Color Preference Research Articles

Effect of Sorghum Flour and Anchovy Meal Substitution on Organoleptic Properties of Biscuits

Local foods in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) Province are highly diverse, yet they remain underutilized for promoting health. Sorghum and anchovies, abundant in this region, present alternative sources for enhancing local nutrition, especially for toddler snacks. This study aimed to develop biscuits using local ingredients (sorghum and anchovies) as a potential snack for toddlers. The research employed an experimental design with a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of four treatment levels: P0 (0% sorghum flour: 0% anchovy flour), P1 (30% sorghum flour: 10% anchovy flour), P2 (20% sorghum flour: 15% anchovy flour), and P3 (10% sorghum flour: 20% anchovy flour). The study occurred from January to May 2024 at the Nutrition Laboratory of Poltekkes Kemenkes Kupang. The results showed that the panellists’ preference for biscuit colour ranged from 3.82 to 4.04 (like), with P3 being the most preferred (4.04). The aroma scores ranged from 3.4 to 3.48 (somewhat like), with P2 receiving the highest score (3.48). Texture preference ranged from 3.9 to 4.1 (like), with P1 being the most preferred (4.1). Taste preferences ranged from 3.5 to 3.76 (like), with P3 scoring highest (3.76). In conclusion, biscuits with 20% sorghum flour and 10% anchovy flour (P3) were the most favoured overall, containing 1,111.6 Kcal of energy, 41.75 g of protein, 50.74 g of fat, and 123.51 g of carbohydrates. These findings suggest that locally sourced ingredients can be effectively used to create nutritious and appealing snacks for toddlers.

Impacts of Landscape Types and Flower Colors on the Emotional Perceptions of Military Service Members

Due to the unique mental and physical health challenges military service members (MSVMs) often face as a result of their service, MSVMs are a key demographic of interest. Interaction with natural environments may play a positive role in MSVMs’ overall health. Although previous research has been conducted on various population preferences and emotional responses to different types of gardens, there is a lack of data focused specifically on the garden preferences and emotional responses of MSVMs. To address this deficiency, an online survey was conducted featuring a series of questions with images related to landscape types and flower colors. The survey was disseminated via social media and military organizations to both civilians and military personnel (N = 366, with a 90.6% completion rate). Emotional responses were measured using a semantic differential scale. Most respondents were male, White, and between 25 and 35 years of age. MSVM respondents were primarily in the army and were either on active duty or honorably discharged. MSVMs and civilians showed similar garden and flower color preferences, each favoring wild landscape types and warm flower colors. However, the semantic differential analysis revealed MSVMs had significantly more negative emotional responses towards landscape types and flower colors compared to civilians. This indicates that the findings offer valuable insights into the unique emotional challenges faced by MSVMs, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions. Among military respondents, tropical landscapes were perceived more negatively. While it is crucial to incorporate preferred landscape elements into a design, understanding the emotional perceptions of these preferences is likely to aid garden designers in the creation of an environment that enhances overall well-being in an urban environment.

Colour selection in Lantana camara L. blooms: A study on butterfly attraction

Flower colour is a crucial factor influencing pollinator-plant interactions. Lantana camara L., a popular ornamental plant, attracts various butterfly species. The present study was conducted in Serampore, Hooghly, West Bengal, India, spanning a period of one year from June 2022 to May 2023. This study investigates the preferences of some butterfly species for flowers of a certain colour and the choice of Lantana camara flowers as nectar sources. L. camara is known for its vibrant and diverse colour variations, making it an ideal candidate for attracting various pollinators. Through field observations and controlled experiments, we aimed to identify if certain butterfly species exhibit distinct colour preferences when foraging on Lantana blooms. Our preliminary findings suggest that different butterfly species display varying degrees of colour selectivity, with some showing a preference for warm colour within the L. camara spectrum. These initial insights provide a foundation for further research into the intricate relationship between butterfly species and floral coloration. Understanding the nuanced preferences of butterflies for L. camara flowers can contribute to the development of targeted conservation and gardening practices aimed at supporting specific butterfly populations. This study offers a valuable starting point for future investigations into the broader implications of floral colour preferences in pollinator ecology.

Total Plate Count and Organoleptic Tests of Soft Cheese Made from Goat Milk with the Addition of Lemon Juice (Citrus limon)

This study evaluates the effect of adding local lemon juice (Citrus limon) on Total Plate Count (TPC) and organoleptic in soft cheese, including color, texture, taste and preference for color, aroma/smell, texture and flavour. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) using four treatments and 4 replications. Treatments differed by lemon juice concentration: T1 (0%), T2 (2%), T3 (4%), T4 (6%). The observation variables are TPC and organoleptic. The research results show that adding local lemon juice significantly effects (P<0.01) on the TPC and Organoleptics of color, texture, taste, and preferences for color, aroma/aroma, texture and flavour. The highest mean TPC was obtained at T1 (0%) with a value of 4.08 x 108 cfu/g, and the lowest was at T4 (6%) with a value of 2.25 x 108 cfu/g.

Colour preferences and self-acceptance – case studies based on the art therapy workshop

„Of all the judgements you make, none is as important as your own opinion about yourself ”– this sentence served as the starting point for the workshop “Me – my portrait. How do you see yourself?” carried out as part of the art therapy elective course in the third year of medical studies at the University of Rzeszów (Poland). The article presents an analysis of the results obtained in the workshop on emotional and expressional creativity, i.e. verbal relations and colourful stories about oneself. Colours are a means of expression and symbolic representation in the visual arts. On the basis of colour preferences, a diagnosis of specific psychological states with regard to the participants’ self-acceptance was made.

THE EFFECT OF COLORS AND HARMONY IN THE DESIGN OF INTERIOR SPACES AND A CASE STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF COLORS

Fundamental to interior design is the use of color and the search for harmony, which have far-reaching effects on the spaces' psychological, functional, and aesthetic attributes. This study delves into the impact of color theory on interior design, specifically how various shades, tones, and color schemes affect people's emotions, thoughts, and actions. The course thoroughly examines color theory fundamentals, such as the relationships between colors on the wheel, color temperature, and the psychological associations of different hues, to offer a thorough grasp of how to incorporate color into interior environments successfully. Color harmony, the deliberate use of analogous, complementary, and monochromatic color schemes to produce balanced and aesthetically pleasing spaces, is emphasized in the research as an essential goal. It delves into how cultural and environmental influences impact color preferences and interpretations, highlighting how designers should consider them when choosing color palettes for individual projects. A case study evaluates a residential or commercial space to show how color may be used practically and how it might affect interior design. The study documents the design process, color selections, and their influence on the area's ambiance and user experience. Insights on the effects of color on disposition, ease, and practicality can be gleaned from observations and comments made by inhabitants. The results show that interior spaces can be better designed with careful attention to color choice, which in turn boosts user happiness and helps achieve their intended goals. At the end of the paper, the authors offer some suggestions for interior designers, urging them to choose colors with care and consideration for the emotional and visual health of those using the area.

The influence of anxiety on the structure of color associations

The subject of the study is the relationship between the level of anxiety and color associations with anthropologically significant concepts. The goal is an experimental test of the hypothesis that anxiety affects the structure, density and components of the color association system. The experiment involved 100 people (23 men and 77 women) aged 17 to 24 years (mean age 19.71, SD = 1.72). Their anxiety level was established using the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) as adapted by V. G. Norakidze. Depending on the total score on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, we formed 3 groups for participants with low, medium and high anxiety levels. The palette of the experiment included 9 color samples of the NCS natural color system, which were divided into "warm" and "cold". The participants compared the color samples of the palette with 26 anthropologically significant concepts. First, the experiment showed that the anxiety level related to the associative group of preferred colors: as the anxiety level increased, the number of "warm" colors significantly decreased, and "cold" ones increased. Second, in all three groups, "red" and "gray" associations dominated, the differences in the frequency of other selected hues, with the exception of red, blue-green and yellow-green, were quite weak. Third, a correlation between salient individual chromatic characteristics in the color association structure and the anxiety level was revealed: in groups with a higher anxiety level, we found a reduction in the number of connections and an increase in the dominance of individual associations. This study clarifies the relationship between the anxiety level and color cognition, primarily it concerns the color representation of a person’s own state and mood. The research can be continued through the study of other chromatic characteristics, cross-cultural and sociocultural specifics.

Additive and Non-additive Genetic Effects on Growth and Egg Production Performance of Crossbred Chicken in Ethiopia

The present review article aims to provide an overview of the additive and non-additive genetic effects of crossbreeding and their contribution to the improvement of growth and egg production traits in chickens. It discusses the advancement in crossbreeding effects and mating design contribution to a significant rate of genetic progress in indigenous chicken. In Ethiopia, crossbreeding practice may be used to enhance the performance of local chicken ecotypes. The article extensively reviews various papers related to crossbreeding trials conducted in Ethiopia, evaluating their effectiveness in improving growth and egg production. It discusses the mating design and breeds used in these programs, such as exotic breeds like Rhode Island Red, Fayoumi, White Leghorn, Koekoek, Sasso, Kuroiler, and local Ethiopian chicken ecotypes. Among the exotic breeds involved in crossbreeding, Rhode Island Red and Sasso are considered more favorable for improving growth rate and color preference, while White Leghorn is preferred for enhancing egg production traits. In opposite to these indigenous chickens are preferred for disease resistance and product quality. Additive genetic effects are typically responsible for the genetic improvement of traits over generations through selection. In egg production, additive genetic effects influence the overall capacity of a chicken to lay eggs, affecting traits like egg number and egg size. Whereas, In growth performance, additive genetic effects influence traits like body weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, and overall growth rate. Non-additive genetic effects include dominance and epistatic interactions between genes. These effects can lead to genetic heterogeneity and can impact traits like egg production and growth performance besides playing a role in hybrid vigor or heterosis. In conclusion, both additive and non-additive genetic effects play a crucial role in determining egg production and growth performance in chickens. Additive effects drive genetic improvement over generations, while non-additive effects provide immediate benefits like hybrid vigor. Understanding and utilizing both types of genetic effects is essential for enhancing these traits in poultry breeding programs. Chicken crossbreeding programs are highly important in the poultry industry as they continuously improve the genetic potential of chickens, leading to more efficient production systems and higher profitability for producers.

Bumblebee social learning outcomes correlate with their flower-facing behaviour

Previous studies suggest that social learning in bumblebees can occur through second-order conditioning, with conspecifics functioning as first-order reinforcers. However, the behavioural mechanisms underlying bumblebees’ acquisition of socially learned associations remain largely unexplored. Investigating these mechanisms requires detailed quantification and analysis of the observation process. Here we designed a new 2D paradigm suitable for simple top-down high-speed video recording and analysed bumblebees’ observational learning process using a deep-learning-based pose-estimation framework. Two groups of bumblebees observed live conspecifics foraging from either blue or yellow flowers during a single foraging bout, and were subsequently tested for their socially learned colour preferences. Both groups successfully learned the colour indicated by the demonstrators and spent more time facing rewarding flowers—whether occupied by demonstrators or not—compared to non-rewarding flowers. While both groups showed a negative correlation between time spent facing non-rewarding flowers and learning outcomes, the observer bees in the blue group benefited from time spent facing occupied rewarding flowers, whereas the yellow group showed that time facing unoccupied rewarding flowers by the observer bees positively correlated with their learning outcomes. These results suggest that socially influenced colour preferences are shaped by the interplay of different types of observations rather than merely by observing a conspecific at a single colour. Together, these findings provide direct evidence of the dynamical viewing process of observer bees during social observation, opening up new opportunities for exploring the details of more complex social learning in bumblebees and other insects.

RED Is “Happy” but Also “Gloomy”: The Influence of Young People on Color Preference and Emotional Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted human psychological and emotional states, influencing behaviors, including color preferences. This study aimed to explore how the pandemic affected people’s color preferences and emotional responses, shedding light on the broader implications for psychological well-being. A total of 231 participants were divided into two groups based on the depth to which they were affected by the pandemic, considering factors such as personality, family, friends, work/lessons, relationships, and consumption. The findings revealed four key results: (1) participants’ preference for cooler colors such as blue and green increased, reflecting a need for calmness and stability during heightened stress, while their preference for warm colors decreased. (2) Personal consumption was identified as the most severely impacted area. (3) The pandemic reduced people’s overall preference for warm colors. (4) The pandemic triggered strong negative and contradictory emotions. These results highlight the significant shift towards cooler colors, which are associated with calmness, and suggest important applications in design, marketing, and mental health initiatives. Understanding the psychological effects of the pandemic on color preferences provides valuable insights across multiple fields and emphasizes the importance of adapting to the reshaped aspects of human behavior in the face of future challenges.

Color as a Key Factor in Creating Sustainable Living Spaces for Seniors

Color as a feature of interior spaces is a fundamental component of human interaction with the built environment. Therefore, planning the design concept of an interior space with attention to color choices is extremely important, especially when the users of a given space include individuals who require additional support and care, such as the elderly. The colors used in architecture and interiors play a crucial role in the well-being of older adults, influencing their spatial perception, behavior, and activity. With age, color perception changes due to the effects of the aging process on vision. Visual deficits lead to shifts in sensory perception, which can, in turn, affect the sense of well-being, often creating a heightened sense of uncertainty. These changes in color perception due to aging may impact the color preferences of older people within their living environments. To create supportive environments for seniors, it is necessary to investigate which colors are most easily recognized, which colors are easiest to distinguish, and which colors are preferred by older adults. Based on a review of the literature and research findings on age-related changes in chromatic and spatial perception, design recommendations and guidelines have been developed. To supplement this knowledge, a survey was conducted among seniors to gather insights on their color preferences. Observations and analyzes of the survey results point to strategies for color use and underscore the importance of color in designing sustainable living spaces for seniors.

From colours to cravings: Exploring conditioned colour preference to ethanol in zebrafish

Conditioned preference paradigms like conditioned colour preference tests (CCP) can be used to investigate addictive drug seeking in zebrafish (Danio rerio), but many aspects of this procedure require further study. Conditioned preference can be tested with either biased or unbiased conditioning methods, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. The present study used unbiased stimuli to test seeking behaviour in ethanol-exposed zebrafish at different durations of drug withdrawal. Zebrafish were exposed to one of two equally preferred colours (red or yellow) while dosed with 0.8 % vol/vol ethanol or with habitat water (controls) for 1 h each day for 21 days. Next, fish experienced withdrawal for either 2-, 4-, or 8-days then were tested in a two-way red and yellow task for 10 min with their movement recorded via motion-tracking software. Fish conditioned to red showed a main effect of ethanol and a significant preference for red compared to yellow at 8-days of withdrawal but not at 2-days or 4-days of withdrawal. Fish conditioned to yellow did not show any colour preference during the 2-, 4-, or 8-days of withdrawal, but did show a main effect of withdrawal duration. This work expands our understanding of CCP paradigms in zebrafish and highlights the capacity of zebrafish to develop an association to red but not yellow under our experimental conditions.

Melatonin Alters Preference to Move Toward Monochromatic Lights in Female Syrian Hamsters: A Behavior Associated With Circadian Rhythm.

Different light colors have different effects on endogenous melatonin. The preference for light colors has been studied in various animal species, except hamsters. Additionally, no research has been done on how melatonin affects color preference. In this study, I investigated whether melatonin can influence Syrian hamsters' preferences for various light colors. Eighteen female Syrian hamsters were divided into a control group and a test group orally administered 0.01 mg melatonin daily for 30 days. On Day 31, I placed each hamster in the test box at four stages: dark mid-phase; beginning, middle, and end of day. The box had four areas with red, yellow, green, and blue lamps. In each stage, the hamsters' movements were recorded for 5 min. I tested the effects of color, stage, and melatonin treatment using a mixed model analysis. The preferences of both groups changed between the stages (p < 0.001) with the except stages 1 and 4 of the control group (p = 0.012); and stages 2 and 3 of the test group for the yellow color (p = 0.104). There was a significant difference between the test and the control groups in all stages and all colors (p < 0.001) except the green light color in stage 2 (p = 0.007). The results suggest that exogenous melatonin controls the preference for monochromatic light by an unknown mechanism. Circadian endogenous melatonin levels are also effective. Scientists must consider melatonin levels in studies evaluating responses to light.

Beneath the colorness skies: Does weather influence consumer color preference?

Understanding consumer preference is crucial for optimizing inventory management and enhancing consumer satisfaction. While previous research has explored various determinants of consumer choices, the role of weather in shaping consumer color preference has received little attention. This study addresses this gap by investigating how key weather variables—temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed—affect consumer color preference in the fashion clothing market. Using data from 3,184,162 transactions across 99 physical fashion retail stores in Italy, we analyze consumer clothing purchases as indicators of color preference. Our findings reveal that higher temperatures and relative humidity lead consumers to prefer cooler clothing colors, while increased wind speed encourages the selection of warmer colors. Additionally, fashion trends play a moderating role in shaping the relationship between weather conditions and color preference. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the weather's influence on consumer behavior and offers valuable insights for retailers, enabling them to better anticipate changes in consumer preference under different weather conditions and reduce supply-demand imbalances.

Glass beads in a Dillybag: a cached assemblage from a rockshelter in Quinkan Country, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia

ABSTRACT In the 1970s, a rare assemblage of trade beads was discovered inside a woven plant fibre bag in a rockshelter (the ‘Dillybag site’) near Laura, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. Cached post-1895, the bag held more than 4000 glass beads strung on cotton, nylon and hand-spun (possibly human) hair twine. Seventy-eight percent of beads showed some degree of damage from bead-on-bead contact, suggesting that the assemblage accumulated gradually over time. All beads on hair twine were minute or small, and potentially reveal consumer choice in their selection, as does the large proportion of red, white and black beads, suggesting a preference for customary colours. This cache is not only the largest collection of glass beads recovered from an archaeological context in Australia, but also speaks to the dynamism, agency and persistence of the Indigenous people of southeast Cape York Peninsula following invasion.

Organoleptic Quality of Gandaria Restructuruted Product using Gelatin

Gandaria is one of the fruits that has a fairly high nutritional content. This gandaria fruit has many functions,one of which is made into gandaria chili sauce and juice. Gandaria fruit is very popular with the public, but the shelf life of this fruit is very short so further handling is needed. One of the handling that can be done is the restructuring of the fruit. This fruit restructuring is one of the food processing processes that is carried out without changing the taste of the product itself. The purpose of this study was to determine the organoleptic quality of gandaria restructuring products. This study used a Complete Randomized Design with 2 factors where factor A was the concentration of Gandaria (75, 100 and 125 grams) and Agar-agar (4, 6 and 8 gr). The results showed that gandaria restructuring at various concentrations of 6 gr agar and 100 gr fruit pulp gave the best gandaria restructuring products with a color preference level of 4.07 (like), taste 3.67 (rather like to like), texture 3,22 (ordinary) and overall (usually towards likes).

Ontogeny of Thyroid Hormone Signaling in the Retina of Zebrafish: Effects of Thyroidal Status on Retinal Morphology, Cell Survival, and Color Preference.

The retina is crucial for converting light into neuronal signals for visual perception. Understanding the retina's structure, function, and development is essential for vision research. It is known that the thyroid hormone (TH) receptor type beta 2 (TRβ2) is a key element in the regulation of cone differentiation in the retina, but other elements of TH signaling, such as transporters and enzyme deiodinases, have also been implicated in retinal cell development and survival. In the present study, we investigated the expression profile of genes involved in TH signaling and analyzed the impact of thyroidal status on retinal morphology, opsin expression, cell death/proliferation profile, as well as color preference behavior during the early retina development of zebrafish larvae. mRNA expression analysis on dissected whole eyes revealed that TH signaling elements gradually increase during eye development, with dio3b being the component that shows the most dramatic change. Mutations generated by CRISPR/CAS9 in the dio3b gene, but not in the thrb gene, modifies the structure of the retina. Disruption in TH level reduces the cell number of the ganglion cell layer, increases cell death, and modifies color preference, emphasizing the critical importance of precise TH regulation by its signaling elements for optimal retinal development and function.

Differences in Organoleptic Quality and Nutritional Value of Profile of Tuna Fish Floss with Addition of Jackfruit Dami as an Alternative Source of Protein and Fiber

Fish floss is a processed fishery product made from fresh fish as raw material in the form of powder or fiber from fish meat. The seasoning given has a brownish color which goes through boiling, steaming, shredding, adding spices and the cooking process. Jackfruit dami contains 1.94% crude fiber. Due to its high fiber content, Dami jackfruit has the potential to be processed into food products and is a good source of fiber in making shredded meat. This research aims to determine the differences in organoleptic hedonic tests and hedonic quality and nutritional value profile of tuna fish floss with the addition of jackfruit dami as an alternative source of protein and fiber. The design used was a completely randomized design with 3 different treatments between tuna (gr) and jackfruit dami (gr) F1 (75:25), F2 (50:50), and F3 (25:75). The results of this study showed that the F2 treatment had a level of preference for color (3.93), taste (3.67), texture (3.63), aroma (3.63), and overall (3.67). Color, texture and overall have significant differences in panelists' preferences, but the aroma and taste aspects are not significant in panelists' preferences. The best treatment, F2, has a water content of 7.08%, protein content of 48.1%, and fiber content of 3.50%.

Light spectrum effects on giant freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii: Larval development, survival and preferences

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different light spectra on growth, development indices, survival and color preferences in Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae. First (trial 1, 25 days), prawns (100 larvae/L) were randomly allocated to 30 cylindrical plastic containers (1 L). This trial was designed with five treatments (light spectra) and six replications: red light, blue light, green light and white light or absence of light (controls) in the 12:12 light:dark (LD) cycle. Next (trial 2), 30 groups of five larvae in two different development stages (VII and XI) were allocated to a system of compartments with different lights: white, red, blue or green. This system was connected by tubes to enable light spectra choices. Final weight, weight gain, consumption and metamorphosis significantly improved under the white light condition versus the other tested groups (p<0.05). Survival, the Larval Stage Index, the Larval Condition Index and final biomass clearly improved under the white light condition (p<0.05). Conversely, the red light and no light conditions obtained unsatisfactory results. White light was preferred in larvae stage VII (p<0.05), but this behavior changed to blue when prawns reached life stage XI (p<0.05). These findings suggest that white light may be the best choice to optimize larval growth and survival, while color preferences may vary with development stage.

Colours in clothes and psychological functioning: the impact on emotions and self-esteem

Background: Colours are the object of study in various areas of humanitarian sciences, such as linguistics, cultural studies, and art. In psychology, the effects of colour on behaviour and emotional states are analyzed. The purpose of this research is to explore the preference for colours in clothes Indian students wear and report the results of the “Colour Challenge Week” project. Methods: Simultaneous mixed methods were used in this study: qualitative (a survey, documents analysis: students’ reports) and quantitative (two standardized tests: The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the PANAS-SF). Results: The article introduces the survey results among 246 university students aged 18-22 from different states of India. It shows the colours black, white, and blue in clothes are of preference. Pearson’s Chi-Square test was used to examine the Frequency distribution of values. To find the answer to the research question: “What is the impact of colours in clothes on students’ emotions and self-esteem?” a thematic analysis of students’ reports was performed. Conclusions: The exploration of this topic is far from complete and to uncover all relationships further intensive research is required. Future studies are recommended utilizing bigger sample sizes with a more equal proportion of males to females