Preferential Formation Research Articles

Superior anti-oxidation layer induced by PVA-boehmite sol-gel film on AISI304 steel

The superior anti-oxidation layer induced by the PVA-boehmite sol-gel film on the AISI304 steel during the cyclic oxidation is investigated in this work. The moderate PVA addition in the boehmite sol conduces to increase the film thickness and is beneficial to the adhesion between the film and the substrate. The presence of the PVA-boehmite film leads to a significant reduction in mass gain during the high-temperature cyclic oxidation at 800 °C, demonstrating the enhanced oxidation resistance. The generated oxide layer induced by the PVA-boehmite film presents as a thin, compact, and continuous layer without spalling, offering sustainable protection against oxidation etching. The PVA-boehmite film promotes the preferential formation of the corundum (Al, Cr)2O3 phase rather than the detrimental hematite Fe2O3 phase during the oxidation procedure, which facilitates the development of the above compact oxide layer. Finally, the superior anti-oxidation oxide layer is characterized as a novel dual-layer structure: the outer spinel MnCr2O4 layer and the inner corundum (Al, Cr)2O3 layer, effectively delaying the oxidation process.

Optimizing thiopurine therapy in autoimmune hepatitis: A multicenter study on monitoring metabolite profiles and co-therapy with allopurinol.

In autoimmune hepatitis, achieving complete biochemical remission (CBR) with current weight-based thiopurine dosing is challenging. We investigated whether patients could be stratified regarding CBR according to a target range of thiopurine metabolites. Moreover, we explored the effects of azathioprine dosage increases and co-therapy of allopurinol with low-dose thiopurines on metabolite profiles and treatment response. The relation between metabolites and treatment response was assessed in 337 individuals from 4 European centers. In a global, cross-sectional analysis, active metabolites 6-thioguanine nucleotides (6TGN) were similar in those with and without CBR. However, analyzing patients with sequential measurements over 4 years (N = 146) revealed higher average 6TGN levels in those with stable CBR (260pmol/0.2mL) compared to those failing to maintain CBR (181pmol/0.2mL; p = 0.0014) or never achieving CBR (153pmol/0.2mL; p < 0.0001), with an optimal 6TGN cutoff of ≥223pmol/0.2mL (sensitivity: 76% and specificity: 78%). Only 42% exhibited 6TGN ≥223pmol/0.2mL following weight-based dosing, as doses weakly correlated with 6TGN but with 6-methylmercaptopurine (6MMP), a metabolite associated with toxicity. Azathioprine dose increases led to preferential 6MMP formation (+127% vs. 6TGN +34%; p < 0.0001). Conversely, adding allopurinol to thiopurines in difficult-to-treat patients (N = 36) raised 6TGN (168→321pmol/0.2mL; p < 0.0001) and lowered 6MMP (2125→184pmol/0.2mL; p < 0.0001), resulting in improved transaminases in all patients and long-term CBR in 75%. Maintaining CBR in autoimmune hepatitis was associated with 6TGN ≥223pmol/0.2mL. For patients who fail to achieve CBR and therapeutic 6TGN levels despite thiopurine dose increase due to preferential 6MMP formation, comedication of allopurinol alongside low-dose thiopurines represents an efficient alternative.

Организация обучения студентов инженерной графике в современных условиях

In the era of higher education digitization, the integration of information and communication technologies (ICTs) into teaching processes raises pertinent questions about what and how to teach students, thereby underscoring the relevance of this article’s topic. This research aims to propose a viable approach to organizing seminars on graphic disciplines within technical universities. Key objectives include theoretical analysis of instructional material presentation, student surveys to determine preferred learning formats, and subsequent analysis of findings. Research methods encompass theoretical analysis of pedagogical literature, synthesis, observation, surveys, and result analysis. The article examines modern instructional methods, highlighting the “flipped classroom” approach. The theoretical significance lies in synthesizing existing practices and offering recommendations for leveraging ICTs in educational practices. Practical significance is demonstrated through case studies applying the flipped classroom model at seminars on descriptive geometry at Bauman Moscow State Technical University and integrating ICTs into teaching engineering graphics at D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia. In conclusion, this study contributes to understanding effective strategies for teaching engineering graphics amidst digital transformations in higher education. The implementation of ICT-enhanced methodologies like the flipped classroom proves beneficial for fostering interactive and engaging learning environments, thereby enhancing educational outcomes in technical disciplines.

Enhancing ion separation efficiency: Janus charged nanofiltration membrane fabricated via polyethyleneimine-manipulated interfacial polymerization

This research introduces highly efficient nanofiltration (NF) membranes designed for the effective rejection of both divalent cations and anions, a critical feature for advanced water treatment technologies. We have devised a simple yet adaptable approach for fabricating Janus polyamide (PA) thin-films characterized by dual charges, which exhibit pronounced selectivity towards both mono-/divalent anions and cations. Leveraging a straightforward interfacial polymerization (IP) process, we integrated high molecular weight polyethyleneimine (PEI) within the PA matrix. This strategy ensured the preferential formation of a dense, negatively charged upper layer dominated by piperazine (PIP), while cationic macromolecular PEI facilitated the emergence of a loose and positively charged lower layer, thus giving rise to a distinctively charged and structurally heterogeneous PA thin-film. Furthermore, the strategic inclusion of PEI inhibits the diffusion of the PIP, thereby promoting the development of nano-wrinkled structures. This structural innovation not only enhances pure water permeance (16.0 L m−2 h−1 bar−1) but also optimizes ion selectivity through the coordination of steric hindrance and Donnan effects. Consequently, the Janus charged NF membranes we developed exhibit exceptional selectivity for mono-/divalent ions, particularly demonstrating remarkable ion selectivity for Cl−/SO42− and Li+/Mg2+ of 102 and 24, respectively. Our findings introduce a pioneering avenue for fabricating NF membranes that proficiently separate mono-/divalent ions, promising significant advancements in water treatment and purification endeavors.

Influence of Ultrafine Fly Ash and Slag Powder on Microstructure and Properties of Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement Paste.

This study investigated the influences of ultrafine fly ash (UFA) and ultrafine slag powder (USL) on the compressive strengths, autogenous shrinkage, phase assemblage, and microstructure of magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC). The findings indicate that the aluminosilicate fractions present in both ultrafine fly ash and ultrafine slag participate in the acid-base reaction of the MKPC system, resulting in a preferential formation of irregularly crystalline struvite-K incorporating Al and Si elements or amorphous aluminosilicate phosphate products. UFA addition mitigates early age autogenous shrinkage in MKPC-based materials, whereas USL exacerbates this shrinkage. In terms of the sustained mechanical strength development of the MKPC system, ultrafine fly ash is preferred over ultrafine slag powder. MKPC pastes with ultrafine fly ash show greater compressive strength compared to those with ultrafine slag powder at 180 days due to denser interfaces between the ultrafine fly ash particles and hydration products like struvite-K. The incorporation of 30 wt% ultrafine fly ash enhances compressive strengths across all testing ages.

Transactionology of publication under reference and periodical sections using ICT and coding

Purpose. The project intends to use a qualitative approach to investigate the state and procedures of present transaction processes to pinpoint inefficiencies. Integrating ICT and coding solutions will be formulated and examined through prototyping to evaluate their feasibility and effectiveness. By concentrating on user behaviour and section-specific dynamics, the study offers a more analytical and data-driven approach to library management by leveraging Python's analytical capabilities and extracting quantitative data from transaction logs. Future funding can be directed towards required and necessary subjects by using library management's data to research trends and student requirements. This research can potentially transform library operations and ultimately enhance everyone's user experience for all.Methodology. The approach entails the utilization of ICT and programming to conduct a qualitative examination of data about the transaction aspects of publications.Results and discussion. By utilising ICT and coding, publication transaction data is consolidated efficiently in the preferred format, paving the way for advanced analytics and strategic insights with minimal human input.Conclusions. This study contributes to the examination, implementation, and consolidation of automated transaction recording across various sections of a library, with a prospective expansion towards integration with library management systems such as KOHA, Evergreen, Easylib, and Software for University Libraries (SOUL).

Enantioselective bioaccumulation, biotransformation and spatial distribution of chiral fungicide difenoconazole in earthworms (Eisenia fetida)

The enantioselective environmental behavior of difenoconazole, a widely utilized triazole fungicide commonly detected in agricultural soils, has yet to be comprehensively explored within the earthworm-soil system. To address this research gap, we investigated the bioaccumulation and elimination kinetics, degradation pathways, biotransformation mechanisms, spatial distribution, and toxicity of chiral difenoconazole. The four stereoisomers of difenoconazole were baseline separated and analyzed using SFC-MS/MS. Pronounced enantioselectivity was observed during the uptake phase, with earthworms exhibiting a preference for (2R,4R)-difenoconazole and (2R,4S)-difenoconazole. A total of five transformation products (TPs) were detected and identified using UHPLC-QTOF/MS in the earthworm-soil system. Four of the TPs were detected in both earthworm and soil, and one TP was produced only in eaerthwroms. Hydrolysis and hydroxylation were the primary transformation pathways of difenoconazole in both earthworms and soil. Furthermore, a chiral TP, 3-chloro, 4-hydroxy difenoconazole, was generated with significant enantioselectivity, and molecular docking results indicate the greater catalytic bioactivity of (2R,4R)- and (2R,4S)-difenoconazole, leading to the preferential formation of their corresponding hydroxylated TPs. Furthermore, Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) was applied for the first time to explore the spatial distribution of difenoconazole and the TPs in earthworms, and the "secretory zone" was found to be the dominant region to uptake and biodegrade difenoconazole. ECOSAR predictions highlighted the potentially hazardous impact of most difenoconazole TPs on aquatic ecosystems. These findings are important for understanding the environmental fate of difenoconazole, evaluating environmental risks, and offering valuable insights for guiding scientific bioremediation efforts.

Persimmon leaf polyphenols as potential ingredients for modulating starch digestibility: Effect of starch-polyphenol interaction

The interaction mode between persimmon leaf polyphenols (PLP) and corn starch with different amylose content and its effect on starch digestibility was studied. Results of iodine binding test, TGA, and DSC revealed that PLP interacted with starch and reduced the iodine binding capacity and thermal stability of starch. High amylopectin corn starch (HAPS) interacted with PLP mainly via hydrogen bonds, since the FT-IR of HAPS-PLP complex showed higher intensity at 3400 cm−1 and an obvious shift of 21 cm−1 to shorter wavelength, and the chemical shifts of protons in 1H NMR and the shift of C-6 peak in 13C NMR of HAPS moved to low field with the addition of PLP. Results of 1H NMR also showed the preferential formation of hydrogen bonds between PLP and OH-3 of HAPS. Different from HAPS, PLP formed V-type inclusion complex with high amylose corn starch (HAS) because XRD of HAS-PLP complex showed characteristic feature peaks of V-type inclusion complex and C-1 signal in 13C NMR of PLP-complexed HAS shifted to low field. Interaction with PLP reduced starch digestibility and HAS-PLP complex resulted in more resistant starch production than HAPS-PLP complex. To complex PLP with starch might be a potential way to prepare functional starch with slower digestion.

Non-technical skills training for Nigerian interprofessional surgical teams: a cross-sectional survey

IntroductionNon-technical skills (NTS) including communication, teamwork, leadership, situational awareness, and decision making, are essential for enhancing surgical safety. Often perceived as tangential soft skills, NTS are many times not included in formal medical education curricula or continuing medical professional development. We aimed to explore exposure of interprofessional teams in North-Central Nigeria to NTS and ascertain perceived facilitators and barriers to interprofessional training in these skills to enhance surgical safety and inform design of a relevant contextualized curriculum.MethodsSix health facilities characterised by high surgical volumes in Nigeria’s North-Central geopolitical zone were purposively identified. Federal, state, and private university teaching hospitals, non-teaching public and private hospitals, and a not-for-profit health facility were included. A nineteen-item, web-based, cross-sectional survey was distributed to 71 surgical providers, operating room nurses, and anaesthesia providers by snowball sampling through interprofessional surgical team leads from August to November 2021. Data were analysed using Fisher’s exact test, proportions, and constant comparative methods for free text responses.ResultsRespondents included 17 anaesthesia providers, 21 perioperative nurses, and 29 surgeons and surgical trainees, with a 95.7% survey completion rate. Over 96% had never heard of any NTS for surgery framework useful for variable resource contexts and only 8% had ever received any form of NTS training. Interprofessional teams identified communication and teamwork as the most deficient personal skills (38, 57%), and as the most needed for surgical team improvement (45, 67%). There was a very high demand for NTS training by all surgical team members (64, 96%). The main motivations for training were expectations of resultant improved patient safety and improved interprofessional team dynamics. Week-long, hybrid training courses (with combined in-person and online components) were the preferred format for delivery of NTS education. Factors that would facilitate attendance included a desire for patient safety and self-improvement, while barriers to attendance were conflicts of time, and training costs.ConclusionsInterprofessional surgical teams in the Nigerian context have a high degree of interest in NTS training, and believe it can improve team dynamics, personal performance, and ultimately patient safety. Implementation of NTS training programs should emphasize interprofessional communication and teamworking.

Gas-Phase Preparation of the 14π Hückel Polycyclic Aromatic Anthracene and Phenanthrene Isomers (C14H10) via the Propargyl Addition-BenzAnnulation (PABA) Mechanism.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) imply the missing link between resonantly stabilized free radicals and carbonaceous nanoparticles, commonly referred to as soot particles in combustion systems and interstellar grains in deep space. Whereas gas phase formation pathways to the simplest PAH - naphthalene (C10H8) - are beginning to emerge, reaction pathways leading to the synthesis of the 14π Hückel aromatic PAHs anthracene and phenanthrene (C14H10) are still incomplete. Here, by utilizing a chemical microreactor in conjunction with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization (PI) of the products followed by detection of the ions in a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ReTOF-MS), the reaction between the 1'- and 2'-methylnaphthyl radicals (C11H9⋅) with the propargyl radical (C3H3⋅) accesses anthracene (C14H10) and phenanthrene (C14H10) via the Propargyl Addition-BenzAnnulation (PABA) mechanism in conjunction with a hydrogen assisted isomerization. The preferential formation of the thermodynamically less stable anthracene isomer compared to phenanthrene suggests a kinetic, rather than a thermodynamics control of the reaction.

A combined density functional theory and microkinetics simulations study of electrochemical CO2 reduction on Cu8/SnO2(110): The crucial role of hydrogen coverage

The electrochemical reduction of CO2 (eCO2R) is a promising approach for converting CO2 into valuable chemicals and fuels using renewable energy sources. We investigated the mechanism of eCO2R for a small Cu8 cluster placed on SnO2 containing O vacancies using density functional theory and predicted current density and selectivity by microkinetics simulations within the computational hydrogen electrode model. Low and high H coverages were modeled by Cu8/SnO2-x and Cu8H6/SnO2-x models, using statistical methods to identify their most stable structures. Different CO2 adsorption modes on Cu8/SnO2-x and Cu8H6/SnO2-x surface models, all containing an O vacancy, resulted in distinct reaction pathways, leading to either HCOOH or CO. The preferred formation of HCOOH occurred upon CO2 adsorption on an O vacancy on the Cu8H6/SnO2-x surface, followed by sequential hydrogenation to HCOO and HCOOH. Adsorption of CO2 on Cu8/SnO2-x opened a facile pathway to CO. Electronic structure analysis revealed that differences in charge donation of Cu to the antibonding orbitals of CO2 can explain the predicted selectivity differences. The preferred adsorption mode of CO2 is bidentate at the Cu-SnO2-x interface. Our findings emphasize the role of H coverage on Cu on the selectivity of eCO2R for Cu/SnOx catalysts.

Understanding preferences for receiving health communications and information about clinical trials: a cross-sectional study among US adults

Objective Effective health communication is critical for understanding and acting on health information. This cross-sectional study explored participants’ understanding of their health condition, their preferences for receiving health communications, and their interest in receiving clinical trial results across several therapeutic areas. Methods The study recruited participants via social media, email newsletters, and advocacy organizations. An online screener captured demographic information (health conditions, age, race/ethnicity, gender, and education). Eligible participants were emailed an online survey assessing preferred sources and formats for receiving health information, interest in learning about topics related to the results of clinical trials, and health literacy levels. Results In total, 449 participants (median age, 35 years [range, 18–76]; White, 53%; higher education, 65%; mean (range) health literacy score, 1.9 [0.4–3.0]) from 45 US states completed the survey representing 12 disease indications (bipolar, blood and solid tumor cancers, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, major depressive disorder, migraine, Parkinson’s, psoriasis/atopic dermatitis, retinal vein occlusion/macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, and spasticity). Healthcare providers were the preferred source of health information (59%), followed by Internet searches (11%). Least preferred sources were social media (5%), friends/family (3%), and email newsletters (2%). Participants preferred multiple formats and ranked reading materials online as most preferred (33%), along with videos (28%) and infographics (27%). Printed materials (14%) and audio podcasts (9%) were the least preferred formats. A majority of the participants reported that the health information they found was hard to understand (57%) and confusing (62%). Most participants (85%) were somewhat/very interested in learning about clinical trial results, with the highest interest in short summaries of safety (78%) and efficacy (74%) results. Conclusion Effective health communication may be achieved via multiple formats shared directly by healthcare providers.

Formation of Key Aroma Compounds During 30 Weeks of Ripening in Gouda-Type Cheese Produced from Pasteurized and Raw Milk.

Gouda-type cheeses were produced on a pilot-scale from raw milk (RM-G) and pasteurized milk (PM-G). Sixteen key aroma compounds previously characterized by the sensomics approach were quantitated in the unripened cheeses and at five different ripening stages (4, 7, 11, 19, and 30 weeks) by means of stable isotope dilution assays. Different trends were observed in the formation of the key aroma compounds. Short-chain free fatty acids and ethyl butanoate as well as ethyl hexanoate continuously increased during ripening but to a greater extent in RM-G. Branched-chain fatty acids such as 3-methylbutanoic acid were also continuously formed and reached a 60-fold concentration after 30 weeks, in particular in PM-G. 3-Methylbutanal and butane-2,3-dione reached a maximum concentration after 7 weeks and decreased with longer ripening. Lactones were high in the unripened cheeses and increased only slightly during ripening. Recent results have shown that free amino acids were released during ripening. The aroma compounds 3-methylbutanal, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 3-methylbutanoic acid are suggested to be formed by microbial enzymes degrading the amino acid l-leucine following the Ehrlich pathway. To gain insight into the quantitative formation of each of the three aroma compounds, the conversion of the labeled precursors (13C6)-l-leucine and (2H3)-2-keto-4-methylpentanoic acid into the isotopically labeled aroma compounds was studied. By applying the CAMOLA approach (defined mixture of labeled and unlabeled precursor), l-leucine was confirmed as the only precursor of the three aroma compounds in the cheese with the preferential formation of 3-methylbutanoic acid.

Paper-based versus digital-based learning among undergraduate medical, nursing and pharmaceutical students in Japan: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveSince the emergence of COVID-19, university education has drastically transformed into digital-based learning (DBL). Online education has been well recognised as a promising mode of teaching; however, only a limited...

Microstructure and properties of high-strength lightweight ceramsites customised with ultra-fine copper tailings

The accumulation of copper tailings not only consumes a significant amount of land resources but also incurs substantial treatment expenses and causes environmental pollution. This article presents an investigation on the feasibility of utilizing ultra-fine copper tailings (CTs), polishing slag (PS), and fly ash (FA) to produce customised high-strength ceramsites for treating and reusing copper tailings.Additionally, the effects of raw material mass ratio and sintering temperature on the physical properties, thermal properties, chemical structure, and expansion mechanism of the high-strength ceramsites were investigated. The experimental results revealed that the well-formed ceramsites exhibited an apparent density of 486–2304 kg/m3, a bulk density of 288–1659 kg/m3, a 1-h water absorption rate of 0.13–3.9 %, and a particle compressive strength of 0.87–22.4 MPa with copper tailings content of 50∼100 % under preheating temperature 950 ℃ for 40 min and sintering temperature 1195–1225 ℃ for 40 min. The XRD analysis of crystal phases indicated that the mineral compositions of ceramsites contained quartz, anorthite, albite, and mullite. Moreover, the FTIR spectra displayed that [AlO4] and [SiO4] were interconnected into a complementary network which enhanced the strength of ceramsites. Additionally, the microstructure analysis revealed that more evenly distributed and smaller pore structures and rougher matrix were associated with higher compressive strength. The temperature difference between the interior and exterior led to the preferential formation of a slag phase which exerted a bonding effect on the composite feldspar phase. These findings suggest that ultra-finecopper tailings could be recycled in artificial aggregate technology in concrete engineering, and provide theoretical support for the large-scale utilization of tailings.

Preferential formation of uniform spherical vaterite by harnessing vortex flows and integrated CO2 capture and mineralization

The use of calcium bearing resources to facilitate solvent regeneration and CO2 reuse via carbon mineralization offers a low energy pathway for the production of calcium carbonate. However, a crucial challenge is the lack of specificity in the formation of various calcium carbonate polymorphs during carbon mineralization. One of the less explored but highly effective approaches to tune the morphology and crystal structure of specific carbonate phases involves tuning vortex flows. This approach is an alternative to utilizing chemical reagents that need to be regenerated for tuning the morphologies and crystalline structures to direct the formation of specific carbonate phases. In this study, the efficacy of using homogeneous vortex flows in limiting the agglomeration of carbonate particles and directing the formation of metastable vaterite phases is discussed and contrasted with the influence of inhomogeneous conventional feed flow patterns on precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). Herein, a Taylor-Couette Carbonate Conversion (TC3) reactor is used to direct the formation of spherical vaterite particles with uniform particle size distribution preferentially over calcite and other phases. The formed vortex patterns inside TC3 reactor provide homogeneous reaction spaces conducive to PCC formation, ensuring uniform mixing throughout the process. By increasing the rotational speed and the residence time, higher purity carbonates with more uniform sizes are obtained. Furthermore, preferential vaterite formation is also observed in leachates obtained from alkaline industrial residues such as construction and demolition waste and steel slag. Thus, the proposed approach is effective in harnessing multiple waste streams such as CO2 emissions and alkaline industrial residues to produce calcium carbonate phases such as vaterite with structural and morphological specificity.

A new reactive Mo-S-C force field to explore structure and properties of MoS2-C 2D materials and films

We employed a Monte-Carlo optimization scheme to successfully create a novel ReaxFF parameter set tailored for the exploration of the structures and energetics of Mo-S-C materials. This force field underwent rigorous testing against Density Functional Theory (DFT) data and exhibited its efficacy in modeling a broad spectrum of structures, ranging from composite heterolayer 2D structures to fully amorphous coatings. Subsequently, we applied this force field to get insights into the structural formation of amorphous MoS2-C films. Our simulations yielded promising results, revealing, in agreement with the experimental findings, preferential formation of Mo-S and C-C bonds along with rapid phase segregation.

Solar‐Light‐Driven Photocatalytic Oxidative Coupling of Phenol Derivatives over Bismuth‐Based Porous Metal Halide Perovskites

AbstractThe selective oxidative coupling of phenol derivatives, involving carbon‐carbon (C−C) and carbon‐oxygen (C−O) bond formation, has emerged as a critical approach in the synthesis of natural products. However, achieving precise control over the selectivity in coupling reactions of unsubstituted phenols utilizing solar light as the driving force remains a big challenge. In this study, we report a series of porous Cs3Bi2X9 (X=Cl, Br, I) photocatalysts with tailored band gaps and compositions engineered for efficient solar‐light‐driven oxidative phenol coupling. Notably, p‐Cs3Bi2Br9 exhibited about 73 % selectivity for C−C coupling, displaying a high formation rate of 47.3 μmol gcat−1 h−1 under solar radiation. Furthermore, this approach enables control of the site‐selectivity for phenol derivatives on Cs3Bi2X9, enhancing C−C coupling. The distinctive porous structure and appropriate band‐edge positions of Cs3Bi2Br9 facilitated efficient charge separation, and surface interaction/activation of phenolic hydroxyl groups, resulting in the kinetically preferred formation of C−C over C−O bond. Mechanistic insights into the reaction pathway, supported by comprehensive control experiments, unveiled the crucial role of interfacial charge transfers and Lewis acid Bi sites in stabilizing phenolic intermediates, thereby directing the regioselectivity of diradical couplings and resulting in the formation of unsymmetrical biphenols.

E006 Providing information on arthritis medication: a service evaluation

Abstract Background/Aims Traditionally patients commencing disease modifying anti-rheumatic medications (DMARDs) attended a face to face consultation with a rheumatology nurse or pharmacist, to discuss benefits, concerns and safety monitoring. The pandemic has led to an increase in the use of remote methods of information sharing including telephone consultations. The aim of this service evaluation was to elicit patients preferences on receiving information on arthritis medications to help inform service development. Methods A service evaluation with contributions from patients and stakeholders was designed and registered with the trust. Patients who were commencing or taking DMARDs attending, one of two hospital sites, in North Staffordshire were asked to complete a short questionnaire from November 2022-April 2023. Some patients completed the questionnaire at the end of their telephone drug counselling appointment with the assistance of the nurse whilst others completed the questionnaire whilst attending in person for their appointment. The questionnaire focused on the preferred format for receiving information on arthritis medications including a face to face appointment with a health professional (even if this meant a wait), telephone consultation, attending a group counselling session, having a drug information leaflet with the option to contact a health professional to answer any questions or watching a video on a device with internet access (computer, smart phone or tablet). The importance of receiving information on the same day as commencing treatment was also explored. Results 64 patients took part in the survey. No demographic data was collected. The most popular method for receiving information on arthritis medications was a face to face appointment, even if it meant a delay in starting medication (n = 32,50%). The second most popular method was an information leaflet with the option to discuss any concerns via the telephone (n = 12,19 %). The third preference to receive information were via a video, again with the option to discuss concerns remotely (n = 10, 16%) or a telephone appointment, even if it meant a delay in starting medication (n 10,16%) Surprisingly although no patients expressed a preference to attend a group counselling session, 36 (56%) would attend if offered. When presented with the option of having information on the same day as the decision was made to commence medication, or, having to wait to discuss the mediation with a health professional, there was a strong preference to see a health professional (n = 46, 72%) Conclusion Patients clearly value discussing commencing DMARDs with a health professional even if this means a delay in treatment. Having just one approach to information giving does not equate with individual needs and a range of options regarding information delivery that the patient can select from is required. Disclosure S. Ryan: None. S. Hider: None. Z. Paskins: None.

Solar-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Oxidative Coupling of Phenol Derivatives over Bismuth-Based Porous Metal Halide Perovskites.

The selective oxidative coupling of phenol derivatives, involving carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-oxygen (C-O) bond formation, has emerged as a critical approach in the synthesis of natural products. However, achieving precise control over the selectivity in coupling reactions of unsubstituted phenols utilizing solar light as the driving force remains a big challenge. In this study, we report a series of porous Cs3Bi2X9 (X=Cl, Br, I) photocatalysts with tailored band gaps and compositions engineered for efficient solar-light-driven oxidative phenol coupling. Notably, p-Cs3Bi2Br9 exhibited about 73 % selectivity for C-C coupling, displaying a high formation rate of 47.3 μmol gcat -1 h-1 under solar radiation. Furthermore, this approach enables control of the site-selectivity for phenol derivatives on Cs3Bi2X9, enhancing C-C coupling. The distinctive porous structure and appropriate band-edge positions of Cs3Bi2Br9 facilitated efficient charge separation, and surface interaction/activation of phenolic hydroxyl groups, resulting in the kinetically preferred formation of C-C over C-O bond. Mechanistic insights into the reaction pathway, supported by comprehensive control experiments, unveiled the crucial role of interfacial charge transfers and Lewis acid Bi sites in stabilizing phenolic intermediates, thereby directing the regioselectivity of diradical couplings and resulting in the formation of unsymmetrical biphenols.