Preferences Of Others Research Articles

لا إِيثَارَ فِي القُرُبَاتِ "دراسة نظرية تطبيقية

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 This research which is titled: There is no preference in acts of worship” talks about altruism which is identifier as preference of others on oneself .It has two kinds: Forbidden Altruism which is in worships. The second one is desired altruism, it means altruism in the whim, desires and requirements.
 The purpose of this research is to explain that the forbidden altruism is disliked in SHARIA because the SHARIA is ordering the Muslim to hasten to the pleasure of his God and compete others in that, because in the acts of worship is the homage of God: but altruism others is generally a good altruism and it is desired in SHARIA . That is good Altruism at generally and desired in SHARIA. This research explains the difference of the two kinds of altruism and gives some examples. It also introduces some results that have been achieved.

Introduction: The Soft Power of Hard States

To what extent can authoritarian states wield soft power – the ability to shape the preferences of others through attraction rather than coercion – in their relations with other international actors? Over the past two decades authoritarian regimes across the world have increasingly embraced the idea of soft power. Yet, as argued by Joseph Nye (2013), their efforts to harness the ‘power of attraction’ are highly unlikely to bring any meaningful results. Looking at China’s and Russia’s soft power initiatives, Nye suggests that Moscow and Beijing simply ‘don’t get’ what soft power is about. In his view, soft power, with its roots in a vibrant civil society and an attractive political culture, is incompatible with authoritarian regimes. Although Nye’s piece focused on China and Russia, his neo-liberal conceptualisation of soft power is also applicable to authoritarian regimes in Africa and Latin America. In Nye’s view, a country cannot successfully wield soft power until it unleashes the full talents of its civil societies.

Neural regions discriminating contextual information as conveyed through the learned preferences of others.

The human brain consists of a network of regions that are engaged when one observes the movements of others. Observing unexpected movements, as defined by the context, often elicits greater activity, particularly in the right posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS). This implies that observers use contextual information to form expectations about an agent’s goal and subsequent movements. The current study sought to identify regions that support the formation of these context-dependent expectations, with the pSTS being one candidate, given the consistent contextual modulation of its activity. We presented participants with fictitious individuals who had emotion-dependent food preferences, and instructed participants to indicate which food they expected each individual to choose based on the individual’s current emotional state. Each individual’s preference and emotional state therefore created a context that informed the observer’s expectation of the individual’s choice. Multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) was used to assess if these different contexts could be discriminated in the pSTS and elsewhere in the brain. No evidence for context discrimination was found in the pSTS. Context discrimination was found instead a network of other brain regions including the anterior medial prefrontal cortex (amPFC), bilateral parietal cortex, left middle temporal gyrus (L MTG) and left anterior temporal lobe (L ATL), which have been previously associated with context processing, and semantic and memory retrieval. All together, these regions possibly support the formation of context-dependent expectations of an agent’s goal.

Social responsibility promotes conservative risk behavior

Previous studies show that group risk taking can be more conservative than individual risk taking. Two common, but untested reasons for this greater caution are the influence of social responsibility and a tendency to conform to the preferences of others. We study changes in risk taking in simple settings, where another’s risk taking can sometimes be observed, and where decisions affect not only one’s own payoffs but sometimes also affect those of a passive, second party. We find that social responsibility leads to more conservative risk behavior in group decision making. Conformism has a more symmetric effect: observing the choice of another tends to lead both individual and social decisions toward whatever the other’s expressed risk preference is. Direct tests fail to link the social behavior we observe to the social preference for distributional fairness common in decision-making under certainty.

Asian ethnicity in the West: preference for Chinese, Indian and Korean service staff

The emergence of ethnic markets has been rapid following the growing trend of intra-national diversity in developed nations. These new markets have attracted researchers to investigate the role of ethnicity in consumer behaviour; however, to date, literature has focused on the role of the origin of tangible goods/products. In contrast, ethnic marketing for services has gained little attention. This study fills this gap by investigating the effect of ethnicity of service staff on consumers’ preferences for services. These effects are tested for the four service types identified in Lovelock’s service classification scheme. This study examined consumers’ preferences in services based on the ethnicity/racial category of service staff (Caucasian, Chinese, Indian and Korean) and service type (Medical, Education, Financial and Cleaning). A shopping mall intercept survey included a sample of 471. Multivariate analysis of variance was applied to test for significant variances between the mean preferences. Significant differences in preferences for the ethnicity of service staff were empirically established. Consumers, regardless of their ethnicity, prefer service staff of the same ethnicity. This creates a gap between preferences for one’s own ethnicity and preferences for others. This tendency was especially strong in medical services. Consumers’ preferences for service staff ethnicity are explained by the theories of country of origin, animosity, homophily and language. This study encourages service providers to make use of ethnic marketing, since a better match between service staff and customers’ preferences results in less miscommunication and better cultural understanding. Training on cultural sensitivity is also encouraged. This study establishes the important role of the country of origin in services. We name this the ‘country of origin of service staff (COSS)’ effect.

Making sense of misfortune: deservingness, self-esteem, and patterns of self-defeat.

Drawing on theorizing and research suggesting that people are motivated to view their world as an orderly and predictable place in which people get what they deserve, the authors proposed that (a) random and uncontrollable bad outcomes will lower self-esteem and (b) this, in turn, will lead to the adoption of self-defeating beliefs and behaviors. Four experiments demonstrated that participants who experienced or recalled bad (vs. good) breaks devalued their self-esteem (Studies 1a and 1b), and that decrements in self-esteem (whether arrived at through misfortune or failure experience) increase beliefs about deserving bad outcomes (Studies 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b). Five studies (Studies 3–7) extended these findings by showing that this, in turn, can engender a wide array of self-defeating beliefs and behaviors, including claimed self-handicapping ahead of an ability test (Study 3), the preference for others to view the self less favorably (Studies 4–5), chronic self-handicapping and thoughts of physical self-harm (Study 6), and choosing to receive negative feedback during an ability test (Study 7). The current findings highlight the important role that concerns about deservingness play in the link between lower self-esteem and patterns of self-defeating beliefs and behaviors. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Stereotypes and false consensus: How financial professionals predict risk preferences

We analyze the prediction of risk preferences of others using an artefactual field experiment with financial professionals and students. For their prediction, the subjects receive information on multiple demographic characteristics and a self-assessment of risk taking of the target. When analyzing the predictions we find three significant effects: subjects use the demographic information for stereotyping as well as the target's self-assessment on risk taking, and we find a considerable false consensus effect. The false consensus effect is the strongest for experienced professionals. Regarding the prediction's accuracy, we find that the forecasts of the professionals are more accurate than the forecasts of the students.

Erratum to: Call for an urgent rethink of the 'health at every size’ concept

Sainsbury and Hay [1] did not cite a source for ‘Healthat Every Size’ in the original article. The following wassourced from the Association for Size Diversity andHealth (ASDH) website, accessed on 23rd March 2014:https://www.sizediversityandhealth.org/content.asp?id=152.“The Health At Every Size® Principles are:1. Weight Inclusivity: Accept and respect the inherentdiversity of body shapes and sizes and reject theidealizing or pathologizing of specific weights.2. Health Enhancement: Support health policies thatimprove and equalize access to information andservices, and personal practices that improve humanwell-being, including attention to individual physical,economic, social, spiritual, emotional, and otherneeds.3. Respectful Care: Acknowledge our biases, and workto end weight discrimination, weight stigma, andweight bias. Provide information and services froman understanding that socio-economic status, race,gender, sexual orientation, age, and other identitiesimpact weight stigma, and support environmentsthat address these inequities.4. Eating for Well-being: Promote flexible,individualized eating based on hunger, satiety,nutritional needs, and pleasure, rather than anyexternally regulated eating plan focused on weightcontrol.5. Life-Enhancing Movement: Support physicalactivities that allow people of all sizes, abilities, andinterests to engage in enjoyable movement, to thedegree that they choose.”While we subscribe to and support most of the above-mentioned principles, in particular the high importanceof ending weight stigma and weight bias, the article waswritten to address issues related to Principles 1 and 4.With regards to Principle 1, and for the reasons out-lined in our commentary, we respectfully disagree that itis possible to be - or to stay - truly healthy with body weightsoutside of certain thresholds.With respect to Principle 4, we believe that externallyregulated eating plans and/or an explicit focus on weightcontrol are necessary in some situations for people to at-tain or maintain a healthy body weight. While we our-selves frequently draw on principles such as eatingaccording to appetite and pleasure in our clinical prac-tice and research, there are situations where intuitiveeating plans per se do not result in loss of excess weight.For instance, such intuitive eating plans - while promotingpsychological health - have shown disappointing resultswith respect to weight loss in clinical trials [2]. We be-lieve it is most likely that intuitive eating plans need tobe combined with some elements of structured, exter-nally regulated dietary programs in order to produce re-liable weight loss. Such elements may include a specificfocus on choosing certain types of foods in preference toothers [3,4], keeping a written record of hunger and sati-ety levels and eating only within externally-prescribedhunger levels [5], or heeding biofeedback on markers ofphysical hunger, such as blood glucose levels [6]. Giventhe challenges of adhering to such requirements, par-ticularly in today’s obesogenic environment, many adults(but not children) may benefit from an explicit focus onweight loss in order to promote adherence.In addition to a lack of robust or reliable weight lossunless combined with aspects of externally regulated eating,ad libitum eating plans are not suitable for people whoprefer to follow more structured weight loss plans, orfor whom internal hunger regulation may be disrupted,perhaps due to the hypothesised hypothalamic changesoutlined in our commentary. Many people with a body massindex in the obese range may indeed benefit from severeand highly externally regulated weight loss strategies suchas very low energy diets [7,8] and bariatric surgery [9,10].

Anti-equality: Social comparison in young children

Young children dislike getting less than others, which might suggest a general preference for equal outcomes. However, young children are typically not averse to others receiving less than themselves. These results are consistent with two alternatives: young children might not have any preferences about others receiving less than themselves, or they might have preferences for others receiving less than themselves. We test these alternatives with 5- to 10-year-old children. We replicate previous findings that children will take a cost to avoid being at a relative disadvantage, but also find that 5- and 6-year-olds will spitefully take a cost to ensure that another’s welfare falls below their own. This result suggests that the development of fairness includes overcoming an initial social comparison preference for others to get less relative to oneself.

Concern Alignment and Trust in Consensus-building Dialogues

Conversational interactions contribute not only to the sharing of information and establishment of consensus but also to the formation and maintenance of mutual trust among conversational participants. We introduce a notion of concern alignment to describe the process of mutual trust formation in consensus-building dialogues. We propose a conceptual picture of dialogue processes taking place toward concern alignment and trust formation, and provide a qualitative analysis of health guidance dialogues between nurses and patients who were diagnosed as having metabolic syndrome to support the picture. We argue, based on our dialogue analysis result and other research in psychological and anthropological fields, that sharing of knowledge on values and preferences of others negotiated through concern alignment makes it possible for people to choose their actions based on trust on their partners.

Writing Women: The Virtual Cookbook and Pinterest

This article aims to throw new light on the representation of women who cook as necessarily perpetuating a domestic ideology in which women are confined to the home. Traditionally, cookbooks written by women have disseminated both cooking information and rules and practices for running an effective household, which have contributed to the ideologies that underpin female domestic practice. However, the evolution of social media platforms, such as Pinterest, which enable the user to actively select and visually display culinary masterpieces on a digital pinboard, have provided a forum for women's voices and a novel means of expression that is available to the amateur cook and professional chef alike. This article will argue that the creation of a virtual cookbook, via Pinterest, is a means of empowering women, which is central to the lexicon of feminist debate. Rather than being the victims of domestic servitude, this article will argue that the women who create virtual cookbooks do so by choice, and as a means of pleasing the self, irrespective of achieving domestic or marital bliss.

Rudimentary sympathy in preverbal infants: preference for others in distress.

Despite its essential role in human coexistence, the developmental origins and progression of sympathy in infancy are not yet fully understood. We show that preverbal 10-month-olds manifest sympathetic responses, evinced in their preference for attacked others according to their evaluations of the respective roles of victim, aggressor, and neutral party. In Experiment 1, infants viewing an aggressive social interaction between a victim and an aggressor exhibited preference for the victim. In Experiment 2, when comparing the victim and the aggressor to a neutral object, infants preferred the victim and avoided the aggressor. These findings indicate that 10-month-olds not only evaluate the roles of victims and aggressors in interactions but also show rudimentary sympathy toward others in distress based on that evaluation. This simple preference may function as a foundation for full-fledged sympathetic behavior later on.

La economía: ¿ciencia o algo parecido a la ciencia?

The essay raises a question: can hold, with some confidence, that economics is a science? Some reject the assertion, others do not approve and few indicate that it is a “semi-science”. The essay first reviews the elements that question the scientific status of the discipline. Then concentrated on the examination of dominant academic paradigm: Neoclassical. It is noted that this current work with a priori perspective but basically declares Popperian empiricist. Also, although is neutral and “positive” values and preferences of others, operates with a clear “should be” that, in fact, favors some groups and hurts others. In basics, this paradigm does not satisfy the canons that is supposed to satisfy a science in shape. For the author, the economy, to date, there is still a full science

The evolution and evolutionary consequences of social plasticity in mate preferences

In many animals, experience modifies behaviour in a variety of ways and contexts. Here we focus on experience of social environments and phenotypic plasticity in mate preferences. We first review adaptive hypotheses about the evolution of social plasticity in mate preferences, finding support for all of them across different species. We suggest that future work should assess which patterns of variation in social environments select for which forms of plasticity in mate preferences. We then highlight that social plasticity in mate preferences creates feedback loops between the role of social environments as causes of variation in phenotypes and the role of social environments as causes of selection on phenotypes. Fully understanding the consequences of these feedbacks will involve assessing both how selection shapes the plastic response to variation in social environments and how individuals in social environments are selected to influence the mate preferences of others. This task is just beginning, but we review evidence of genetic variation in both of these aspects of social plasticity in mate preferences.

Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex activity predicts the accuracy in estimating others' preferences

The ability to accurately estimate another person's preferences is crucial for a successful social life. In daily interactions, we often do this on the basis of minimal information. The aims of the present study were (a) to examine whether people can accurately judge others based only on a brief exposure to their appearances, and (b) to reveal the underlying neural mechanisms with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants were asked to make guesses about unfamiliar target individuals' preferences for various items after looking at their faces for 3 s. The behavioral results showed that participants estimated others' preferences above chance level. The fMRI data revealed that higher accuracy in preference estimation was associated with greater activity in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) when participants were guessing the targets' preferences relative to thinking about their own preferences. These findings suggest that accurate estimations of others' preferences may require increased activity in the DMPFC. A functional connectivity analysis revealed that higher accuracy in preference estimation was related to increased functional connectivity between the DMPFC and the brain regions that are known to be involved in theory of mind processing, such as the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus, during correct vs. incorrect guessing trials. On the contrary, the tendency to refer to self-preferences when estimating others' preference was related to greater activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These findings imply that the DMPFC may be a core region in estimating the preferences of others and that higher accuracy may require stronger communication between the DMPFC and the TPJ and PCC/precuneus, part of a neural network known to be engaged in mentalizing.

The Speaker of the House: A Study of Leadership. By Matthew N. Green

The Speaker of the House: A Study of Leadership. By Matthew N. Green. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010. 292p. $30.00.In his book, Matthew N. Green investigates Speakers' purposive goals, tactical options, and legislative influence. The overriding thesis: Speakers' actions do not simply reflect “the majority of the majority's” interests and preferences, but rather emerge from a more diverse set of goals. As Green argues: “Speakers may exercise legislative leadership on behalf of the preferences of others besides the majority party in Congress [including] representing his or her own district … achieving his or her own preferred policy outcome … helping the party's president, the institutional presidency, or the House as a whole” (p. 17).

A prospective cohort study comparing early opioid requirement between Chinese from Hong Kong and Caucasian Australians after major abdominal surgery

The relationship between ethnicity and early opioid consumption is not well understood. Our prospective cohort study tested whether Chinese patients in Hong Kong require less opioid after major abdominal surgery compared with Caucasian patients in Australia. Matched cohorts of patients from Hong Kong (n=68) and Australia (n=68) were recruited. Patient attitudes and expectations to pain management documented. After operation, all patients received i.v. morphine using a patient-controlled analgesia device. Postoperative opioid consumption, pain intensity, and incidence of opioid-related side-effects were recorded. The average (sd) opioid requirement (i.v. morphine equivalent) at 72 h after surgery was significantly less among Chinese patients [86.8 (62.6) mg (95% CI 71.8, 101.8)] compared with Caucasian patients [130.6 (71.9) mg, (P<0.0005) (95% CI 113.4, 147.8)]. Numeric rating scale pain score (0-10) was, however, higher in Chinese patients compared with Caucasian Australians, 5.3 (2.7) vs 4.4 (2.3) (P=0.029). The incidence of pruritus among Chinese patients was significantly higher than Caucasians at 24-48 h (P=0.001) and 48-72 h (P=0.001). Chinese patients also reported a strong preference for others to manage their pain, and their nurse carers were more likely to expect severe pain after surgery. Chinese patients in Hong Kong required less opioid and experienced greater pain intensity and pruritus than Caucasian patients. Clinicians should consider differences in the side-effect profile of morphine and patient expectations related to pain control when planning postoperative analgesia for patients of Chinese ethnicity.

Quantifying the Value of Emotions Using a Willingness to Pay Approach

People generally seek out positive moods and avoid negative moods; however, it is unclear which motivation is more pronounced. Two studies addressed this issue by developing a value-based ranking of emotions based on the willingness to pay (WTP) approach. The approach utilizes money’s cardinal properties and assumes opportunity costs as with everyday purchases. In Study 1 British participants indicated they would be willing to pay more to experience positive than to avoid negative emotions. In Study 2 this positivity bias was replicated with another sample of British participants. However, Hong Kong Chinese participants did not show such a preference, and were willing to pay significantly less to experience positive emotions but more to avoid negative emotions when compared with British participants. Experiencing Love was given the highest WTP judgment in all samples. Thus, some emotions are universally valued, whereas preferences for others differ across cultural groups, perhaps shaped by norms. Implications concerning valuations of psychological states for policy purposes are discussed.

Predicting Human Preferences Using the Block Structure of Complex Social Networks

With ever-increasing available data, predicting individuals' preferences and helping them locate the most relevant information has become a pressing need. Understanding and predicting preferences is also important from a fundamental point of view, as part of what has been called a “new” computational social science. Here, we propose a novel approach based on stochastic block models, which have been developed by sociologists as plausible models of complex networks of social interactions. Our model is in the spirit of predicting individuals' preferences based on the preferences of others but, rather than fitting a particular model, we rely on a Bayesian approach that samples over the ensemble of all possible models. We show that our approach is considerably more accurate than leading recommender algorithms, with major relative improvements between 38% and 99% over industry-level algorithms. Besides, our approach sheds light on decision-making processes by identifying groups of individuals that have consistently similar preferences, and enabling the analysis of the characteristics of those groups.

Theory of conditional games

Game theory explains how to make good choices when different decision makers have conflicting interests. The classical approach assumes that decision makers are committed to making the best choices for themselves regardless of the effect on others, but such an approach is less appropriate when cooperation, compromise and negotiation are important. This book describes conditional games, a form of game theory that accommodates multiple stakeholder decision-making scenarios where cooperation and negotiation are significant issues and where notions of concordant group behavior are important. Using classical binary preference relations as a point of departure, the book extends the concept of a preference ordering that permits stakeholders to modulate their preferences as functions of the preferences of others. As these conditional preferences propagate through a group of decision makers, they create social bonds that lead to notions of group concordance. This book is intended for all students and researchers of decision theory and game theory.