Biomarkers of prehypertension and hypertension in women

Abstract

The percentage of undiagnosed prehypertensive and hypertensive women are high in the population of Kazakhstan. Our study assessed biomarkers in prehypertension and hypertension in women. 203 women were divided into 3 groups: “pre-hypertensive” group ( n = 30, 46.6 ± 6.2 y.o.) with a systolic blood pressure from 120 to 139 mmHg or/and a diastolic blood pressure from 80 to 89 mm Hg. In the “hypertensive” group the blood pressure was > = 140/90 mmHg ( n = 73, 46.6 ± 5.6 y.o.). In the normotensive group the blood pressure was < = 120/80 mm Hg ( n = 100, 44.2 ± 5.9 y.o.). The MILLIPLEX MAP Human CVD 1 Magnetic Bead kit was used for the quantification of cardiovascular biomarkers in venous samples. The quantification of the level of cardiac markers was carried out on the Bio-Plex®3D multiplex analyzer Suspension Array System (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., USA). The values of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), creatine kinase-MB (CK MB), and leptin were statistically increased in women depending on their blood pressure. The BNP values in the hypertensive group (Me = 157.9 pg/ml, Q 1 = 53.75 pg/ml and Q 3 = 229.6 pg/ml) were statistically greater (p = 0.016) than in the normotensive group (Me = 85.14 pg/ml, Q 1 = 18.55 pg/ml and Q 3 = 113.9 pg/ml). The BNP values in the prehypertension group were greater than in the normotensive group and less than in the hypertensive group (Me = 73.00 pg/ml, Q 1 = 35.52 pg/ml and Q 3 = 139.4 pg/ml). The CK MB values in the hypertensive group (Me = 3693 pg/ml, Q 1 = 3105 pg/ml and Q 3 = 6178 pg/ml) were statistically higher (p = 0.022) than in the normotensive group (Me = 2688 pg/ml, Q 1 = 1629 pg/ml and Q 3 = 4532 pg/ml). The CK MB values in the prehypertension group were greater than in the normotensive group and less than in the hypertensive group (Me = 2722 pg/ml, Q 1 = 1833 pg/ml and Q 3 = 5266 pg/ml). In addition, the values of leptin in the hypertensive group (Me = 23910 pg/ml, Q 1 = 14510 pg/ml and Q 3 = 54824 pg/ml) were statistically greater (p = 0.001) than in the normotensive group (Me = 18256 pg/ml, Q 1 = 9287 pg/ml and Q 3 = 34843 pg/ml). The leptin values in the prehypertension group were: Me = 26424 pg/ml, Q 1 = 10514 pg/ml and Q 3 = 53060 pg/ml. In hypertensive women, serum BNP, CK-MB and leptin levels were significantly different from the same parameters in control women. Pre-hypertensive patients were in-between the normotensive and the hypertensive groups. However, biomarkers were not statistically different in women with prehypertension and those from the two other groups. Thus, patients with pre-hypertension cannot longer be attributed to healthy individuals although, they have not yet pronounced clinical and laboratory signs of arterial hypertension, the mechanisms of arterial hypertension are already running. Our results showed that there is need to develop recommendations for the identification and monitoring of patients with pre-hypertension in order to prevent the development of irreversible cardiovascular alterations.