Preference Values Research Articles

Clinical context and communication in shared decision-making about major surgery: Findings from a qualitative study with colorectal, orthopaedic and cardiac patients.

Increasing numbers of older people undergo major surgery in the United Kingdom (UK), with many at high risk of complications due to age, co-morbidities or frailty. This article reports on a study of such patients and their clinicians engaged in shared decision-making. Shared decision-making is a collaborative approach that seeks to value and centre patients' preferences, potentially addressing asymmetries of knowledge and power between clinicians and patients by countering medical authority with greater patient empowerment. We studied shared decision-making practices in the context of major surgery by recruiting 16 patients contemplating either colorectal, cardiac or joint replacement surgery in the UK National Health Service (NHS). Over 18 months 2019-2020, we observed and video-recorded decision-making consultations, studied the organisational and clinical context for consultations, and interviewed patients and clinicians about their experiences of making decisions. Linguistic ethnography, the study of communication and interaction in context, guided us to analyse the interplay between interactions (during consultations between clinicians, patients and family members) and clinical and organisational features of the contexts for those interactions. We found that the framing of consultations as being about life-saving or life-enhancing procedures was important in producing three different genres of consultations focused variously on: resolving problems, deliberation of options and evaluation of benefits of surgery. We conclude that medical authority persists, but can be used to create more deliberative opportunities for decision-making through amending the context for consultations in addition to adopting appropriate communication practices during surgical consultations.

An Episode of Your Life: Rich narrative engagement with episodic stories

This article describes a new practice map, an “Episode of Your Life”, which adapts existing narrative “… of life” practices to an episodic story from a person’s life using metaphors from film and television production. This practice map draws significantly on ideas of “peopling the room” and the Team of Life in order to scaffold safety in imagining the process of telling painful stories through the collectivising of the storytelling process. This practice map specifically does not require that the storyteller tell the story, but rather invites them to imagine how they might tell a story from their life in a way that aligns with their values, hopes and preferred storylines. Some of the significant effects that we discovered were related to the richness of the visual metaphor for adding another layer of possible meaning-making in the storytelling process, and allowing for a “proliferation of what’s possible” in the imagining of the storytelling, such as through the use of time jumps; computer-generated imagery; inviting rich descriptions of preferred relationships, histories and values; and dignifying of stories that otherwise might be left unspoken. Participants were left with a feeling of solidarity and a “safe riverbank” from which to imagine telling their stories.

Effect of residual myocardial ischemia on recovery of left ventricular function after primary percutaneous coronary intervention

BackgroundIt is unknown whether the existence of severe bystander damage will affect left ventricular (LV) healing following primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI).The aim of the present analysis was to follow LV recovery using 2D speckle tracking echocardiography (2-D STE) in cases with single versus multiple vessel disease with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who underwent PPCI and to assess major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) within 3 months.Patients and methodsThis work was conducted at Assiut University Heart Hospital. Of 1026 screened subjects with AMI needing PPCI and assessed for eligibility, only 89 cases fulfilled the inclusion criteria. They were classified into Group A: single vessel and Group B: multiple vessel (≥ 2 vessels) disease. Their data were obtained on admittance and after 90 days.ResultsIn group A compared to group B, there was a statistically preferable value at baseline in the global longitudinal strain- Apical 2 chamber (GLS-A2C) (-12.05 ± 3.57 vs. -10.38 ± 3.92, P = 0.039). At follow-up, the improvement was in all 2-D STE variables, including GLS-long axis (GLS-LAX) (-13.09 ± 3.84 vs.-10.75 ± 3.96, P = 0.006), GLS- apical 4 chamber (GLS-A4C) (-13.23 ± 3.51 vs.-10.62 ± 4.08, P = 0.002), GLS-A2C (-13.85 ± 3.41 vs-10.93 ± 3.97, P < 0.001) and GLS- average (GLS-AVG, P = 0.001). There was a considerable negative correlation between the recovery of LV performance and the existence of multi-vessel lesions (P = 0.009). There was no variance between the groups regarding MACEs.ConclusionsPatients with single vessel lesions who underwent PPCI to the culprit lesion had better recovery of LV function than those with multi-vessel (≥ 2 vessels) lesions who underwent PPCI to the culprit lesion only. The presence of multivessel involvement was an independent risk factor for deterioration in GLS.Trial RegistrationRegistered in clinical trial, clinicalTrial.gov ID NCT04103008 (25/09/2019). IRB registration: 17,100,834 (05/11/2019).

Physical, Chemical, Organoleptic Characteristics, and Antioxidant Activity of Instant Cascara Powder with Additions of Ginger and Sappan Wood

The aroma and taste of cascara products are generally mild, and the use of cascara powder also produces a blackish-brown extract color. To enhance both the taste and aroma, it is recommended to add ginger (Zingiber officinale) and sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan). Ginger contains essential oils to enhance aroma and has antioxidant activity. On the the hand, the Brazilin compound in sappan wood provides a natural red color, and the polyphenols have antioxidant activity. This study aimed to determine the effects of adding ginger and sappan wood extracts on physical, chemical, and organoleptic properties, as well as the antioxidant activity of instant cascara powder, with a focus on selecting the best and most preferred formulation. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used with one factor, namely concentration of ginger and sappan wood extracts. The treatment consisted of six levels, including F1 as control (cascara 100 g), F2 (cascara 70 g, ginger 5 g, and sappan wood 25 g), F3 (cascara 70 g, ginger 10 g, and sappan wood 20 g), F4 (cascara 70 g, ginger 15 g, and sappan wood 15 g), F5 (cascara 70 g, ginger 20 g, and sappan wood 10 g), and F6 (cascara 70 g, ginger 25 g, and sappan wood 5 g). The results showed that additions of ginger and sappan wood extracts impacted physical property, namely redness value, chemical properties including moisture, polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity, as well as all organoleptic parameters. The best and most preferred formulation was sample F2 which had a redness value of 6,39, moisture content of 2,62%, polyphenol content of 35,41 mg GAE/g, and antioxidant activity amounting to 64,5%. Moreover, the average value of color preference was 5,32 (somewhat like), fragrance 4,32 (neutral), taste 4,8 (neutral – somewhat like), and overall 4,84 (neutral – somewhat like).

The CrMYB33 transcription factor positively coordinate the regulation of both carotenoid accumulation and chlorophyll degradation in the peel of citrus fruit

Citrus, cultivated extensively across the globe, possesses considerable economic importance and nutritional value. With the degradation of chlorophyll and accumulation of carotenoids, mature citrus fruits develop an orange-yellow peel, enhancing fruit value and consumer preference. MYB transcription factors (TFs) exert a significant role in diverse plant developmental processes and investigating their involvement in fruit coloration is crucial for developing new cultivars. This work aimed to characterize a citrus TF, CrMYB33, whose expression was found to be positively correlated with carotenoid biosynthesis during fruit ripening. The interference of CrMYB33 expression in citrus fruit resulted in inhibition of carotenoid accumulation, down-regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic genes, and a slower rate of chlorophyll degradation. Conversely, overexpression of CrMYB33 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) enhanced chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis, resulting in a deeper red coloration of the fruits. Furthermore, the transcription of associated genes was upregulated in CrMYB33-overexpressing tomato fruits. Additional assays reveal that CrMYB33 exhibits direct links and activation of the promoters of lycopene β-cyclase 2 (CrLCYb2), and β-carotene hydroxylases 2 (CrBCH2), both crucial genes in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, it was found to inhibit chlorophyllase (CrCLH), a gene essential in chlorophyll degradation. These findings provide insight into the observed changes in LCYb2, BCH2, and CLH expression in the transgenic lines under investigation. In conclusion, our study revealed that CrMYB33 modulates carotenoid accumulation and chlorophyll degradation in citrus fruits through transcriptionally activating genes involved in metabolic pathways.

Factors influencing wine ratings in an online wine community: The case of Trentino–Alto Adige

Abstract Consumers often struggle to make their choice in the highly diversified wine market. With wine being an experience good, consumers must rely on extrinsic characteristics, e.g., information on the label. Thus, easily available quality signals like consumer ratings have become an increasingly useful and widespread tool. Vivino is one of the largest online wine communities with over 60 million users, which have more than doubled since 2018. Hence, users have easy access to peer ratings, while established wine expert ratings are being challenged. This study analyzes data from Vivino to explore factors affecting consumer ratings at different price points, considering several wine attributes like geographical indications, brand, and the so-called “community effect.” We show that there is a small but significant community effect on wine's perceived quality related to its popularity among users of the Vivino community, as well as effects from specific wine attributes. Moreover, we estimate a hedonic quantile model on similar price ranges to compare the effect of the same regressors on wine prices. Results contribute to a better understanding of how different factors affect consumers’ wine evaluations, allowing to compare their effect on the “pure” consumer preference (i.e., consumer ratings) and market value.

Modelling Value-Oriented Legal Reasoning in LogiKEy

The logico-pluralist LogiKEy knowledge engineering methodology and framework is applied to the modelling of a theory of legal balancing, in which legal knowledge (cases and laws) is encoded by utilising context-dependent value preferences. The theory obtained is then used to formalise, automatically evaluate, and reconstruct illustrative property law cases (involving the appropriation of wild animals) within the Isabelle/HOL proof assistant system, illustrating how LogiKEy can harness interactive and automated theorem-proving technology to provide a testbed for the development and formal verification of legal domain-specific languages and theories. Modelling value-oriented legal reasoning in that framework, we establish novel bridges between the latest research in knowledge representation and reasoning in non-classical logics, automated theorem proving, and applications in legal reasoning.

A protocol for the annotation of evaluative stance and metaphor across four discourse genres

Abstract The present article contributes to research on evaluation by addressing two complementary objectives: first, we present a protocol for the identification and annotation of evaluation in English discourse and, second, we show the results of the implementation of the protocol in the annotation of evaluation in a sample of a corpus of four genres. We first describe the protocol by discussing the theoretical and methodological grounding of the annotation scheme, the criteria, the categories, the steps for the implementation of the protocol and an illustrative example of the application of the protocol to a short extract. We subsequently provide the preliminary results of a pilot study with the frequency of evaluative expressions across the four genres. Results show that while adjectives and non-metaphoric evaluative expressions are overall more frequent, there are differences regarding the preference for positive or negative value and regarding the frequency of function.

Double stochastic preference analysis on group decision making with interval additive preference relations

Interval additive preference relations (IAPRs) provide a valuable framework for representing uncertain pairwise comparisons among alternatives in group decision-making (GDM). Conventional GDM methods that incorporate IAPRs often treat preference values as uniform entities and establish dedicated conflict or consensus mechanisms for amalgamating individual opinions while overlooking the stochastic preferences and lacking the flexibility to address diverse decision requirements. Therefore, to account for the stochastic characteristics in both preference representation and group preference aggregation, this paper introduces an innovative double stochastic preference analysis for GDM with IAPRs. In the initial phase, stochastic additive preference relations are extracted from IAPRs using a specific density function. A best preference matrix is then constructed through a logarithmic consistency minimum deviation model. In the second phase, preference comparison intervals are synthesized to encapsulate the collective viewpoints of decision-makers. Subsequently, ranking acceptability indices and preference confidence degrees are computed through processing of the preference ranking judgment space, leading to the derivation of the final preference rankings. The experimental results, obtained through Monte Carlo simulations for a site selection case in Anhui Province, China, demonstrate the effectiveness and validity of the proposed method. The ranking results achieved a confidence degree exceeding 89%, offering insights into decision-makers’ weight distribution for various ranking scenarios.

Optimizing Mini Dam Placement for Sustainable Water Management in FUTA: A GIS-MCDA Approach

Addressing the increasing demand for water resources at the Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA) due to the growing population requires a data-driven solution. This study determined the suitable locations for the siting of mini-dams as an alternative solution to the problem of water scarcity in FUTA using a Geographical Information Systems (GIS)-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach by integrating five thematic factors: drainage density, slope, elevation, land cover and soil texture. Preference values were assigned to the criteria based on their importance to a dam. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to assign weights to these criteria, and they were combined using a weighted sum to produce a mini dam suitability map within the study area. The suitable areas were divided into five classes: highly suitable (9%), suitable (18%), marginally suitable (30%), least suitable (26%) and not suitable (17%). The suitability map was validated against the locations of existing dams in the study area. This study contributes to the efforts to manage water resources for a growing population in FUTA and to evaluate the GIS-AHP approach for dam siting for a small study area.

ESG Disclosure, Institutional Investor Preferences and Firm Value

Based on stakeholder theory and signal and reputation theory etc,this paper evaluates the quality level of ESG disclosure of listed companies using Wind ESG score, and introduces the variable of institutional investors' shareholding ratio, selects 2780 listed companies from 2018-2022 as samples, analyses whether institutional investors have ESG investment preferences, and investigates the value of the quality level of ESG disclosure on the value of listed companies' impact mechanism, and further heterogeneity analysis on this basis. The empirical results show that, firstly, improving the quality of ESG information disclosure by listed enterprises in China is conducive to significantly increasing their enterprise value; secondly, institutional investors have ESG investment preferences and attach more importance to the ability of listed enterprises to develop in the long term; thirdly, the proportion of institutional investor shareholding plays a partly intermediary role in the process of the impact of ESG information disclosure quality on the value of the enterprise, i.e., listed enterprises with high-quality ESG disclosure level can attract the attention of institutional investors to the enterprise value. Third, the proportion of institutional investors' shareholding plays a partial mediating role in the process of ESG disclosure quality level affecting enterprise value, i.e., listed firms with high-quality ESG information disclosure can attract institutional investors to increase their shareholding, thus enhancing their enterprise value. Fourthly, the extent to which the quality level of ESG disclosure affects the value of listed firms varies according to the attributes of the firms: there is a significant difference between large-scale and small-scale, highly marketised and low-marketised listed firms; and there is no difference shown between state-owned and non-state-owned, light-pollution and heavy-pollution listed firms, and all of the above conclusions are robust. Accordingly, this paper puts forward recommendations to strengthen the construction of the domestic ESG disclosure and governance system, encourage listed enterprises to practice the concept of ESG responsibility, and develop medium- and long-term institutional investors, aiming to promote listed enterprises to achieve sustainable development, and thus promote the construction of the domestic ESG disclosure system.

Decision Rules for Corporate Investment

We investigate the decision rules for corporate investment by designing a company value frontier. This company value frontier allows for balancing the financial value and social and environmental impacts. This article develops novel value concepts—ranging from shareholder value to shareholder welfare and integrated value—resulting in varying preferences for social and environmental impacts or values. Next, these preferences are incorporated in investment decision rules. The traditional net present value (NPV) rule optimises only the financial value. We propose a new integrated present value (IPV) decision rule that includes a preference for social and environmental values without neglecting the financial value. By applying the new IPV rule, responsible companies are able to achieve more sustainable outcomes.

Sustainability-Oriented Leader, Please! Effects of Industry on Followers’ Preferences

With sustainability becoming the new norm, the discussion about followers’ attitudes towards sustainability-oriented leadership is growing globally. Therefore, this study investigates the extent to which employees’ industry and sector background influence their perception of the ideal leader in relation to preferred sustainability orientation. This study also examines preferred sustainability leadership values and the role of culturally endorsed leadership in this process. Using the Preferred Sustainability Leadership Orientation (PSLO) survey, we gathered and analyzed data from 11 countries and 11 industry backgrounds (n = 5530). Our findings show that there is a statistical significance in followers’ valuing a leader with a high sustainability orientation most. Moreover, our results indicate that respondents working in public administration organizations value a leader with a strong sustainability orientation in addition to environmental and equality goals. While respondents associated with agriculture and real estate do not seem to place so much value on an ideal leader focusing on gender equality, in industries such as finance, manufacturing, and real estate, followers seem to value a leader with a stronger focus on profit and less emphasis on promoting gender equality. This research offers implications for the development of the PSLO (preferred sustainable leadership orientation) as a useful sustainability leadership barometer tool for measuring an organization’s sustainability culture and suggests avenues for future research.

The restaurant delivery problem with uncertain cooking time and travel time

Eliminating delays under uncertain delivery conditions presents a formidable challenge for meal delivery platforms. Nevertheless, by implementing effective measures, these platforms can successfully mitigate the impacts of uncertainties on delays. This paper introduces a scenario-based chance-constrained programming model tailored for meal delivery services with uncertain cooking time and travel time, ensuring a more accurate representation of real-world scenarios. The objective is to minimize the delivery cost while considering the decision preferences of a platform. To generate high-quality solutions, this work proposes a novel island harmony search algorithm that incorporates several key components, including greedy search, harmony selection, neighborhood reduction, island migration, and scenario-based simulation. Additionally, a matheuristic is introduced for the purpose of comparison. Comparative evaluation against a set of adopted benchmarks reveals the superior performance of both algorithms. A series of sensitivity analyses are conducted to explore the advantages of considering uncertainty, and investigate how decision preference values influence the feasibility of solutions for meal delivery platforms. The proposed formulation and algorithm yield high-quality solutions for delivery platforms with various preferences, facilitating decision-making that aligns with their operational context.

Advancing women to leadership in academia: does personal branding matter?

PurposePersonal branding is a strategic tool of marketing and communication to define success in organisations. While it constitutes a conscious attempt to commodify self and audit self, it must be intentionally managed to obtain its optimum results. This study aims to illustrate how personal branding may also pose unintentional and unconscious strategic tool for women academics in academia to help them get wider visibility and increase their chances of getting into leadership positions.Design/methodology/approachWe employed a case study approach and convenience sampling to select our unit of analysis. Three universities in both public and private universities in the eastern regions of Indonesia were purposefully selected, and interviews were held with 30 female leaders occupying and occupied middle and lower leadership hierarchies.FindingsOur research shows that, despite their unintentional, unplanned and poorly designed personal branding, women have been able to advance to their current leadership positions by building their own rooms for practising their own preferred leadership values to get them visible and heard. This way is performed through a gendered networking, previous leadership experience and bureaucratic requirements. The consequence of such a practice may limit the range of visibility to getting noticed as worthy individuals for senior leadership roles. This might be one reason why women are scarcely found in senior leadership positions.Originality/valueWe propose that natural strategies of constructing, narrating and marketing or communicating personal branding in academia through authentic actions can also be helpful for the success of women to get to leadership roles in a smaller and ambient environment.

Investigating the hard state of MAXI J1820 + 070: a comprehensive Bayesian approach to black hole spin and accretion properties

ABSTRACT We analyse the X-ray spectrum of the black hole (BH) X-ray binary MAXI J1820 + 070 using observations from XMM-Newton and NuSTAR during ‘hard’ states of its 2018–2019 outburst. We take a fully Bayesian approach, and this is one of the first papers to present a fully Bayesian workflow for the analysis of an X-ray binary X-ray spectrum. This allows us to leverage the relatively well-understood distance and binary system properties (like inclination and BH mass), as well as information from the XMM-Newton RGS data to assess the foreground X-ray absorption. We employ a spectral model for a ‘vanilla’ disc-corona system: the disc is flat and in the plane perpendicular to the axis of the jet and the BH spin, the disc extends inwards to the innermost stable circular orbit around the BH, and the (non-thermal) hard X-ray photons are up-scattered soft X-ray photons originating from the disc thermal emission. Together, these provide tight constraints on the spectral model and, in combination with the strong prior information about the system, mean we can then constrain other parameters that are poorly understood such as the disc colour correction factor. By marginalizing over all the parameters, we calculate a posterior density for the BH spin parameter, a. Our modelling suggests a preference for low or negative spin values, although this could plausibly be reproduced by higher spins and a modest degree of disc truncation. This approach demonstrates the efficacy and some of the complexities of Bayesian methods for X-ray spectral analysis.

For every action a reaction? The polarizing effects of women's rights and refugee immigration: A survey experiment in 27 EU member states

AbstractBuilding on research on cultural threat‐induced polarization, we investigate the effect of the individual‐level salience of cultural threats on polarization between social liberals and conservatives. In a unique survey experiment conducted with 129,000 respondents nested in 208 regions in 27 European Union (EU) member states, we manipulate the presence of two cultural threats, women's rights, and refugee immigration, to test their polarizing effects on social liberals’ and social conservatives’ support for traditional values. We find that priming the threat of refugee immigration polarizes conservatives and liberals equally. Yet, introducing the salience of women's rights leads to lower preferences for traditional values, particularly among more liberal respondents. Our findings demonstrate: 1) the study of backlash should distinguish individuals by their predisposition to backlash, rather than studying the population as a whole; and 2) social conservatives’ backlash should be studied conjointly with social liberals’ counter‐reactions to backlash. Future research may investigate why different cultural threats provoke different reactions.

Analysis the Application of the Weighted Product Method in Decision Support Systems for Assistance Programmes for MSMEs

Productive Micro Business Assistance (BPUM) is a government policy. This assistance has been carried out since the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. The Mojokerto city government conducts a selection of MSMEs which is expected to avoid errors in determining MSME assistance. Therefore, a decision support system is needed that is developed using the Weighted Product method to make it easier and faster to determine MSMEs that are eligible to receive assistance. The stages of system development start from problem analysis, data collection, analysis of method application, and system development. Based on the calculation of the resulting S vector, the largest value is 0.10568 and the smallest value is 0.05886 from 9382 MSME data. The last calculation is the V vector value which produces recommendations in the form of data ranking that can be used by the Mojokerto City Diskopukmperindag to determine which MSMEs are entitled to receive assistance. The results of the selected alternatives are in accordance with the ranking with the largest value of 0.10568 and the smallest value of 0.05886. Providing recommendations by the decision support system to policy makers can be based on the largest relative preference value owned by MSMEs.

Combining Health and Well-being: Designing a Modern Medicinal Garden to Meet Tourists' Expectations

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The tourism sector, a fast-growing, competitive, and diversified industry is a significant contributor to the global economy. Modern-day tourism embraces characteristics associated with history, nature, and leisure, thereby linking them with new destinations in a continual expansion. The main objective of this study was to develop a perception-based conceptual model for a sustainable medicinal garden (MG) that could benefit the tourism industry while supporting biodiversity conservation. The proposed MG aims to fulfill six intentions, such as, relaxing the mind from a busy day while treating illnesses and improving mental healthiness; incorporating leisure activities that are closely related to medical treatments; disseminating knowledge on Sri Lankan traditional medicine; promoting sustainable eco- friendly practices; increasing economic benefits for the country; and improving the community livelihood of the people in the region. The research focused on developing an MG using the perception intended for 144 local and foreign participants representing four tourist hubs (Galle, Kandy, Dambulla, and Udawalawe) in Sri Lanka. The study examined the expectations of MGs and their preference for the experience. The questionnaire was used to evaluate the visitors' perceptions of the proposed 40 components for the proposed MG, which enabled their ranking based on preferences. The mean preference value for the MG experience was recorded as 72.1%. 97.0% of tourists who participated in the survey preferred to experience the MG, exceeding the 50% acceptance level for all 40 components. Therefore, all 40 components were applied to the MG. However, 18 components exceeded the 75% acceptance level; therefore, they could be incorporated into the MG without changes. The other 22 were considered the accepted components with some minor modifications. Considering the selected region (Dambulla) and the architectural view, 124 medicinal plants were accepted for application to the MG, including terrestrial, water, fruit, and poisonous plants. The model MG consists of 3545 medicinal plants. Creating an MG with the concepts of traditional, cultural, sustainable, and eco-friendly was a different angle to addressing the Sri Lankan tourism sector. This research presents an overturned vision that considers tourism demand on novel concepts of traditional herbal tourism. A model MG was developed with modern architectural and environmental knowledge. Within a five-acre arbitrary land, three-dimensional structures were designed around the proposed model MG. The actual structure of the MG was visualized with a virtual walk-through using architectural software (i.e., AutoCAD 19.0, Sketch-Up Pro 2015, and Lumion 5.0). This model can promote minimal environmental impact through the processes, conserve the environment and gain economic benefits from all these eco-services to the tourism sector and Sri Lankan economy to the advantage of the community or country.&#x0D; Keywords: Eco-tourism, Architectural software, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine, Sri Lankan economy&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Value Dynamics: The Pathways of Realisation

This article explores the role of intention-centred value preference in shaping pathways of realisation for individuals and organisations. The author argues that a focus on instrumentality, success and happiness is often at odds with more selfless forms of value realisation, and that this tension can derail value actors from their intended paths. The author defines value as the worthiness of a matter characterised by the hopefulness of the concerned actor(s) and emphasises the importance of understanding the phenomena of novelty, continuity and discontinuity in relation to value dynamics. Value dynamics encompass the processes of value creation, protection and destruction, and require careful assessment through qualitative and quantitative means to determine the state of optimism realisation and value congruence. Value congruence refers to the alignment of assumptions, actions and achievements concerning the value. To address the dynamic nature of value, the author presents a comprehensive conceptual framework consisting of nine principal pathways built on the principle of reciprocity across value actors, functions and realisations. This framework works under the premise that value does not remain static but keeps changing. It offers a practical framework for promoting value congruence in individuals and organisations.