)

The antimicrobial activity of aerial parts of & using petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts were tested against Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus mutans, Pseudomonas mirabilis and Bacillus fragillis. The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed by agar disc diffusion method. The zone of inhibition was compared with the standard drug i.e. Penicillin. Petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone and ethanol extracts were effective against the entire four test microorganism used respectively when compared to standard drug penicillin. The preliminary phytochemical screening of contains alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, polyphenols, cardiac glycosides and quinones. indicated the presence of saponins, essential oils, athraquinones, sterols, coumarins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins and glycosides. Quantitatively alkaloids, resins, tannins, crude fibre, saponin, phenolic, flavonoids, carbohydrate and saponins were determined by different methods.Acetone extract was more effective followed by ethanol extract as antimicrobial agents when compared to other extracts of aerial parts of & . shows antihypertensive remedy, helps to treat hepatitis, bronchitis, asthma, central –stimulating & analgesic activity. shows aphrodisiac, haemostatic, anti-diarrheal, and styptic, anti dysenteric, febrifuge, cooling and tonic activity.Total Carbohydrate and Saponin contents are calculated by standard curve methods by us ing 80% ethanol and aqueous extract correspondingly. Quantities are found to 112±1.7 (μg Glucose equivalents/ml of extract) in 80% ethanol extract and 184±1.2 (μg saponin equivalents/ml of extract) in aqueous extract. Saponin content has also been measured by double solvent gravimetric method and it is found to be 2±0.48%. Quantity of Total Fat Content, Total Alkaloid Content, Total Resin Content, Total Tannin Content and Total Crude Fibre Content were calculated.Work is under progress to reveal the chemical nature of the active constituents responsible for the antimicrobial activity & its P’cological activities reported for aerial parts of the plant.

Quantitative Determination and Source Variation of Rutin in Fagopyrum Tataricum

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum sp.) is a traditional crop of Uttarakhand (India) known for its high Rutin content, a bioflavonoid with significant medicinal properties. This study explores the quantitative measurement of Rutin in various buckwheat varieties grown in different regions of Uttarakhand using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). Twelve seed sources of Fagopyrum tataricum from the Garhwal and Kumaon regions, along with Fagopyrum esculentum seeds for comparison, were collected. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and carbohydrates, with methanolic extracts showing higher concentrations. TLC analysis was employed to determine the most effective solvent system for Rutin separation, leading to the identification of three samples with substantial Rutin content. HPTLC was then used for quantitative Rutin assessment, with a calibration curve established using standard Rutin solutions. The three selected samples, along with the standard, were applied to HPTLC plates, and the Rutin content was measured based on peak areas and peak heights. The sample collected from Joshimath, Uttarakhand, known as "JOG," exhibited the highest Rutin content. This study provides valuable insights into the phytochemical composition of buckwheat varieties in Uttarakhand, which can inform the development of high-quality functional foods. Rutin, a potent antioxidant with various health benefits, underscores the significance of buckwheat as a naturally occurring functional food source. The results contribute to understanding the Rutin-rich potential of buckwheat grown in Uttarakhand and its applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals. Further research in this field can promote the cultivation and utilization of buckwheat as a source of this valuable bioactive compound with numerous health benefits.

Physico-chemical properties of wild edible fruit Meyna laxiflora Robyns (Alu): production of Alu fruit powder by using drying aid

The study focuses on the physico-chemical characteristics of the wild fruit Meyna laxiflora Robyns (Alu) and fruit powder, which was gathered from the Konkan region of Maharashtra. Alu fruit powder is made by using a drying aid called maltodextrin (MD). Powder samples (MP1, MP2, MP3, MP4 and MP5) were made using different amounts of MD (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 g). Preliminary phytochemical screening of fruit pulp and powder showed the presence of some phytoconstituents such as reducing sugar, saponin, flavonoids, and terpenoids, whereas alkaloids, tannins, steroids and protein were absent in both. The parameters of the powder are directly influenced by the amount of MD, as evidenced by the variations in bulk density, total soluble solids, pH, specific gravity and the proximate among the powder samples. High solubility was found in the sample with a medium of MD. The highest of particle distribution was found in MD-added samples (MP2 (1 g), MP3 (1.5 g), MP4 (2 g)) whereas the raw (MP0) showed the least. Sensory analysis was done using 9-point hedonic scale, which revealed that MP2, MP3, and MP4 were highly acceptable. This study assumed that fresh Alu fruit, pulp and in the form of powder can be useful for the development of new products.

Fabrication, organoleptic evaluation and invitro characterization of cream loaded with Carica papaya seed extract.

The current study aimed to provide preliminary insights into potential biopharmaceutical applications of Carica papaya seed extract by evaluating its phytochemical and biological profiles. Furthermore, the study aimed to develop a stable oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion for the effective delivery of antioxidant-rich biologicals for cosmetic purposes. The hydroethanolic (ethanol 80%: 20% water) extract of C. papaya seeds was prepared via maceration technique. The chemical composition was carried out through preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC). The biological profile of the extract was explored using various in-vitro antioxidant methods. The homogenization procedure was used to create a cream of O/W and various tests were applied to assess the stability of the emulsion. By keeping the emulsion at different storage conditions (8 ± 0.5°C, 25 ± 0.5°C, 40 ± 0.5°C, and 40 ± 0.5°C ± 75% relative humidity [RH]) for a period of 28 days), the physical stability parameters of the emulsion, including pH, viscosity, centrifugation, phase separation, and conductivity, as well as rheological parameters and organoleptic parameters (odor, color, liquefaction, and creaming), were assessed. The preliminary phytochemical screening assay revealed the presence of various plant secondary metabolites including alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and quinones. The extract was found to be rich in TPC and TFC. The invitro antioxidant study gave maximum activity in the DPPH method. The plant extract containing cosmetic cream exhibited remarkable stability during the entire research. Data gathered indicated that no phase separation or liquefaction was seen after the experimental period. Throughout the experimental period, a small variation in the pH and conductivity values of the base and formulation was seen. The findings suggest that the seed extract of C. papaya is a rich source of polyphenols with antioxidant potential and can be a promising alternative for the treatment of various ailments. The stability of emulsion paves the way for its utilization as a carrier for the delivery of 3% C. papaya seed extract and applications in cosmetics products.

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of methanolic leaf extract of Breynia vitis-idaea using in vitro and in silico techniques

Breynia vitis-idaea (Phyllanthaceae) is used in the Chinese traditional medicinal system, to treat chronic lung disease and wound healing. This study was aimed to identify the chemical constituents of B. vitis-idaea having biological properties by in-vitro and in-silico methods. Breynia vitis-idaea leaf extract was screened for the presence of phenol, flavonoid contents, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities. Molecular docking of secondary metabolites with target proteins and ADMET analysis was done. Preliminary phytochemical screening of B. vitis-idaea contains a variety of phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannin, saponin, terpenoids, phenol, protein, steroids and glycosides. The antibacterial activity of methanol leaf extract of B. vitis-idaea evaluated against Escherichia coli (17 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16 mm), Bacillus subtilis (22 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (18 mm) showed high activity. Antioxidant activities were assessed by ABTS and FRAP assays and their IC50 values were 41.06 µg/mL and 46.40 µL/mL, respectively. α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity showed IC50 values of 20.42 µg/mL and 14.60 µg/mL, respectively. Molecular docking study showed strong binding activity of γ-sitosterol to α-amylase and α-glucosidase, followed by guanosine and arbutin. ADMET analysis shows that γ-sitosterol, guanosine, and arbutin are good drug candidates. This work demonstrates the anti-diabetic potential of B. vitis-idaea.

Formulation and evaluation of herbal toothpaste containing eupatorium triplinervisleaf extract

Eupatorium triplinervis (Asteraceae),popularly known as Ayapana , is widely used in folk medicine, due to its antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, antianorexic, antiparasitic, anthelmintic and sedative properties. The present study was focused on evaluating the anti-bacterial action of the formulated herbal toothpaste containing Eupatorium triplinervis leaf extract and determining the best formula for preparing the toothpaste. The extraction was conducted by the soxhlet apparatus using methanol as solvent and was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was performed and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the extract were reported against three organisms- Staphylococcus aureus ( gram positive), E. coli ( gram negative) and oral flora by agar dilution assay. Also, the antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion method was determined for the prepared toothpaste against all the above three bacteria. The phytochemical screening shows the presence of coumarins in the methanolic extract which were responsible for the antibacterial activity of the extract. The formulations shows considerable zoneof inhibition when compared with a marketed toothpaste formulation (Dant kanti). Thus, this toothpaste preparation has antibacterial properties and so can be used for gingivitis and other bacterial disorders of the oral cavity.

UPLC-Q-TOF-MS profiling of Viola stocksii Boiss. and evaluation of aphrodisiac potential and risk factors associated with erectile dysfunction

Ethnopharmacological relevanceViola stocksii Boiss. locally known as makhni or makhanr booti, is an important medicinal food plant with multiple therapeutic applications, including erectile dysfunction (ED). It is mixed with butter and used for boosting energy and sexual health in the subcontinent. Aims of the studyThis study was designed to evaluate the chemical composition, aphrodisiac potential and effect of V. stocksii on the risk factors associated with ED. MethodologyThe hydroethanolic extract of V. stocksii (HEEVS) was prepared through the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique. The chemical composition was evaluated using preliminary phytochemical screening and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis. Metals and minerals analysis was performed by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The aphrodisiac activity of HEEVS was evaluated using an in vivo aphrodisiac model established in male albino rats and the effect on various sexual parameters such as mount, intromission, ejaculation frequencies and mount, intromission, ejaculation latencies, postejaculatory interval, penile reflexes and serum hormone concentration were analyzed. The effect of HEEVS on various risk factors associated with ED, including prostate cancer (PC), bacterial infections, diabetes and obesity, was evaluated using various in vitro assays. Moreover, four compounds were selected from the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS profile and evaluated for in silico computational analysis against phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) for possible interaction. FindingsThe phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites in HEEVS, while 58 compounds were tentatively identified in the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis. Various important minerals and metals such as zinc, calcium, cadmium and magnesium were detected in the atomic absorption spectrometry analysis. The in vivo aphrodisiac evaluation showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the mount, intromission and ejaculation frequencies and a decrease in the mount, intromission latencies and post-ejaculatory intervals at a dose of 300 mg/kg. A marked (p < 0.05) increase was observed in the concentration of serum testosterone and luteinizing hormones in HEEVS treated animals with a significant increase in total penile reflexes. The extract displayed significant anti-prostate cancer activity and a potential antibacterial spectrum against E. coli and S. aureus, with MIC50 values of 215.72 μg/mL and 139.05 μg/mL, respectively. Similarly, HEEVS was found active towards pancreatic lipase (67.34 ± 1.03%), α-glucosidase (3.87 ± 0.54 mmol ACAE/g d.w.) and α-amylase (6.98 ± 1.63 mmol ACAE/g d.w.). The in silico docking study presented a potential interaction between the selected compounds and residues of the active site of PDE-5. ConclusionThis report highlights the aphrodisiac potential of V. stocksii and provides experimental support for its traditional use in ED with an attenuative effect on the risk factors associated with ED. Moreover, the chemical composition displayed the presence of functional phytoconstituents and minerals in HEEVS and paves the way for the isolation of compounds with potent aphrodisiac activity.

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Quantitative Analysis of Total Flavonoid and Phenolic Content of Some Medicinal Plants Found In Nepal

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Quantitative Analysis of Total Flavonoid and Phenolic Content of Some Medicinal Plants Found In Nepal

Identification of secondary metabolites, antioxidant activity, and GC-MS analysis of &lt;i&gt;Launaea procumbens&lt;/i&gt; (Roxb.) Amin (Angiosperm: Asteraceae): A neglected plant with therapeutic value

Although &lt;i&gt;Launaea procumbens&lt;/i&gt; (Roxb.) Amin is not currently used by pharmacists; it has great potential for future medicinal use. According to both Ayurvedic texts and modern research, the leaves of Launaea procumbens have galactagogue, diuretic, antifungal, anorexic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective properties. In this communication, various sections of &lt;i&gt;L. procumbens&lt;/i&gt;, a member of the Asteraceae (Compositae) family is characterized pharmacognostically. Extracts were tested qualitatively for various constituents, revealing the presence of lignans, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, steroids, and flavonoids. The leaves and stems were extracted using four different solvents: methanol, chloroform, distilled water, and petroleum ether, with methanol and chloroform extracts showing more significant results than petroleum ether and distilled water extract. These observations will aid in identifying and standardizing the drug in its crude form and distinguishing it from adulteration. This work aims to develop standardization parameters for &lt;i&gt;L. procumbens&lt;/i&gt; leaves and stems by evaluating its pharmacognostics and conducting preliminary phytochemical screening. Additionally, GC-MS fingerprinting of the leaves revealed the presence of nine different chemical constituents, which could be useful for differentiating &lt;i&gt;L. procumbens&lt;/i&gt; from other species of the genus &lt;i&gt;Launaea&lt;/i&gt; in the herbal industry.

Extraction from Different Natural Sources and their Pharmacognostical Studies

Natural products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. The focus of this paper is on the analytical methodologies, which include the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations. The analysis of Phytoconstituents was performed physicochemical parameters (foreign matter, moisture content, loss on drying, total ash, water-soluble ash, acid-insoluble ash, sulphated-ash, alcohol-soluble extractive, water-soluble extractive and pH values), Preliminary Phytochemical Screening (Test for carbohydrates, Test for amino acids, Test for steroid, Test for fat, Test for oils, Test for alkaloids, Test for tannins, Test for phenolic compounds, Test for Saponin glycosides, Test for flavonoids, Test for volatile oils and Test for heavy metals ), Tests for Aflatoxin and Thin-Layer chromatography. The results were discussed that all Phytoconstituents extracted from Fennel, Amla and Tulsi were nom-toxic and safe. All Phytoconstituents were free from heavy metals and Aflatoxin. The major goals of extraction are to increase yields of bioactive substances, reduce extraction time, be more environmentally friendly, and attain economic viability without sacrificing biological activity.