Role Of Orientation Research Articles

Correlates of Control Preferences, Participation in Decision-making and Activation in Patients with Substance Use Disorder.

Treatment of Substance Use Disorder (SUD) is complex and therefore including patients in the therapeutic process is needed. Patient-Centered Care (PCC) and Shared Decision-Making (SDM) have been associated with greater satisfaction, self-control, and less substance use. However, correlates of SDM have not been investigated in this population. A cross-sectional analysis was carried out in 214 SUD patients to identify sociodemographic, clinical and psychological correlates of preferences and perceptions about participation in SDM and degree of activation. The Control Preference Scale (CPS), the Shared Decision-Making Questionnaire (SDM-9-Q) and the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) were used to assess the PCC elements. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyze the correlates of the CPS variables (preferred role, perceived role, and role matching). For SDM-9-Q and PAM, multilevel linear regression was used. Preferring an active role, compared to a shared one, was significantly associated with higher educational level, lower neuroticism, absence of affective and alcohol use disorders, and higher quality of life. Perceiving greater participation was significantly associated with not being a new patient, having fewer legal problems, higher severity of alcohol consumption, not presenting polydrug use and main substance use different than opioids or sedatives. Activation was associated with higher scores in the personality trait activity, a preference for an active role and greater perception of being involved in the decision process. Patients with milder clinical profiles prefer an active role compared to a shared one. Patients who prefer or perceive a shared or passive role did not show relevant differences. Greater activation was related to preference for an active role and the perception of having been involved in decisions.

PREDICTING SELF-ASSESSED HEALTH STATUS IN WOMEN: WHAT COUNTS FOR GERMAN MIDWIVES AND MEDICAL OFFICE ASSISTANTS?

Previous studies on women's work and health have tended to summarize women's occupations in broad categories and ignore job-specific workload. We compared occupational characteristics, burnout, health behaviour, and predictors of subjective health status between German midwives and medical office assistants (MOAs). We conducted a cross- sectional survey using a standardized questionnaire with items addressing aspects of the occupational biography, job characteristics, unpaid work, social support, gender role orientation, and health status and behaviour. Burnout was measured using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI, Maslach and Jackson 1986). Altogether 386 questionnaires for midwives and 552 questionnaires for MOAs were sent out (response rates 60.4% and 44.1% respectively). Chi-square- and Mann-Whitney-U-tests and multiple regression models were conducted. Significant group differences were found regarding, for example, satisfaction with salary and control. More midwives than MOAs would choose their profession again (p<0.001). The level of burnout was medium for MOAs. Midwives had medium levels of burnout on two subscales and low levels on one subscale of the MBI. Health behaviours such as smoking, alcohol consumption and exercise did not differ between the occupations. Midwives conducted breast self-examination and ate whole-wheat products more often, whereas MOAs utilized GP and cancer checkups more frequently and consumed more medication. Satisfaction with salary and overtime hours predicted burnout in both occupations. Burnout and smoking were the only overlapping predictors of the health status of midwives and MOAs. Further studies should consider differences between female-dominated occupations when designing appropriate studies on women's health. Increases in salary and reductions in overtime hours may be appropriate interventions for health promotion in these occupations.

An Evolutionary Psychological Approach Toward BDSM Interest and Behavior

Bondage/discipline, Dominance/submission, and Sadism/Masochism (BDSM) have gained increased attention and discussion in recent years. This prevalence is accompanied by a shift in perceptions of BDSM, including the declassification of sadomasochism as a paraphilic disorder. Evolutionary psychology offers a unique perspective of why some individuals are interested in BDSM and why some prefer certain elements of BDSM over others (e.g., dominance versus submission). In this paper, we examine BDSM from an evolutionary standpoint, examining biopsychosocial factors that underlie the BDSM interests and practice. We articulate this perspective via an exploration of: proximate processes, such as the role of childhood experiences, sexual conditioning, and physiological factors; as well as ultimate explanations for power play and pain play dimensions of BDSM, highlighting the potential adaptive advantages of each. While BDSM may not be adaptive in itself, we examine the literature of sex differences in BDSM role preferences and argue that these preferences may stem from the extreme forms of behaviors which enhance reproductive success. In the realm of pain play, we explore the intersection of pain and pleasure from both physiological and psychological perspectives, highlighting the crucial role of psychological and play partner factors in modulating the experience of pain. Finally, we encourage future research in social sciences to utilize evolutionary frameworks to further explore the subject and help alleviate the mystification surrounding BDSM. This multifaceted exploration of BDSM provides valuable insights for clinicians, kink-identified individuals, and scholars seeking to understand the evolutionary perspectives of human sexual behavior and preferences.

Daddy’s (not) home: work and gender-related factors in men’s attitudes towards shared parental leave

ABSTRACT Uptake of Shared Parental Leave (SPL) in the UK remains poor, with fewer than 2% of eligible fathers utilising the policy since its introduction in 2015. With limited extant research addressing the policy, reasons behind the low level of uptake remain unclear. Specifically, the role of work (family supportive organisation perceptions [FSOP]) and gender-related factors (perceived social identity threat and traditional gender role orientation) in men’s attitudes towards SPL have been largely overlooked. This study sought to identify the extent to which work and gender-related factors influenced employed men’s attitudes towards SPL, utilising social role theory to understand the mechanisms underpinning these relationships. A survey of 120 employed men captured attitudes towards SPL, traditional gender role orientation, perceived social identity threat, and FSOP. Results showed that perceived social identity threat was positively associated with traditional gender role orientation, which was, in turn, the mechanism through which FSOP and perceived social identity threat affected attitudes towards SPL. At low levels, FSOP moderated the relationship between perceived social identity threat and traditional gender role orientation, but did not moderate the indirect effect between perceived threat and attitudes towards SPL. Theoretical contributions and recommendations for organisations to improve workplace gender equality are discussed.

Practice and Exploration of Ideological and Political Education for Postgraduate Students Under the Mentor Responsibility System

This study aims to address the problems existing in the ideological and political education of postgraduate students, and combines the implementation of the mentor responsibility system to explore the role orientation, work content, and practical effects of mentors in the ideological and political education of postgraduate students. Through questionnaire surveys, interviews, and other research methods, the current situation of ideological and political education of postgraduate students under the mentor responsibility system is analyzed, and corresponding optimization strategies are proposed.

Cultural Frames of Deviance. Muslim Religiousness and Adolescents’ Attitudes Toward Violent Control of Female Behavior

ABSTRACT Using a survey of a culturally and religiously diverse students in Germany, we investigate the influence of Muslim religiousness on violence-accepting gender role orientations. We argue that the religious frame of “fornication” (zinā) defines deviance and refers to a cultural frame of order between and within clans in non-state societies, namely the “culture of honor.” Muslim religiousness has a robust effect on violence-accepting gender role orientations, controlling for culture of honor and confounders. Results of cross-level interactions indicate a social influence on these attitudes, which we interpret as a social proof mechanism: the higher the share of religious Muslims in a school class-context, the higher the acceptance of violent-accepting attitudes. We also show that Muslim religiousness tends to increase the accordance with violent control of females within the family. We argue that according to the religious-cultural frame of a divine order, zinā is interpreted as a violation of a sacred norm and thus as deviant.

Role Preferences in Treatment Decisions Among Patients with Relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis (P1-6.001)

Role Preferences in Treatment Decisions Among Patients with Relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis (P1-6.001)

Role of desired attitudes in shaping sustainable gender role preferences: A case study of the middle class in Lahore, Pakistan

As gender equality is the basis for realizing social–environmental–economic sustainability, inequality in gender can significantly hamper economic productivity and negatively affect individuals’ lives. This study examines the desired attitudes towards gender norms that can be used to improve gender inequality in a developing country for sustainable development. A survey was conducted with 230 adults from middle-income households in Lahore, Pakistan. A paired sample t-test was used to determine the difference between the desired role allocation for men and women and gender stereotypes. The results revealed that participants believed in the traditional private/public division of gender roles. However, the inclination towards gender equality in daily activities in the public domain, such as shopping and meeting friends and certain professions (e.g., white-collar jobs), encourages empowerment-based intervention. To enhance gender equality in Pakistan and similar societies, people must know they are not alone in thinking and prioritizing gender equality in everyday roles and professions. Acknowledging that ‘others’ in society are also willing to forego traditional patriarchal trends may promote action toward the desired perception.

Does owners’ leadership matter to relational behavior in mega construction projects? A role orientation perspective

PurposeAlthough researchers have long recognized the importance of participating organizations’ (POs) relational behavior for mega construction projects (MCPs) performance, relational behavior may not be executed by POs without effective leadership from project owners. However, little is known about the mechanisms linking owners’ leadership styles to POs’ relational behavior. This study draws on full range leadership theory and role theory to examine the relationships between owners’ leadership styles (i.e. transformational and transactional) and relational behavior. POs’ role orientations (i.e. normative and economic) are considered as potential mediators.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 175 managers deeply involved in MCPs. Hierarchical regression model and bootstrapping methods were performed on the data to examine the direct effects of owners’ leadership on POs’ relational behavior and the mediating effects of POs’ role orientations.FindingsThe results revealed that both owners’ transformational and transactional leadership positively affect POs’ relational behavior, despite the former being higher than the latter, and indirectly influence relational behavior via POs’ normative and economic role orientation, respectively.Practical implicationsThis study provides a clear picture of how owners’ leadership can motivate POs’ relational behavior to achieve high-quality inter-organizational relationships in MCPs. The findings can guide owners’ top manager selection by prioritizing those with transformational leadership, which is beneficial to achieving high-level relational behavior of POs. The results also imply that owners should pay greater attention to cultivating POs’ normative role orientation by encouraging teamwork and open communication to enhance their implementation of relational behavior.Originality/valueUnlike previous research focusing more on intra-organizational leader–follower relationship within one PO, this study is one of the first to empirically confirm owners’ leadership as a critical antecedent of POs’ relational behavior, thus enhancing the theoretical understanding of inter-organizational relationship management in MCPs. Based on role theory, this study considers a novel organizational psychology mechanism, i.e. POs’ role orientations, as the mediator to unravel how owners’ leadership affects POs’ relational behavior, which was rarely invoked in MCP leadership literature.

Beyond a checklist for acceptance: understanding the dynamic process of community acceptance

Community acceptance is considered a prerequisite for successful energy transitions and the uptake of renewable energy technologies (RET). While policy and research often focus on acceptance as an outcome, the process of acceptance remains a black box, especially in uncontested RET implementation contexts. We study the dynamic process of community acceptance where (1) different actor groups can have (2) different roles and (3) different active and passive responses towards (4) different objects of acceptance within the RET project implementation. Results show that community acceptance occurs over time and goes beyond citizen or resident acceptance alone. By unpacking different dimensions of acceptance, we show that even in uncontested cases, acceptance is ambiguous and includes various responses toward various objects. Furthermore, we see that roles can influence and interact dynamically with responses and that preferences for roles are heterogeneous. To move beyond acceptance as a merely coincidental outcome, but a widely embraced and intentional process, this process should meet the participatory needs of different actors.

The influence of a business game on the formation of the internal lexical-semantic context of a speech act: an empirical study

Introduction. Modern tendencies in education require the training of specialists for the labour market, taking into account the changing requirements and influence of the environment. The influence of sociocultural contexts is reflected in the system of human relations with the world, manifested in actions and motives, represented in the speech act. The individual internal lexical and semantic context of a speech act is deterministic by subjective predictors (type of communication, meaningful roles, consistency of the Self-real/Self-ideal, rigidly bound constructs). The article was aimed to show how the business game of the contextual type influences the formation of the individual internal lexical and semantic context of each student of the experimental group. Materials and Methods. The study covered two academic years and involved students (N=39) studying in the academic year 2021/22 in the 1st year and in the academic year 2022/23 in the 2nd year). A contextual type business game was developed for the study. The technique of repertoire lattices of J. Kelly, Cotherapeutic computer system «Kelly», methods of mathematical statistics (χ2 -Pearson for identifying the degree of consistency of nominative features - type of communication, consistency of I-real and I-ideal on the basis of role preferences) were used. Measurements were taken before and after the business game. The results were processed using the computer program «Statistica» (vers. 12). Results and discussion. It was revealed that the contextual type business game influenced the subjective predictors of individual internal lexical-semantic context of each student's speech act. Obtained on the basis of the technique of repertoire grids, personal bipolar constructs, processed in the computer system «KELLY», allowed to identify the role preferences and consistency of the real self and the ideal self, the type of communication, and individual rigidly connected constructs. Mathematical and static analysis revealed a statistically significant shift in the change in the type of communication (χ2 = 6.838; p < 0,05) before and after the business game. Conclusion. The experiment showed that a contextual business game creates conditions for the formation and development of communicative, conflict-related, sociocultural competencies.

Unpacking candidate selection in authoritarian regimes: Evidence from Cameroon

Why do autocratic ruling parties adopt certain candidate selection processes, and what effects do they have on political outcomes? This article argues that many contemporary autocracies democratize candidate selection to address the demands of multiparty elections, but that this creates unforeseen hazards. Autocrats centralize candidate selection to reassert control over the composition of legislatures, but not necessarily to recruit more effective representatives. These ideas are explored in Cameroon, a longstanding authoritarian regime that has altered its candidate selection twice. Using an original biographical dataset and elite survey that measures legislative role orientations, the article shows how changes to candidate selection allowed the Cameroonian regime to retain more partisan legislators and to recruit new candidates who were more oriented to the party than the constituency. The article expands the comparative study of candidate selection to new settings and provides insights into how candidate selection helps shape and sustain authoritarian regimes.

A holistic view of gender traits and personality traits predict human health

Mainstream psychology disassembles human psyche into psychological components (i.e., parts) to predict human health, including internalizing problems (e.g., aggression) and externalizing problems (e.g., depression and loneliness). However, this approach ignores the complexity of the human psyche as a whole. We have devised comprehensive methods for calculating the parts-whole relationships based on holism (N = 5986). In Study 1, masculinity and femininity were identified as risk and protective factors for aggression, respectively. The proportion of masculinity within the whole gender role orientation predicted aggression more strongly than the risk factors alone. In Study 2, both masculinity and femininity acted as protective factors against depression within the whole gender role orientation, with their additive effects, assessed by the relationships between the actual additive effect of the parts and the potential whole maximum effect, being better predictors of depression than either trait alone. In Study 3, neuroticism and openness were identified as risk factors for loneliness, whereas conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness were identified as protective factors. The proportion of these two risk factors within the whole Big Five personality traits provided better predictors of loneliness than each risk factor alone. This study provides new insights into predicting human health from a holistic perspective.

What Factors Contribute to Differential Perceptions Toward Evidence-Based Practices? An Examination of Officer Role Orientation, Job Satisfaction, Confidence, and Skill Proficiency

Training probation officers on evidence-based practices (EBPs) is vital to ensuring that community supervision is maximally effective at reducing recidivism. However, after training, probation officers often have differential perceptions regarding EBPs. Thus, this study surveyed 90 adult probation officers after they participated in a training based on the Risk-Need-Responsivity model and Core Correctional Practices and examined whether their role orientation, job satisfaction, and confidence and skill proficiency using EBPs predicted their perceptions regarding the EBPs’ ease of use, usefulness, and perceived success at reducing recidivism on their caseload. Regression analyses revealed that all predictors accounted for variability in officers’ perceptions regarding the perceived success of using EBPs, explaining 41.2% of the variance, but job satisfaction (Δ R2 = .18) and officer role orientation (Δ R2 = .10) were most critical, solely explaining 28.5% of the variance. We conclude by providing recommendations for improving probation officers’ perceptions of EBPs.

Scope and inclination of voluntary service for urban community-living older adults provided by volunteers with nursing background: A qualitative study.

With the growing challenge of an aging population, addressing the needs of elderly individuals who face living difficulties and lack family support becomes increasingly difficult. Volunteer services are crucial in this context, yet their effectiveness is hindered by unclear service scopes and uncertain volunteer inclinations. To explore the role and specific preference of volunteers with nursing backgrounds in support of older adults living in the urban community. DESIGN, SETTINGAND PARTICIPANTS: A descriptive qualitative study was conducted between September and October 2022. Twenty-three participants (hospital nurses [10], community nurses [4], nursing teachers [4]and nursing students [5]) were selected. Data analysis followed conventional content analysis. Nine major themes were identified based on interview data. Four themes described the service scope of nursing volunteers: (1) environment domain, (2) physiological domain, (3) psychosocial domainand (4) health-related behaviours domain. Another five themes highlighted the service inclination of these volunteers: (1) service frequency, (2) service duration per person/time, (3) service coverage, (4) service placeand (5) service object. This study clarifies the service focus and scope of necessary support for volunteers, exploring the potential service capabilities of scarce volunteers to the greatest extent. Meanwhile, the results of this study also provide a foundation for stakeholders to fully exploit the synergy. The important findings of this study will help the government and relevant authorities better understand the service attributes of nursing volunteers, allowing them to develop detailed training plans and provide nursing volunteers with targeted support and assistance to meet the health expectations of urban community-living older adults in need. Developing research questions, participation and conductand provision and interpretation of evidence.

Re-exploring the antecedents of proactivity at work

AbstractThis paper reports two studies that utilized full structural equation modeling to explore the antecedents of proactivity at work. It was motivated by observations from a recent replication of a leading proactivity model, Parker et al. (J Appl Psychol 91(3):636–652, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.636) in which the replication model failed to confirm multiple previously reported variable relationships and manifested significant evidence of omitted variable bias (correlation between exogenous predictor variables and the disturbance term of the model’s dependent variable). Study 1 revisited the antecedents of proactivity in light of the unexpected replication model results. Utilizing the same diverse dataset (N = 521), it analyzed the relationships among all of the original model variables, together with a new contextual information availability variable, and constructed a new model (the “Modified Model”) consisting of the path relationships that were observed as statistically significant. The Modified Model differs from the original model in multiple respects: (i) it removes four of eight original variable path relationships, which could not be replicated as statistically significant, (ii) it removes a posited proactivity antecedent, flexible role orientation, whose path relationship with its predictor, co-worker trust, was observed as significant, but negative, (iii) it adds a direct path relationship between proactive personality and proactivity at work, (iv) it respecifies co-worker trust from an exogenous to an endogenous proactivity antecedent of proactivity at work, and (v) it specifies CI availability as new exogenous antecedent of co-worker trust. The Modified Model achieved good model fit and high explained variance (R2 = 0.64). In addition, the Modified Model did not manifest the evidence of omitted variable bias that was observed for the original model utilizing the same dataset. Study 2 was undertaken to cross-verify both of the prior studies using a fresh dataset (N = 479), and both prior studies were confirmed. Re-replication of the Parker et al. (J Appl Psychol 91(3):636–652, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.636) model again manifested evidence of omitted variable bias and provided evidence that corresponded with the results of the initial replication—significant differences from the observations reported by the original study. On the other hand, replication of the Modified Model again manifested no evidence of omitted variable bias, and resulted in observations that confirmed the Study1 observations used to construct the Modified Model. Taken together, Studies 1 and 2 provide evidence of the overall validity of the Modified Model of the antecedents of proactivity at work.

Tradeoff between Gender and Class Equality: An Analysis of Tax Policy in Japan

Abstract Although conservative parties in developed countries are becoming more positive about women’s labor force participation, serious economic gender gaps persist in some conservative welfare regimes. By focusing on Japan as a most-likely case, this article reexamines the view that emphasizes conservative parties’ preference for traditional gender roles as a key factor contributing to policies that negatively affect gender equality. Analyses using text data from parliamentary statements reveal that parties’ preference for class equality, held by both conservative and leftist parties, contributes to a tax policy that suppresses women’s labor force participation. The findings illuminate a tradeoff between class and gender equality and provide implications for how conservative welfare regimes can achieve higher levels of economic gender equality.

Role Orientation, Development and Transformation of News Editors in the New Media Era

With the rapid development of modern economy and society and the arrival of the information age, the new media have profoundly influenced the daily lives of people. News editors, as disseminators and advocates of news information, play an important role in the dissemination of news information. In the new media era, the news dissemination of new media relies on the degree of strengthening but also puts forward new development requirements for the development of news editors. This paper is based on the role of news editing and development transformation to analyse and solve the key problems in the current stage of news dissemination. In the new media era for the news editor, the new requirements listed in the new media era for the news editor include role positioning analysis and development transformation measures. The changing role of news editors in the new media era and their need to adapt to digital platforms and audience participation, utilise audience data, and develop multimedia narrative techniques Subvert the traditional communication mode of paper media, gradually adapt to and turn to the development of multimedia news reporting channels, and transform the skills and strategies of journalists to adapt to the progress of this era.

Analysis of Teachers’ Roles and Skills in Teaching English in Colleges and Universities under the Rasch Model

Abstract The proficiency of English teachers in accurately understanding their roles and employing diverse teaching skills is crucial for enhancing the quality of English instruction. This study utilizes the Rasch model, a component of the Item Response Theory (IRT), to develop assessment scales aimed at evaluating English teachers’ role orientation and teaching skill levels. We selected 267 English teachers from higher education institutions in X province as participants. The assessment instruments, designed around these scales, were disseminated via the Questionnaire Star platform and analyzed using Excel and SPSS software. This research examines the application of the Rasch model in assessing the role orientation and teaching skills of English teachers. It specifically investigates the scales’ unidimensionality, goodness of fit, and scoring quality across various levels. The results from the unidimensionality test of teachers’ role orientation skills yielded weighted fit values ranging from 0.90 to 0.97, with logit results for teachers’ role orientation skills spanning from -2.065 to 4.651. Furthermore, the loadings for teacher skill levels remained within the acceptable range of ±0.6. Interestingly, the discrepancy between the logit values of the strictest and most lenient teacher raters was significantly smaller (1.189 logits) compared to that of student raters, which was 2.562 logits. The findings suggest that employing the Rasch model to analyze English teachers’ role orientation and skill levels can significantly support the enhancement of teachers’ capability to grasp their educational roles and improve their teaching skills.

Teachers' role orientation and practice roadmap in the context of digital transformation of education

Teachers' role orientation and practice roadmap in the context of digital transformation of education