Prehypertensive Group Research Articles

Prehypertension in early pregnancy is a risk factor for hypertensive disorders during pregnancy: A historical cohort study in Japan

ABSTRACT Objective: We evaluated the association between pre-hypertension (120–139 or 80–89 mmHg) in early pregnancy, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), and perinatal adverse outcomes. Methods: We included 14,066 pregnant women, treated between 2003 and 2019 in Japan. Based on a blood pressure chart review recorded before 20 weeks of gestation, we stratified participants into the prehypertension (n = 3,806) and normotensive (n = 10,260) groups. Results: Prehypertension, an independent risk factor for HDP in the multivariate analysis (P< 0.001), was significantly associated with preterm and small-for-gestational age infants. Conclusion: Prehypertension potentially confers a risk for adverse perinatal outcomes in apparently normal pregnancies.

Blood pressure decrease in elderly after isometric training: does lactate play a role?

This study aimed to investigate the effect of isometric handgrip (IHG) training on the blood pressure (BP) reduction in prehypertensive and hypertensive elderly people, and the possible role of lactate and redox balance. Thirty-three older (75.3±1.3 years old) were allocated to a non-exercise control (CG, n=11), prehypertensive (PHG, n=10), and hypertensive (HG, n=12) groups. PHG and HG performed a total of 8 sets of 1-min bilateral contractions at 30% maximal voluntary isometric contraction, each separated by 1-minute rest-pause. IHG training was performed for 8-week, 3 times a week on non-consecutive days. Systolic BP (SBP) and heart rate (HR) decreased post-training on PHG (-10 mm Hg; -5 bpm) and HG (-16 mm Hg; -9 bpm), respectively. Diastolic BP (DBP) decreased for HG only (-9 mm Hg) (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, the decrease in BP occurred in parallel to a better redox balance and increased bioavailability of nitric oxide in PHG and HG (P &lt; 0.05). Also, the variables that most present association to SBP decrease were capillary blood lactate concentration and muscle strength (P &lt; 0.05). In summary, IHG training may be practical in improving clinical status of prehypertensive and hypertensive patients, by improving BP control, NO- bioavailability and redox balance. Further studies are required to elucidate the pathways of lactate concentration in blood-flow during exercise.

The relationship of blood pressure with urine protein examination in fisherman of Batu Karas Village, Cijulang, Pangandaran, West Java

Background: Hypertension is an increase in persistent blood pressure with systolic 140 mmHg and diastolic ≥ 90 mmHg. In Indonesia, hypertension ranks the 6th largest non-infectious disease, with a prevalence of 25.8%. Uncontrolled hypertension results in target organ damage, causing strokes, heart attacks, retinopathy, or kidney disorders. The presence of protein in urine can be a marker of kidney abnormality. This study evaluates the relationship between blood pressure and urine protein examination in fishermen of Batu Karas Village, Cijulang, Pangandaran, West Java.Methods: The descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study was conducted using a total sampling of 97 Batu Karas fishermen. Samples were examined their blood pressure and urine dipstick at the social service event of Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta, in August 2016. Univariate analysis and gamma relationship tests were done using SPSS version 21 for Windows.Results: In the fishermen with normal blood pressure, we found 29 samples with 1+ protein urine, two samples were 2+, and 11 were negative. In the pre-hypertensive group, 27 were 1+, and 15 were negative. In the stage I hypertension group, three were 1+, and four were negative. In the stage II hypertension group, three were 1+, and three were negative. We also found a significant correlation between blood pressure and urine protein examination results (p=0.048).Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between blood pressure and urine protein examination results in fishermen in Batukaras, Cijulang, Pangandaran, West Java.

The effect of uric acid and urinary sodium excretion on prehypertension: a nationwide population-based study

BackgroundThis study examined the effect of serum uric acid (SUA) level and urinary sodium excretion on blood pressure as well as their combined effect on prehypertension in a Korean population.MethodData from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for adults (≥ 19 years of age) were used. The participants were classified into two groups, normotension and prehypertension, according to the JNC-7 definition. Logistic regression was carried out and adjusted for traditionally regarded confounders of blood pressure. All analyses considered a complex sampling design. A multivariate analysis was performed on subgroups defined according to their SUA level and urinary sodium excretion.ResultsThe 4200 participants were divided into normotension (n = 2646) and prehypertension (n = 1554) groups. In the univariate analysis, patient age, male sex, concurrent comorbidity (diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease), uric acid, and urinary sodium excretion were associated with prehypertension. After adjusting for baseline covariates, both the SUA level and urinary sodium excretion were significant predictors of incident prehypertension (SUA, per 1 mg/dL increase, odds ratio [OR] 1.216, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.131–1.309; urinary sodium excretion, per 1 g/day increase, OR 1.067, 95% CI 1.019–1.117). Additionally, simultaneously higher tertiles of SUA and urinary sodium excretion resulted in higher ORs for prehypertension.ConclusionIncreased SUA is a significant risk marker for the development of prehypertension in normotensives. Simultaneously high SUA and urinary sodium excretion amplified the effect on the development of prehypertension. Our findings suggest that lowering SUA levels and reducing sodium intake will contribute to preventing hypertension.

Incidence and risk factors for progression from prehypertension to hypertension: a 12-year Korean Cohort Study.

This study evaluated the incidence and risk factors for progression from prehypertension to hypertension among middle-aged and elderly Korean adults. A total of 115 456 participants with prehypertension in 2003-2004 were selected from the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort (NHIS-HEALS) Program. All participants were followed until 2015. Potential risk factors for progression to hypertension were evaluated using the chi-squared test or t-test. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to predict the risk of progression to hypertension according to sex. The incidence of hypertension in the prehypertension group was evaluated by calculating the incidence density during the entire follow-up period. During the follow-up period, 48 919 participants experienced progression to hypertension, which corresponded to incidence densities of 45.82/1000 person-years among men and 53.57/1000 person-years among women. Among both men and women, progression to hypertension was predicted by an elevated BMI, family history of hypertension, history of diabetes mellitus, and older age. Among men, progression to hypertension was associated with frequent drinking and high alanine aminotransferase levels. Among women, progression to hypertension was associated with high hemoglobin levels and low household income. This study identified various risk factors for progression from prehypertension to hypertension among middle-aged and elderly Korean adults. This information may help researchers develop comprehensive and effective strategies for managing prehypertension.

Impact of Prehypertension on the Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in a Chinese Rural Cohort.

The study was performed to investigate the impact of prehypertension defined by the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC7) on the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in a Chinese rural cohort. The epidemiological prospective cohort study included 38,765 participants aged ≥35 years followed for a median of 12.5 years-divided into normal BP (n = 7,366), prehypertension (n = 18,095), and hypertension groups (n = 13,304)-were enrolled for the final analysis. Follow-up for MACE including cardiovascular disease (CVD) death, stroke and myocardial infarction (MI) was conducted. Adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The age and sex-adjusted incidence of MACE and its subtypes rose progressively with elevation of BP levels (P < 0.001). After adjusting multivariable Cox proportional hazards, significant increases were observed from the prehypertensive group for incident MACE (HR = 1.337, 95% CI: 1.186-1.508, P < 0.001), CVD mortality (HR = 1.331, 95% CI: 1.109-1.597, P = 0.002), and stroke (HR = 1.424, 95% CI：1.237-1.639, P < 0.001) but not MI (P > 0.05) compared with normal BP. Prehypertensive individuals had a greater risk of incident MACE, CVD mortality, and stroke, implying that improvements in BP monitoring and early intervention in individuals with prehypertension in rural China are urgently needed.

Factors Associated With Blood Pressure Classification in Korean University Students: A Descriptive Survey.

The prevalence of hypertension in young adults has increased. Hypertension is known to be a leading contributor to many diseases. The study aimed to identify factors influencing blood pressure (BP) classification in university students and to establish a basis for the prevention and management of hypertension in young adults. Four hundred three university students in South Korea were analyzed to determine the factors that influence BP classification. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, analysis of variance, and multinomial logistic regression. The reference group for the logistic regression analysis included students with normal BP. The odds of being male and of having an overweight or obese body mass index were significantly higher in the prehypertension group than in the normal BP group. The odds of regular (≥ 6 months) exercise habits, having subcutaneous and borderline visceral fat types, and social support were significantly lower in the prehypertension group than in the normal BP group. The odds of being male, being overweight or obese, and having more exercise barriers were significantly higher in the hypertension group than in the normal BP group. The odds of having a high or low economic status were higher and lower in the hypertension group, respectively. Finally, the odds of having subcutaneous or borderline visceral fat types and a vigorous physical activity level were significantly lower in the hypertension group than in the normal BP group. Interventions that address the factors related to BP in young adults are necessary to prevent the occurrence and progression of hypertension in young adults.

Effects of body mass index on intraocular pressure and ocular perfusion pressure in individuals with prehypertension

Background: Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and reduced ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) are major risk factors in the development and progression of glaucoma. Although both obesity and prehypertension are risk factors in elevating IOP, very few studies have analyzed the effects of obesity on IOP and OPP in pre-hypertensive individuals. Aim and Objective: This study aims to assess the effects of body mass index (BMI) on IOP and OPP in pre-hypertensive individuals. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 voluntary participants with prehypertension (systolic blood pressure of 120–139 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of 80–89 mmHg) in the age group of 20–50 years were selected from an ophthalmology clinic in Mysuru. They were categorized into two groups based on their BMI into obese and non-obese pre-hypertensive groups. IOP was recorded using rebound tonometer and OPP was calculated. Results: Statistically significant elevation in IOP and reduction in OPP values of both the eyes were observed in obese pre-hypertensive group. Conclusion: Obesity compounds the effect of prehypertension on IOP and OPP probably by early disruption of the autoregulatory mechanisms that maintain constant ocular blood flow. Understanding of the complex relationship between IOP and OPP in obese, pre-hypertensive population might help in preventing the risk of developing glaucoma.

Utility of serum gamma glutamyl transferase activity among hypertensive patients

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; Hypertension, a chronic medical condition of elevated blood pressure in the arteries. It is an emerging problem worldwide and one of the identifiable cause of kidney disease. Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) plays essential role in the metabolism of glutathione which is reported as major antioxidant. More recently increased GGT is associated with pathogenesis of hypertension. This study was aimed to determine activity of gamma glutamyl transferase in hypertensive patients.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; All together 150 participants were recruited from Department of Medicine, Star Hospital for this hospital based cross-sectional study. Among which 50 were normotensive, 50 were pre-hypertensive and 50 were hypertensive. Blood sample were collected and analyzed in autoanalyser by enzymatic method. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Mean serum gamma glutamyl transferase activity is significantly different among normotensive, prehypertensive and hypertensive groups (i.e., 10.3 IU/l, 26.8IU/l and 37.2 IU/l respectively). Serum gamma glutamyl transferase activity is significantly higher in prehypertensive patients than normotensive group (p=0.001). Similarly GGT activity is significantly increased in hypertensive patients than prehypertensive patients (p=0.001).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; Serum gamma glutamyl transferase activity is raised in prehypertensive and hypertensive participants as compared to normotensive. Thus Serum gamma glutamyl transferase level can have potential role on management of hypertension.&lt;/p&gt;

Influencing factors of coexistence PreDM and PreHTN in occupational population of state grid corporation of Chinese

Background Early intervention of coexisting prediabetes (PreDM) and prehypertension (PreHTN) has great significance for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the influencing factors of the coexisting PreDM and PreHTN has been widely concerned by human beings. The State Grid Corporation occupational population as a special group, who are often exposed to a certain amount of voltage. Earlier studies have shown that exposure to a certain level of voltage can cause cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present study was to explore the risk factors of coexisting PreDM and PreHTN, and to provide theoretical basis for early intervention. Methods A stratified random sampling method was used to randomly select Occupational population from the five power supply regions of China in 2012 for questionnaire surveys and clinical examinations. Respondents were divided into Normal blood glucose group, PreDM group, Diabetes group, Normal blood pressure group, PreHTN group, Hypertension group. Results The prevalence of coexisting PreDM and PreHTN in the study population was 1.9%. The binary Logistic regression results showed that region, gender, age, BMI, triglyceride (TG), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were the effects of factor coexisting PreDM and PreHTN. Conclusion It is important to pay attention to the early stage of hypertension and diabetes, control the transition from PreHTN and PreDM to hypertension and diabetes, and improve the health of Power Supply Enterprise Population.

Association between Higher Blood Pressure and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus in Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese Adults.

BackgroundTo examine the prospective association between higher blood pressure (BP) and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults.MethodsA total of 9,642 middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults (≥45 years old; 47.30% men) without diabetes from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were included for analyses. Participants were categorized into three groups: normal BP, prehypertension, and hypertension, according to the 2010 Chinese Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. The incidence of T2DM was determined by self-reported physician diagnosis during two follow-up surveys conducted in 2013 to 2014 and 2015 to 2016.ResultsDuring the 4-year follow-up, 429 participants (4.45%) developed T2DM, including 3.51% of the men and 5.29% of the women. The incidence rates of T2DM were 2.57%, 3.75%, and 6.71% in the normal BP, prehypertension, and hypertension groups, respectively. After adjustment for age, sex, education level, residence, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, waist circumference, and dyslipidemia, both prehypertension (odds ratio [OR], 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98 to 1.77) and hypertension (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.54 to 2.64) were associated with increased risk of T2DM, compared to those with a normal BP. The ORs associated with T2DM were 1.08 (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.13) for an increase of 10 mm Hg in systolic BP and 1.06 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.10) for an increase of 5 mm Hg in diastolic BP.ConclusionHigher BP is a risk factor for T2DM in middle-aged and elderly Chines. It may be a potential target for diabetes prevention.

Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy and Understanding the Risk Factors of Heel Pain Syndrome

Category:Basic Sciences/Biologics, Hindfoot, SportsIntroduction/Purpose:Heel pain syndrome is a complex condition causing morbidity and decreases the quality of life in our adult population. It is known that individuals with a body mass index (BMI) of more than >30 kg/m2 have increased risk of plantar fasciitis. However, heel pain consists of larger entities not merely to plantar fasciitis alone. Limited study mentioned the association between hypertension and musculoskeletal pain. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) therapy is an emerging treatment option for its regenerative properties in the treatment of degenerative enthesopathic conditions as in plantar fasciitis and lateral elbow epicondylitis. We hypothesize that obesity (BMI>30 kg/m2) and hypertension do influence the poorer outcome after PRP injection in individuals with heel pain.Methods:We analysed 154 heel pain cases from orthopaedic outpatient clinic that were treated with PRP injection. BMI and BP were taken as preadmission measurements with at least three readings for blood pressure. PRP was harvested from the antecubital vein, and spun in a centrifuge machine. Follow-up was conducted with AOFAS Ankle Hindfoot system before injection, 6 weeks and up to 2 years after injection.Results:Mean age was 49.96 (range 20-81 years old) with 52.60% female and 47.4% male. Plantar fasciitis was the majority source of heel pain (71.43%) followed by achilles tendinopathy (26.62%), posterior tibial tendon disorder (1.3%), and peroneal tendinopathy (0.65%). One hundred and twenty-eight (83.1%) patients achieved resolution of heel pain and related symptoms after injection. Statistical analysis was performed using one sample student t-test. No statistical significant result was found in both overweight (p =0.29) and obesity grade 1 (p = 0.40). Statistical significant result found in the prehypertension group (p<0.04).Conclusion:Based on this preliminary data, we recommend weight loss with trials of lifestyle modification in individuals with obesity, and better control of our patients’ blood pressure in order to achieve comparable outcome with normal BMI population.

Association of cardiovascular risk factor clustering and prehypertension among adults：Results from the China health and retirement longitudinal study baseline

ABSTRACTBackground: Prehypertension is common in China, but its causes and associated factors have not been well studied. This study aimed to examine the age and gender-specific associations between CVD risk factor clustering and prehypertension among adults in China.Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from participants (n = 8735) aged over 45 in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) Baseline conducted from 2011–2012. The participants’ data were collected using standard questionnaires, anthropometric, and biochemical tests. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between cardiovascular risk factors, their clustering and prehypertension.Results: Overall, 21.1%, 39.5%, 27.6% and 11.8% participants had 0, 1, 2, ≥ 3 CVD risk factors in prehypertension group, respectively. Diabetes and overweight/obesity were significantly associated with prehypertension (OR, 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06–1.44; OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.38–1.75) in the overall population, and diabetes was associated with prehypertension only in men (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.00–1.58) and older adults (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.03–1.69). Moreover, participants with 1, 2 and ≥3 risk factors had increased odds of having prehypertension (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.12–1.49; OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.31–1.78; OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.66–2.53, respectively) and existed dose-response relationship, regardless of age and gender.Conclusions: This study indicated that CVD risk factor clustering was significantly associated with prehypertension and hypertension. These results provide valuable information for health professionals to better understand the impact of CVD risk factor clustering on prehypertension and hypertension.

Biomarkers of prehypertension and hypertension in women

The percentage of undiagnosed prehypertensive and hypertensive women are high in the population of Kazakhstan. Our study assessed biomarkers in prehypertension and hypertension in women. 203 women were divided into 3 groups: “pre-hypertensive” group ( n = 30, 46.6 ± 6.2 y.o.) with a systolic blood pressure from 120 to 139 mmHg or/and a diastolic blood pressure from 80 to 89 mm Hg. In the “hypertensive” group the blood pressure was > = 140/90 mmHg ( n = 73, 46.6 ± 5.6 y.o.). In the normotensive group the blood pressure was < = 120/80 mm Hg ( n = 100, 44.2 ± 5.9 y.o.). The MILLIPLEX MAP Human CVD 1 Magnetic Bead kit was used for the quantification of cardiovascular biomarkers in venous samples. The quantification of the level of cardiac markers was carried out on the Bio-Plex®3D multiplex analyzer Suspension Array System (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., USA). The values of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), creatine kinase-MB (CK MB), and leptin were statistically increased in women depending on their blood pressure. The BNP values in the hypertensive group (Me = 157.9 pg/ml, Q 1 = 53.75 pg/ml and Q 3 = 229.6 pg/ml) were statistically greater (p = 0.016) than in the normotensive group (Me = 85.14 pg/ml, Q 1 = 18.55 pg/ml and Q 3 = 113.9 pg/ml). The BNP values in the prehypertension group were greater than in the normotensive group and less than in the hypertensive group (Me = 73.00 pg/ml, Q 1 = 35.52 pg/ml and Q 3 = 139.4 pg/ml). The CK MB values in the hypertensive group (Me = 3693 pg/ml, Q 1 = 3105 pg/ml and Q 3 = 6178 pg/ml) were statistically higher (p = 0.022) than in the normotensive group (Me = 2688 pg/ml, Q 1 = 1629 pg/ml and Q 3 = 4532 pg/ml). The CK MB values in the prehypertension group were greater than in the normotensive group and less than in the hypertensive group (Me = 2722 pg/ml, Q 1 = 1833 pg/ml and Q 3 = 5266 pg/ml). In addition, the values of leptin in the hypertensive group (Me = 23910 pg/ml, Q 1 = 14510 pg/ml and Q 3 = 54824 pg/ml) were statistically greater (p = 0.001) than in the normotensive group (Me = 18256 pg/ml, Q 1 = 9287 pg/ml and Q 3 = 34843 pg/ml). The leptin values in the prehypertension group were: Me = 26424 pg/ml, Q 1 = 10514 pg/ml and Q 3 = 53060 pg/ml. In hypertensive women, serum BNP, CK-MB and leptin levels were significantly different from the same parameters in control women. Pre-hypertensive patients were in-between the normotensive and the hypertensive groups. However, biomarkers were not statistically different in women with prehypertension and those from the two other groups. Thus, patients with pre-hypertension cannot longer be attributed to healthy individuals although, they have not yet pronounced clinical and laboratory signs of arterial hypertension, the mechanisms of arterial hypertension are already running. Our results showed that there is need to develop recommendations for the identification and monitoring of patients with pre-hypertension in order to prevent the development of irreversible cardiovascular alterations.

Cardiac Baroreflex, HRV, and Statistics: An Interdisciplinary Approach in Hypertension.

Interests about the fine underpinnings of cardiovascular beat-by-beat variability have historical roots. Over the last decades, various aspects of the relationships between arterial pressure and heart period were taken as a proxy of the baroreflex in physiology and medicine, stimulating the interest of investigators in several interconnected scientific fields, in particular, bioengineering, neurophysiology, and clinical medicine. Studies of the overall system facilitated the emergence of a simplified negative (vagal) feedback model of the baroreflex and overshadowed the simultaneous interaction with excitatory, sympathetic positive-feedback mechanisms that would, however, better suit the model of a “paired antagonistic (parasympathetic/sympathetic) innervation of the internal organs.” From the bioengineering side, the simplicity of obtaining the series of subsequent RR intervals stimulated the analysis of beat-by-beat variations, providing a multitude of heart rate variability (HRV) indices considered as proxies of the underlying sympatho-vagal balance, and participating to the management of several important clinical conditions, such as hypertension. In this context, advanced statistical methods, used in an integrated manner and controlling for age and gender biases, might help shed new light on the relationship between cardiac baroreflex, assessed by the frequency domain index α, and the HRV indices with the varying of systolic arterial pressure (SAP) levels. The focus is also on a novel unitary Autonomic Nervous System Index (ANSI) built as a synthesis of HRV considering its three most informative proxies [RR, RR variance, and the rest-stand difference in the normalized power of low-frequency (LF) variability component]. Data from a relatively large set of healthy subjects (n = 1154) with a broad range of SAP [from normal (nNt = 778) to elevated (nHt = 232)] show that, e.g., α and ANSI significantly correlate overall (r = 0.523, p < 0.001), and that this correlation is lower in hypertensives (r = 0.444, p < 0.001) and higher in pre-hypertensives (r = 0.618, p < 0.001) than in normotensives (r = 0.5, p < 0.001). That suggests the existence of curvilinear “umbrella” patterns that might better describe the effects of the SAP states on the relationships between baroreflex and HRV. By a mix of robust, non-parametric and resampling statistical techniques, we give empirical support to this study hypothesis and show that the pre-hypertensive group results at the apex/bottom in most of the studied trends.

Prehypertension in the Krasnoyarsk Region: prevalence, correlation with sociodemographic and cardiometabolic risk factors

Aim. To evaluate the prevalence of prehypertension and its interrelations with other cardiovascular risk factors in Krasnoyarsk Region population. Material and methods . The present study, conducted in the framework of epidemiological research ESSE-RF, included 1603 people (age 25-64 years) of urban and rural population of the Krasnoyarsk Region. All participants underwent the questionnaire test, office blood pressure measurement, anthropometry, and biochemical blood analysis. Persons with 120-139/80-89 mm Hg blood pressure was subsumed to the prehypertension group. Statistical processing of the results was performed in IBM SPSS v. 22. Differences in prehypertension prevalence were assessed for statistical significance using the Pearson’s chi-squared test. The influence of sociodemographic factors and laboratory parameters was evaluated using logistic regression with the gradual elimination of insignificant factors. Statistical significance was taken into account at p<0,05. Results. We determined that 29,1% of Krasnoyarsk Region population had prehypertension. It was more prevalent in males compared to females (32,5% vs 27,2% respectively), in younger people compared to older (41,6% in 25-34 vs 16,5% in 55-64), and in urban population compared to rural (30,7% vs 24,7% respectively). Prehypertension prevalence in the Krasnoyarsk Region was lower compared with the average country statistics (35,0%) due to the greater prevalence of arterial hypertension. The significant predictors of prehypertension were higher education, obesity and hypertriglyceridemia. Conclusion. The prevalence of prehypertension in Krasnoyarsk Region was 29,1%; it is lower than the average data over Russia because of a higher percentage of people with arterial hypertension and a lower percentage of optimal blood pressure in Krasnoyarsk Region population. The percentage of prehypertension decreased with age. Higher education, obesity and hypertriglyceridemia increased the risk of prehypertension.

Effect of one‐time successive immersion of the right hand into ice‐cold and warm water on blood pressure in prehypertensives

An early diagnostic and awareness of hypertension are crucial for controlling and prevention from further its development. The dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a cornerstone of hypertension pathophysiology which underlies the initiation and development of hypertension. The HRV is commonly used for the evaluation of ANS activity. Though physiological/therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy for maintaining health, preventing, and treating the diseases, were well documented, the scientific base of these effects till now remains unclear.The 79 normotensive and 76 prehypertensive men, 102 normotensive and 50 prehypertensive women (117.4±0.6 mm Hg and 135.0±1.0 mm Hg, 111.1±0.6 mm Hg and 126.3±0.8 mm Hg for SBP, respectively) were enrolled from V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University student population. All of them gave written informed consents.The ECG was continually recorded during the 5‐minutes resting stage and cold‐warm test (CWT): 5‐minutes immersion of the right hand into warm water (37°C) following by 1‐minute immersion of the hand into the ice‐cold water. HR, LnLF and HF HRV power were obtained by digital 2‐channel ECG amplifier (CardioLab 2010, Ukraine). HRV was assessed in the frequency‐domain analysis during the resting and warm‐water stages. SBP and DBP were recorded at the end of the resting and warm‐water stages by means the automatic digital sphygmomanometer (Nissei WS‐1011, Ltd, Japan) and MBP was calculated. Three‐way repeated measure MANOVA was used to compare HR, MBP, LnLF, LnHF HRV power by sex, the presence of prehypertension, and CWT. Two‐way MANOVA was used to analyze the possible effect of sex and prehypertension on cardiovascular and HRV responses to cold‐warm test. Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS statistical program, version 22.During CWT the HR decreased significantly compared with the resting stage in normotensive and prehypertensive groups (P&lt;0.001 for both), MBP increased in normotensive subjects (P=0.032) while decreased in the prehypertensive group (P&lt;0.001). The LnHF power widely used as an index of cardiovagal activity tended to be increased in normotensive subjects (P=0.054) while the LnLF power indicating, according to our hypothesis, an index of sympathoinhibition, increased only in the normotensive group at high significant level (P=0.003).Sex differences were found between normotensive subjects in ΔHR, ΔLnLF, and ΔLnHF HRV power, such that LnLF and LnHF increased more and HR decreased more in normotensive women than in men (P=0.034, P=0.010, and P=0.015, respectively) indicating that reduction of HR due to activation of cardiovagal activity and sympathoinhibition was higher in normotensive women.So, during CWT the increase in parasympathetic activity and sympathoinhibition led to the reduction of HR in normotensive subjects, while prehypertensive subjects demonstrated the decrease of both HR and MBP without change of HRV indices possibly due to the reduction of tonic activity of the sympathetic nervous system. This cold‐warm test may be used for early diagnostic of hypertension since the MBP in normotensives significantly increased and in prehypertensives decreased at high significant level.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Biomarkers of nondipper hypertension in prehypertensive and hypertensive patients.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation of gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) with nondipper hypertension. Methods: This study included a total of 409 patients. Patients were grouped into hypertension, prehypertension and normotensive groups, according to their clinical blood pressure. All patients were also followed by ambulatory blood pressure. Results: Mean PLR and NLR were higher in the nondippers compared with dippers among both prehypertensive and hypertensive patients. In addition, PLR (OR: 1.011; 95% CI: 1004-1017; p=0.001), NLR (OR: 2.296, 95% CI: 1634-3225; p<0.001), and GGT (OR: 1.067; 95% CI: 1042-1092; p<0.001) were found to be associated with nondipper pattern among whole study population. Conclusion: The PLR, NLR and GGT values are easily accessible and fairly useful, independently associated with nondipper hypertension for both hypertensive and prehypertensive patients.

High Normal Blood Pressure and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Echocardiographic Findings From the PAMELA Population.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal data analysis of the PAMELA (Pressioni Monitorate E Loro Associazioni) population was performed to assess the association between prehypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) at entry and the risk of new-onset LVH associated to this condition in the subset of participants with normal LV mass index (LVMI). A total of untreated 1397 participants with measurable echocardiographic parameters at baseline were considered in the cross-sectional analysis. The longitudinal analysis included 880 participants without LVH at baseline and with measurable LVMI at follow-up examination performed 10 years later. At entry, after adjustment for major confounders LVH prevalence rates (LVM/body surface area) showed a significant, progressive increase from the normotensive (2.1%), to prehypertension (6.7%), and hypertension group (18.3%). The incidence of LVH increased progressively from the normotensive to prehypertension and hypertension group (9.0%, 23.2%, and 36.5%, respectively). The risk of new LVH was significantly greater in prehypertension who progressed to sustained hypertension (odds ratio, 4.21; CI, 1.64-10.83; P=0.003) than in those with persistent prehypertension (odds ratio, 1.89; CI, 0.77-5.11; P=0.21) compared with persistent normotensive participants after adjustment for age, sex, baseline LVMI, obesity, glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol and the use of antihypertensive drugs at follow-up. Further adjustments for changes in body mass index, metabolic variables, and creatinine during the follow-up did not modify the strength of association between prehypertension and new-onset LVH. Our findings offer a new piece of evidence on the association of prehypertension with LVH and support the view that preventive actions for this condition affecting a large fraction of the general population should be intensified.

CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF A STRENGTH TEST (1RM) IN PREHYPERTENSIVE SUBJECTS

ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical exercise promotes positive physiological adaptations, reducing the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and promoting greater autonomic control of heart rate and reduction in pressure levels. Objective: To compare the behavior of arterial pressure and autonomic heart rate modulation in the 1-repetition maximum knee extension test, performed on the 45-degree leg press machine in normotensive and prehypertensive subjects. Methods: Twenty-four male volunteers were assessed. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate variability (HRV) were evaluated at rest, immediately after the maximum load achieved and during the 10, 20, 30 and 40-minute recovery phases. Statistical analyses were obtained using SigmaStat 3.5 software and a level of significance of 5%. Results: Mean and standard deviation were used to identify 12 normotensive patients (N) aged = 25.5 ± 5.7 years; height = 174.3 ± 6.6 cm; BMI = 24.9 ± 2.4; SBP on average = 112.6 ± 5.6 mmHg and 12 prehypertensive (PH) patients aged = 29.8 ± 6.5 years; height = 175.7 ± 6.7 cm; BMI = 27.8 ± 6.5; mean SBP = 131.1 ± 3.2 mmHg. There was a statistical difference in the pNN50 index (%) at rest (PH = 1.13 ± 0.66 and N = 1.58 ± 0.35) and in the LF/HF index, also at rest (PH = 0.18 ± 0.29 and N = −0.18 ± 0.36). Conclusion: The one-repetition maximum (1RM) test did not promote cardiovascular risk in the prehypertensive group during its execution, with double product results lower than 30,000 mmHg.bpm, demonstrating lower cardiac overload. Moreover, HRV exhibited similarity in sympathetic-vagal behavior, in the time/frequency domain, between the groups. Level of Evidence III; Study Case-control.