Preference Satisfaction Research Articles

Are You Seeing Him/Her? Mate Choice in Visually Impaired and Blind People

ABSTRACT We examined whether individuals who are VI (visually impaired; people with low vision or totally blind) choose their romantic partners differently than those who are sighted. The theoretical framework that informed our inquiry is Social Exchange Theory. Fifty-five participants who are VI and fifty-one participants who are sighted were administered mate preference and marital satisfaction questionnaires. Participants who are VI also answered open-ended questions regarding difficulties in finding a suitable mate. Participants who are VI did not significantly differ from participants who are sighted in their rated importance of traits of an ideal romantic partner, as well as their relationship satisfaction. No tradeoff of resources among participants who are VI and their partners was found, i.e. they did not “pay” for their disability by coupling with a partner who has a lower socio-economic status than theirs. Participants who were VI told about their main difficulties in finding a mate and offered proposals to mitigate these difficulties. We conclude by proposing ways to help individuals who are VI to establish intimate relationships.

태권도체육관 지도자의 직업가치관이 직무만족에 미치는 영향

To analyze the relations between job satisfaction and its job values by Taekwondo Instructors, it has studied 118 leaders selected in Busan. The method of this study was divided into inherent aspects and acquired ones. The former was composed of pride in work, job involvement, activity preference, etc and the latter of attitude toward earning, social status of job, upward striving. The results were as follows; BR It was the highest correlated to job satisfaction in case of coaching the college students and the next to activity preference and job satisfaction by the leaders having masters. And, pride in work was highly correlated to job satisfaction depending on a coaching career 3 up to 6 years. In that there was no significant correlation to job satisfaction in attitude toward earning by Taekwondo Instructors and less statical correlation in social status of job, it was given in their job value of elite sports leaders that inherent aspects has been more important than the others.BR In their job value of Taekwondo Instructors, pride in work was shown the factor preferably explaining job satisfaction and it had an effect largely on the job satisfaction of leaders either coaching the college students or having career 3 up to 6 years. Consequently, we need to take much pride in work through making its values of the acquired aspects, such as social status of job, upward striving in life by Taekwondo Instructors.

Is the Virus of International Macroeconomic Interventionism Infectious? An ABCT Analysis

According to Austrian business cycle theory (ABCT), there is no macroeconomic market failure. Under laissez faire capitalism, with extremely limited or no government, there will be no credit-induced business cycles. However, suppose one part of the world engages in credit expansion, which, according to ABCT creates the business cycle, while another does not. Will the former infect the latter? Or will the latter be impervious to the governmental depredations of the former? We take the position that although the free market society will not remain impervious to the government failure of the interventionists, it will be sheltered from the full impact of the boom-bust cycle. Do the residual malinvestments constitute a market failure? After all, a free market, in this case, is indeed "failing" to bring about the greatest satisfaction of consumer preferences. We deny this claim.

Is the Virus of International Macroeconomic Interventionism Infectious? An ABCT Analysis

According to Austrian business cycle theory (ABCT), there is no macroeconomic market failure. Under laissez faire capitalism, with extremely limited or no government, there will be no credit-induced business cycles. However, suppose one part of the world engages in credit expansion, which, according to ABCT creates the business cycle, while another does not. Will the former infect the latter? Or will the latter be impervious to the governmental depredations of the former? We take the position that although the free market society will not remain impervious to the government failure of the interventionists, it will be sheltered from the full impact of the boom-bust cycle. Do the residual malinvestments constitute a market failure? After all, a free market, in this case, is indeed "failing" to bring about the greatest satisfaction of consumer preferences. We deny this claim.

OBESITY POLICY AND WELFARE

AbstractGovernments can try to counter obesity through preventive regulations such as sugar taxes, which appear to raise costs or reduce options for consumers. Would the regulations improve the welfare of adult consumers? The regulations might improve choice sets through a mechanism such as reformulation, but the scope for such improvement is limited. Otherwise, a paternalistic argument must be made that preventive regulations would improve welfare despite reducing choice. This paper connects arguments about obesity, health, and choice to a philosophically plausible view of welfare. On the negative side, two errors to avoid are failing to see the limited value of health and thinking that findings of irrationality would alone settle arguments about welfare. On the positive side, preventive regulations could make people better-off if welfare is the satisfaction of preferences and if preventive regulations could better satisfy preferences by overcoming certain forms of irrationality. The leading evidence is from widespread attempts to lose weight. However, at least for the United States, most adults are not trying to lose weight, and that casts doubt on whether they would benefit from preventive regulations. If they would not, that seems a strong albeit not decisive reason against these regulations.

아마추어 골퍼들이 지각한 지도자의 코칭지식이 지도자선호도와 강습만족도에 미치는 관계 분석

[목적] 본 연구는 아마추어 골퍼들이 골프지도자의 코칭지식에 따른 지도자 선호도 및 강습만족도간의 관계를 분 석하기 위한 연구로서 본 연구의 결과는 골프지도자들의 지도방향설정에 매우 중요할 것으로 판단된다. [방법] 연 구대상은 G 광역시 아마추어 골퍼 274명을 대상으로 설문지를 통해 자료를 수집하였고, 설문지의 내용은 코칭지 식, 지도자선호도, 강습만족도로 구성하였다. 수집된 자료의 분석은 SPSS를 활용하여 분석하였다. [결과] 도출된 결 과를 살펴보면 아마추어 골퍼들이 지각한 코칭지식은 지도자 선호도 및 강습만족도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타 났으며 지도자 선호도 요인 중 강습방법, 코칭이론, 강습과정, 코스전략이 정적으로 영향을 미쳤으며, 강습만족도 요인 중 강습방법, 강습과정, 회원이해, 코스전략 등이 정적으로 영향을 미쳤다. [결론] 아마추어 골퍼들은 지도자 의 코칭지식에 대해 높게 인식할수록 지도자를 선호하였고, 강습만족도가 높았던 결과를 보아 골프 지도자들이 코 칭지식을 갖추기 위한 부단한 노력을 기울여야 할 것으로 사료된다.

THE ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF MARKETING COMMODITY POLICY*

The purpose of the article is to substantiate theoretical and methodological fundamentals of the formation of adaptive system for managing the marketing commodity policy through the example of online retailers, as well as to analyse results of approbation of conceptual model of adaptive management system of marketing commodity policy in practical activities of Ukrainian online retailers in various market segments. Methodology. Within the research, activities of Ukrainian online retailers were considered and analysed depending on their sphere and specialisation. Methodological basis of the study is comprised of the system of general scientific and special methods, namely: dialectical method of scientific cognition; methods of system analysis; methods of causeand- effect analysis; methods of comparative analysis; multidimensional statistical methods. Based on the results of the research conducted, the author has developed a conceptual model of adaptive system of management of marketing commodity policy of online retailers, the main goal of which is to form adaptive management system of marketing commodity policy of online retailers as a central reference point in the identification of marketing commodity strategy needed to be implemented, which mostly influences long-term sustainable functioning of online retailers in the market by means of the fullest satisfaction of typical demands, needs, and preferences of the target audience and occasional online buyers along with irrational online orders. List of components of the marketing environment, which have quantitative and qualitative character and different degree of impact on the activities of online retailers depending on their belonging to a certain market segment, is determined. Mechanism of adaptive management of marketing commodity policy of online retailers is proposed that is oriented to revealing the integrity of the process in the context of permanent changes in the market situation; is directed to providing a high-quality level of management of online activity of retailers. Practical importance. Based on the results of the approbation of conceptual model of adaptive management system of marketing commodity policy of Ukrainian online retailers in different segments, it is determined that its implementation in online activity of retailers contributes to their effective functioning and sustainable long-term development, in particular, by means of adjusting reference points of management of marketing commodity policy, and results into improving the process of making rational strategic decisions and substantiating tactical measures of implementation. Practical application of the mechanism of adaptive management of marketing commodity policy of online retailers promotes the implementation of a sound variant of achievement of their strategic goals. Value/originality. Implementation of the developed adaptive management system of marketing commodity policy may ensure effective performance and sustainable development of online retailers in the future, in particular, by means of relevant changes in the management of marketing commodity policy.

Interpersonal comparisons with preferences and desires

Most moral and political theories require us to make interpersonal comparisons of welfare. This poses a challenge to the popular view that welfare consists in the satisfaction of preferences or desires, because interpersonal comparisons of preference or desire satisfaction are widely thought to be conceptually problematic, and purported solutions to this problem to lead to a hopeless subjectivism about these comparisons. In this article, I argue that the key to meeting this challenge lies in distinguishing preferences from desires, and preference satisfaction from desire satisfaction theories of welfare. More specifically, I defend three conclusions. First, interpersonal comparisons of preference satisfaction do raise a serious conceptual problem, but this same problem does not arise for interpersonal comparisons of desire satisfaction. Second, none of the existing solutions to the conceptual problem of interpersonal comparisons of preference satisfaction are satisfactory, since none explain how we can make interpersonal comparisons of preference satisfaction objectively. Third, we can at least make a limited range of objective interpersonal comparisons of desire satisfaction, and there are reasons to be optimistic about the possibility of making a wider range of such comparisons, but there is a need for further research on the topic.

Existence Value, Preference Satisfaction, and the Ethics of Species Extinction

Existence value refers to the value humans ascribe to the existence of something, regard­less of whether it is or will be of any particular use to them. This existence value based on preference satisfaction should be taken into account in evaluating activities that come with a risk of species extinction. There are two main objections. The first is that on the preference satisfaction interpretation, the concept lacks moral importance because satisfying people’s preferences may involve no good or well-being for them. However, existence value can be based on a restricted version of the preference satisfaction theory, which is not vulnerable to the skeptical arguments about the link between preference satisfaction and well-being. The second objection is that even if preference satisfaction can be linked to well-being, understanding existence value in terms of individual preference satisfaction is incoherent, because existence value reflects disinterested preferences that involve no benefits to the individual. However, the fact that existence value may involve disinterested preferences does not threaten the coherence of the concept, but suggests that it does not fit smoothly into the “utilitarian” or “welfarist” framework it is commonly considered within. A pluralistic normative approach based on prima facie duties can be an alternative to standard utilitarian-style approaches for considering existence value in concrete cases involving a risk of species extinction, such as through deep sea mining.

Why Markets? Welfare, Autonomy, and the Just Society

Review of Eric A. Posner's Radical Markets: Uprooting Capitalism and Democracy for a Just Society.

The Symbiosis of Offline and Digital Retail: Ukrainian Context

It is substantiated and scientifically proved that retail is one of the components of the Ukrainian economy in the context of ensuring its sustainable development. The arguments about the determination of the symbiosis of offline and digital retail as one of the alternatives for successful operations in a modern environment with permanent market changes are summarized considering the trend of digitalization. The purposes of the paper are to investigate the landscape and features of digital and offline businesses of retailers, and to justify recommendations for retailers with a trade network for their persistent digital business development in the context of Ukrainian realities. The object of the study is the largest Ukrainian retailers in the food retail segment, which carrying out simultaneous online and offline trade. As part of the study, the analysis of the volumes of online trade in the general structure of Ukraine's trade turnover during 2014–2019 years was carried out. The trends of the Ukrainian online trading market in Europe are identified. The comparative analysis of the spending volume of online retail in Ukraine, Eastern Europe and the world in 2014–2020 years was conducted. Prospects for doing digital business for retailers in Ukraine are substantiated. The features of the online buyers’ activities in the online space are diagnosed. The digital activity of consumers by the types of gadgets and devices in Ukraine and the world is determined. Trends in Ukrainian online retail is interpreted. The development of the digital business of Ukrainian food retailers is analysed. Based on the results of diagnostics of the Ukrainian retailers’ activity in the food retail segment and taking into account current market trends, perspective directions of persistent progressive development of their digital business are determined. Approbation of the recommendations that are provided in the article, is confirmed the feasibility of their usage by online retailers in Ukraine to maximize the satisfaction of heterogeneous requests, needs and preferences of online buyers, as well as the rapid expansion of new market segments. Key words: digitalization, digital business, digital transformation, offline business, retail.

Factors influencing consumers’ purchase of fruit beverages

In India fruit drink consumption has been increasing day by day. It is growing at the rate of 12 per cent per annum. This study aims to define the preference factors and satisfaction of consumer towards branded fruit drinks in Coimbatore city of Tamil Nadu. The primary data were collected from 30 urban sample respondents through wellstructured, pre-tested interview schedule. Factor and percentage analyses have been employed to analyse the data. Majority of consumers belonged to the age class of less than 25 years and were males and graduates. Majority of them (36.67%) had family income of less than Rs 20, 000. The promotional and quality factors which highly influenced the urban consumers were advertisement, brand ambassador, thickness, aroma, friends and attractive packing with rotated component matrix.906,.870,.803,.704,.668 and.645 respectively.

On the Importance of the Philosophy of Well-being

Objective: A weak approach to well-being policy means that government’s goal should be to choose policies that make people better off over those that make them worse off, with other things being equal. The question is what kind of underlying assumptions should be fulfilled to achieve this goal. In particular, do policymakers have to agree on some substantive theory of well-being, like hedonism or objective list theory, or persist in choosing the formal preference satisfaction theory of well-being? According to Haybron and Tiberius (Well-being Policy: What Standard of Well-being?, “Journal of the American Philosophical Association” 2015, vol. 1, no 4), we can avoid raising such questions by drawing a strict distinction between the varieties of concepts or theories of well-being and policy processes aiming at promoting the well-being of citizens. They claim that such policies are “justified only when they are grounded in the conceptions of the well-being of those on whose behalf policy is being made”, and call this approach “pragmatic subjectivism” (p. 713). From their reasoning it follows that policymakers need not develop the appropriate concept of well-being, but can leave it to citizens to choose. The paper examines Haybron and Tiberius’ proposal and defends the claim that while theoretically we can avoid discussing the concept of well-being when we follow pragmatic subjectivism, we cannot do this in practice.Research Design & Methods: The paper uses an argument analysis.Findings: One way or another we will have to move in the direction of purely formalistic preference satisfaction theory or some substantive approaches like hedonism or objectivism. If we do not want to take for granted the incoherent intuitive concepts of well-being people hold, and because “well-being” is a normative concept, we have to develop philosophical theories of well-being that openly reveal their strengths and weaknesses.Implications / Recommendations: To facilitate the process of political decision-making, philosophically informed measures of well-being are needed. To a certain extent, those measures already exist, and they are widely applied by policymakers, e.g., GDP per capita, the Human Development Index or various happiness / subjective well-being indices. However, they seem to be either insufficient or purely philosophically informed.Contribution: The paper contributes to the development of the analysis of well-being and measures its philosophical underpinnings.

How does Perceived Destination Social Responsibility Impact Revisit Intentions: The Mediating Roles of Destination Preference and Relationship Quality

This study applied the relationship quality theory to examine how destination social responsibility (DSR) impacts revisit intentions through the mediation of destination preference and relationship quality (i.e., tourist satisfaction and identification). An integrated model was proposed and tested by using survey data from an urban tourism attraction in China. The findings indicate that DSR positively impacts destination preference and tourist satisfaction, but it does not have a significant influence on tourist-destination identification. Destination preference directly affects tourist satisfaction and tourist-destination identification, which in turn positively influences revisit intentions. This study offered theoretical and practical contributions to the research of destination social responsibility.

The Projective Consciousness Model and Phenomenal Selfhood.

We summarize our recently introduced Projective Consciousness Model (PCM) (Rudrauf et al., 2017) and relate it to outstanding conceptual issues in the theory of consciousness. The PCM combines a projective geometrical model of the perspectival phenomenological structure of the field of consciousness with a variational Free Energy minimization model of active inference, yielding an account of the cybernetic function of consciousness, viz., the modulation of the field’s cognitive and affective dynamics for the effective control of embodied agents. The geometrical and active inference components are linked via the concept of projective transformation, which is crucial to understanding how conscious organisms integrate perception, emotion, memory, reasoning, and perspectival imagination in order to control behavior, enhance resilience, and optimize preference satisfaction. The PCM makes substantive empirical predictions and fits well into a (neuro)computationalist framework. It also helps us to account for aspects of subjective character that are sometimes ignored or conflated: pre-reflective self-consciousness, the first-person point of view, the sense of minenness or ownership, and social self-consciousness. We argue that the PCM, though still in development, offers us the most complete theory to date of what Thomas Metzinger has called “phenomenal selfhood.”

The False Promise of One Share, One Vote

Shareholder democracy has blossomed. The once moribund shareholder franchise is now critical in takeover contests, merger decisions, and board oversight. However, the mechanisms of this vote remain largely undertheorized. In this Article, we use voting rights and social choice theory to develop a new approach to the corporate franchise. Political democracies typically tie the right to vote to the level of a person's interest in the outcome of the election. Corporate democracies, on the other hand, tend to define the requisite institutional interest quite narrowly, and thus restrict the right to vote to shareholders alone. This restriction has found its justification in the assumption that shareholders have a homogeneous interest in corporate wealth maximization. Such homogeneity, it is argued, maximizes efficient preference satisfaction. This assumption of shareholder homogeneity is false. It is becoming increasing clear, for example, that shareholders have many different types of interests in a corporation. In addition, stakeholders such as employees, consumers, and creditors also have interests in corporate governance that are not currently captured through existing contractual regimes. Moreover, many of the conclusions drawn from the assumption of shareholder homogeneity are either based on dated understandings of Arrow's Theorem or, in some cases, are flat out inconsistent with the standard economic theory that they purport to embody. As a result, corporate voting schemes are sterile reflections of their more robust political counterparts. The Article argues that corporate law scholars should acknowledge the weaknesses of shareholder voting theory and should examine new ways of translating the preferences of corporate participants into a governance structure.

Ethics and cloning.

Scientists have cloned animals since the late 19th century, but the crucial step for ethics was the cloning of the first mammal by somatic cell nuclear transfer in 1997. This suggested that scientists could also clone, and possibly enhance, human beings. This survey examines ethical literature on cloning since the 1960s. The one ethical area of agreement in this issue is that we should not try to create new human beings by somatic cell nuclear transfer now. Ethicists disagree, however, on what justifies this norm. Some appeal to preference satisfaction and freedom from external constraints, others question this approach by more profound religious and moral considerations. The discussion is currently not progressing, as the same arguments have been in use since the 1970s. Philosophers should prepare deeper analyses of the presuppositions of the ethical arguments used in the discussion before the issue surfaces again.

In the Best Interest of the. . .Parents: Norwegian Health Personnel on the Proper Role of Parents in Neonatal Decision-making.

The role of parents in life-and-death decision-making for infants born at the border of viability is challenging. Some argue that parents should have the final say in decisions about life-sustaining treatment. Others disagree. In this article, we report views from health care personnel (HCP) on the appropriate parental role. Focus group interviews with 5 different groups of HCP (neonatal nurses, midwifes, obstetricians, mother-fetal specialists, and neonatologists) dealing with life-and-death decisions throughout pregnancy and birth were performed at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology and at St Olav's Hospital in Trondheim, Norway in 2014-2017. Interviews were taped and transcribed. Inductive analysis was performed for each group discussion for emergent ethical themes. A summary of the transcribed discussion was sent to the relevant focus group participants for comments. Our participants felt strongly that doctors, not parents, should have the final say. They did not think parents should have to live with the burden of the decision. The possible disagreement between parents, lack of necessary knowledge, experience, time, and emotional stability all point toward the neonatologist as the optimal decision-maker, within a model of "Patient Preference-Satisfaction Paternalism." The general attitude of our groups was that parents should have a say and be included in a thorough information and decision-making process. The doctor, or a team of HCP, however, should make the final decision, being in the best position both epistemologically and normatively to promote the best interest of both parents and the child.

Evaluation as institution: a contractarian argument for needs-based economic evaluation

BackgroundThere is a gap between health economic evaluation methods and the value judgments of coverage decision makers, at least in Germany. Measuring preference satisfaction has been claimed to be inappropriate for allocating health care resources, e.g. because it disregards medical need. The existing methods oriented at medical need have been claimed to disregard non-consequentialist fairness concerns. The aim of this article is to propose a new, contractarian argument for justifying needs-based economic evaluation. It is based on consent rather than maximization of some impersonal unit of value to accommodate the fairness concerns.Main textThis conceptual paper draws upon contractarian ethics and constitution economics to show how economic evaluation can be viewed as an institution to overcome societal conflicts in the allocation of scarce health care resources. For this, the problem of allocating scarce health care resources in a society is reconstructed as a social dilemma.Both disadvantaged patients and affluent healthy individuals can be argued to share interests in a societal contract to provide technologies which ameliorate medical need, based on progressive funding. The use of needs-based economic evaluation methods for coverage determination can be interpreted as institutions for conflict resolution as far as they use consented criteria to ensure the social contract’s sustainability and avoid implicit rationing or unaffordable contribution rates. This justifies the use of needs-based evaluation methods by Pareto-superiority and consent (rather than by some needs-based value function per se).ConclusionThe view of economic evaluation presented here may help account for fairness concerns in the further development of evaluation methods. This is because it directs the attention away from determining some unit of value to be maximized towards determining those persons who are most likely not to consent and meeting their concerns. Following this direction in methods development is likely to increase the acceptability of health economic evaluation by decision makers.

Research on Factors Influencing the Loyalty of Campus Public Bicycles

Recently, campus public bicycles have been popular, how to improve consumer loyalty is worthful to explore. This study selects ZHBIT as the research region, where campus public bicycles have been popular. 392 valid samples are collected to explore influencing factors of its loyalty. The results show that perceived quality and perceived value of campus public bicycle positively affect brand preference, consumer satisfaction and loyalty. Brand preference and consumer satisfaction have a positive mediation impact on consumer loyalty, while the power of brand preference is stronger than consumer satisfaction.