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This research article covers the system of Indian society as well as the problems faced by women as well as the steps taken to improve it. Second, reflecting on the current socio, economic sufferings and traumatic conditions of women. It also shows how many social problems women face in life as a normal person. It also mentions how many efforts have been taken by the government as well as by law through the constitution in Indian society. Throughout this article the corrective measures of women’s status and efforts to ensure equal rights of women are discussed and the benefits of equal right and rights of women’s education in the society are also highlighted and its contribution to the better developed nations and to a better future is expected.

Cookbook: A New Scholarly View

Polish Association of Equal Rights for Women (1907–1914) in the Light of Autobiographical Relations, Women’s Press and Feminist Historiography The text investigates the history of the Polish Association of Equal Rights for Women (1907–1914) – one of the first legal feminist organisations in the Kingdom of Poland. The Association was the product of ideological and social clashes within the environment of the emancipationists gathered at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries around Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmit, the leader of Polish suffragettes. The group was organised around the Women’s Labour Circle attached to The Society for Support of Industry and Trade (1894–1905), and then in the informal Polish Union of Equal Rights for Women. In 1907 the suffragettes formed the Union of Equal Rights for Polish Women, and the proponents of the integration of the fight for gender equality and Polish independence established the Polish Association of Equal Rights for Women. The relations between the Union and the Association were characterised by competition for succeeding in being the first to introduce new ideas into the mainstream and good practices inside the organization.

Various studies on Islamic family law (IFL) in Indonesia demonstrate an enduring paradigm of patriarchal culture both in ideas and practical applications. This is a logical consequence of the attempts to enact the traditional Islamic doctrines in modern law. The domination of this culture in the IFL, that has resulted in the discrimination against women in Indonesia, has reached the alarming level calling for revision. The reform attempts also are needed in other other derivative legal products, such as local sharia regulation. All these efforts are needed in order to ensure justice and equal rights of children and women. This paper attempts to conceptualize a construction of patriarchal authority in legalizing the rights, role, and status of gender in Indonesia. The finding reveals that reconstruction of authority in the modern legislation of Islamic Family Law should be started with ensuring the equal rights of women both in the legal and judicial aspects. This requires involving women in an appropriate proportion within the making of public policy, family law legislation. Another needed strategy is advocacy of women's rights in order to avoid legal gender bias due to the political and legislative authorities dominated by male group.

The article analyses the founding conference of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945 to find out how a nearly completely male-dominated assembly could proclaim the equal rights of men and women as part of the fundamental human rights. The participation and proceedings of the conference are studied on the basis of official UN documents, autobiographies from women delegates and reports. It is noted that the accounts provided by the UN itself in basic reference books as well as the UN website are partly incomplete, partly incorrect. The processes described are oversimplified, important actors are left out and others are attributed with roles they did not in fact play. Regarding the actual course of events, the active lobbying of women's nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), the differing views of various female delegates and the supportive action of leading male politicians are particularly worthy of notice.

The Constitution of Angola provides for equal rights for men and women. In addition, the government created a Secretariat of State for the Promotion and Development of Women in 1991. This secretariat was reinstituted as the Ministry of Family and Promotion of Women in 1997 and remains the primary government agency responsible for implementing policies to support equal rights for women.

Women's equal rights are women's corresponding self-defense measures against the inequality that still exists in employment, education, or life, and it is also a symbol of the pursuit of personal dignity and self-rights. The inequality between men and women is mainly manifested in the excessive output of patriarchal values, which lead to problems such as male-female ratio imbalance and marriage squeeze and have seriously affected the fertility rate in the Asia-Pacific region. The problem of increasing the fertility rate is imminent, and society can take corresponding measures to improve its fundamental factors, rather than crudely attribute the problem to the awakening of women's consciousness, to some extent this is the objectification of women's value. However, the road to women's equal rights is still a long way to go. In recent years, the fertility rate issue has also been forced to be linked with the road to women's equal rights, which has aroused heated discussions. The study confirms fundamental factors of the low fertility rate and emphasizes the significance of women's equal rights.

My Kitchen, Myself: Constructing the Feminine Identity in Contemporary Cookbooks

The problem of the gender stereotypes of military woman in the conditions of Anti-terrorist operation and Joint Forces Operation, in particular in the conditions of active military actions, is relevant to modern psychological science. This issue is integrated into global gender studies, when it is important to take into account the interests of women in the formation of the armed forces, the army of any state. In a modern democratic society, the equal rights of women and men in all areas of life, in particular in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, must be maximally ensured. In Ukraine gender equality is proclaimed by the Constitution of Ukraine, the Labor Code, the Law of Ukraine On Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men, etc. The common negative stereotype is the idea of the limited role of woman in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the impossibility to occupy important positions by her. Instead, in real life, it is quite different, so this stereotype contradicts the real life position of women. Also there is a stereotype about the impossibility of women to realize themselves on equal principles and rights with men in the zone of Anti-terrorist operation and Joint Forces Operation. This is due to the fact, that there are many social, cultural, legal, educational barriers on the way of women to the traditionally male positions in the armed forces, Anti-terrorist operation and Joint Forces Operation. Also there is a stereotype about the impossibility of military women to occupy certain positions. Instead, in practice, they occupy these positions quite successfully, fulfilling all necessary functions. By this time, the effect of the stereotype about the impossibility of women to do certain types of work, which are called difficult, is rather strong. Instead, as practical life convinces, in the zone of Anti-terrorist operation and Joint Forces Operation, military women very often do such types of work very successfully. Therefore, nowadays in Ukraine, in particular in its armed forces, in the area of active military actions, we observe an active overcoming of those gender stereotypes, which are determined by the active positions of women in this regard. It is relevant and important for the modern Ukrainian psychological science to realize that the rights and possibilities of a person, declared in the legislation, are systematically violated and not followed in the present society. Therefore, we have the facts of gender discrimination. The most clearly this is manifested in the conditions of women's staying in the zone of active military actions, in Anti-terrorist operation and Joint Forces Operation. The defining and expressive feature of European democratic development of society is the respectful observance and development of gender parity in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The determinative and expressive feature of European democratic development of society is the respectful abidance and development of gender parity in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The traditional idea of ​​the role of a woman with limited social and professional roles completely contradicts her real life position. The stereotype about the impossibility of women to realize themselves professionally on equal principles and rights with men is established in the zone of ​​active military actions, in zones of Anti-terrorist operation and Joint Forces Operation. This is due to the fact, that there are many moral, cultural, legal, educational, social obstacles and barriers on the way of women to the traditionally male positions in the armed forces, their real role in the zone of Anti-terrorist operation and Joint Forces Operation. Also there is a rather strong stereotype about the impossibility of military women to occupy certain positions in the armed forces. Instead, in real life, practical activity they fulfill such functions successfully. Very often more successfully than men. In addition, the presence of women on military positions contributes to the development of humanity and empathy in the armed forces. It is emphasized in many gender studies. The stereotype about the impossibility of women to do certain types of work, which are called difficult, is common too. Although in practical life military women very often do such types of work very effectively in the zone of Anti-terrorist operation and Joint Forces Operation. In general, in modern Ukraine, in particular its armed forces, in the zone of Anti-terrorist operation and Joint Forces Operation, during the last five years we observe the process of a substantive overcoming of gender stereotypes. This is the result of women`s active positions in this gender issue.

The purpose of the article is to study the principle of gender equality in family law, specifically the experience of foreign countries and its impact on the development of family legal relations in Ukraine. The focus is on the importance of ensuring the equal rights and opportunities for women and men in the context of family legislation, as well as the challenges that arise when implementing the gender equality. Research methods: the article uses a comparative-legal method to analyse international experience in family law and the principles of gender equality. It also applies methods of analysing legislative acts and international agreements related to gender equality to examine how different countries implement this principle in their legal environment. Results: the article points on the importance of implementing the principle of gender equality in family law to achieve social justice and sustainable development of society. An analysis of foreign legislations (France, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Canada, etc.) demonstrates various approaches to ensuring the equal rights for women and men in family relations, including the equality in marriage, the equal parental rights and rights to alimony. In Ukraine, there is also a gradual integration of European standards, although there are certain problems, including the cultural and social stereotypes that may complicate this process. Discussion: the article highlights that, although Ukraine has a legal framework guaranteeing gender equality, its implementation in practice faces barriers such as stereotypes and limited access to legal information. Furthermore, it emphasizes a need to adapt national legislation to modern requirements regarding gender equality and a necessity to consider cultural and social features that may influence the formation of gender roles in the family. The article also suggests developing the concept for the development of Ukraine’s family legislation based on the analysis of international experience and internal trends.

Economic and political realities in Europe are in a process of change from industrial mass production and growth to a pattern of jobs which require new skills in the shrinking industrial sector, in information technology and the expanding service sector. Politics at national level are declining in importance and are being replaced by politics decided at supranational level. Ongoing developments in EU member-states bear witness to the profound transformations in labour market conditions and job opportunities as a consequence of structural change and technological renewal. We can also see the changes in progress caused by the consolidation of the Single Market and the establishment of the European Union itself. While there is an awareness that these processes will affect many areas at national and European level, the consequences for the economy, for politics and not least for social conditions are still difficult to overlook. What will the Single Market imply for people and job opportunities? What will the changes mean for different groups or categories of people? What will, for example, the outcome be for the nearly 55 million women who are economically active, and for all those women who want to enter or reenter the labour market? Will all women be affected in the same way or will there be winners and losers? Is it at all correct to speak about women as a coherent category or will access to work and social rights depend on nationality, region, class, ethnic or racial categorisation? One of the most burning questions for immigrants and ethnic minorities today is whether EU-citizenship will define insiders and outsiders when it comes to equal rights and social protection. In many respects, both women and men are affected by discrimination, segregation, and the powerlessness and lack of choice that is part of being an immigrant. This paper will, however, focus on the particular barriers and obstacles to equal rights and freedoms encountered by immigrant and minority women in Europe. In order to locate women in the dynamics of post-WW II worker immigration, I shall start out with a brief look at the history of post-war worker recruitment and detail its hidden agenda of discrimination. Next, I shall discuss and analyse the adverse effects of immigration policies on women with regard to family reunion, residence rights, the right to work and to social protection, with examples from some major countries of immigration. Against this background, I shall argue that the situation and function of immigrant and ethnic minority women in European societies and labour markets have been largely determined by the receiving countries and their economic needs on the hand; and, on the other hand, by restrictions imposed on immigrant women's equal rights. I shall finally discuss current developments and future trends for women in the context of changing labour market needs.

Women's property rights refer to the legal rights women have to own, inherit, and control property, ensuring equal access to assets and resources. These rights help promote gender equality and economic independence for women. The primary objective of this study is to examine the recent legal reforms in Nepal aimed at promoting women's property ownership and evaluate their sustainability. This study employed an explanatory research design to investigate how Nepali laws facilitate women’s property ownership. Data was collected in two ways: by analyzing current laws and interviewing seven experts in politics and law, including those involved in creating and enforcing these laws. The study used purposive sampling to select these participants. Article 25 of Nepal’s Constitution (2015) and the Civil Code (2017) guarantee women the right to acquire, own, use, sell, and transfer property. Daughters have equal rights to family and ancestral property, while widows can claim and separate their share. Married women can dissolve marital ties and claim property, and husbands must provide support. Various laws, like the Right to Equality and Free Education Act, the Domestic Violence Act, the Sexual Harassment Prevention Act, the Human Trafficking Control Act, and others, aim to safeguard women’s rights. However, effective implementation needs women’s access to education, legal awareness, and leadership roles. Changing negative attitudes toward daughters and maintaining family unity are also vital for sustaining these legal protections and ensuring real equality. In conclusion, Nepal's legal landscape has undergone significant evolution toward gender equality, particularly in property rights, through key reforms such as the Constitution of Nepal (2015) and the National Civil Code (2017). These legal advancements ensure equal inheritance rights for both daughters and sons, dismantling patriarchal norms that historically marginalized women. The Supreme Court's rulings and the influence of international frameworks like the Beijing Declaration further reinforce the importance of gender equality in property ownership. Collectively, these developments foster a more inclusive, just, and economically empowered society for women in Nepal. In Nepal, women's property rights promote gender equality by ensuring women have equal access to inheritance and ownership, contributing to their economic empowerment. However, cultural and societal barriers still limit the full realization of these rights in many areas. This statement implies that women’s property rights are essential for promoting gender equality and economic independence. In Nepal, legal reforms like the Constitution of 2015 and the Civil Code of 2017 grant women equal rights to own and inherit property. However, social attitudes and a lack of legal awareness still limit their full implementation. Education, leadership opportunities, and societal change are vital for ensuring sustainable property rights and real equality for Nepali women.

The prominent role played by women during the Arab Spring raises questions regarding the dominant narratives by which the history of women in the Middle East has been studied. While Arab women are often depicted as secluded and confined to private spheres, historical research presents a different image—one that accounts for efforts to change women’s status and family laws and to allow full political participation and equal rights for women. This chapter raises questions about constructed narratives and the discursive construction of “the modern Arab woman.” The analysis focuses on a re-examination of women’s lived realities and the legal documents that affected their lives to provide a clearer picture of Arab women’s history.

As far as professional life is concerned, major differences are observed with reference to the situation of women and men, which is reflected in the research indicating that women occupy worse position on the labour market and showing the determinants of such a situation. Women earn less, hold lower positions, receive professional training more seldom than men and have greater problems getting a job in the majority of the EU Member States (including Poland). Although complex legislation on equal rights for women has come into force in the European Union, providing the legislation on equal rights for women does not automatically entail economic equality. The present paper aims at drawing the attention of Ukrainian researchers and practitioners in the field of economics to issues relating to discrimination against women and particularly to the reasons for such a state of affairs and to the necessity for adjusting to legal determinants. The paper presents questionnaire survey on discrimination against women on the labour market. The group of 602 persons holding managerial position participated in the survey. The group examined consisted of 304 managers and 298 manageresses from three subregions of Poland, namely szczecinski, koszalinski and poznanski. The survey was conducted in June and July 2004. The paper attempts to answer the fundamental question, namely why women are discriminated against on the labour market in Poland. Seeking the answer, factors potentially affecting discrimination against women on the labour market have been grouped into four spheres. These groups included the following: determinants on a micro scale referring to women themselves; determinants on a micro scale referring to enterprises, employers and employees; the remaining determinants on a micro scale as well as determinants on a macro scale.