Preemptive Strike Research Articles

Значение боевых приёмов борьбы в структуре служебно-оперативной деятельности сотрудников полиции

The introduction shows the role and importance of physical training in improving the service and operational activities of police officers.
 The article reveals the problem of using combat fighting techniques for cadets and students of educational organisations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, their development and application in further service in the practical internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation, and also notes that combat fighting techniques are one of the main components of the service and operational activities of policemen in hand-to-hand combat with offenders. Consequently, this is a kind of combat in which both firearms and cold weapons are used, as well as improvised means and martial arts without weapons. These techniques constitute the basic complex of self-defense at close range with the help of preemptive strikes to enhance the activities of police officers and other law enforcement agencies in order to protect civilians. In the process of discussing the research results, recommendations were developed for the protection of the civilian population from criminal arbitrariness, based on the analysis; it was proposed to rename the section «Combat fighting techniques» to «Hand-to-hand combat».
 The results of the study showed that the cadets are well-prepared in terms of mastering the legal foundations for the use of combat fighting techniques; they study these techniques more qualitatively than poorly trained officials and perform them with an «excellent» rating. 
 In addition, fighting techniques of wrestling are an integral part of self-defense. It is shown that for a better and deeper mastering techniques studied within the framework of this discipline, an official of the internal affairs bodies must first at least theoretically study the system of self-defense, and then, enriched with knowledge, practically learn the basic combat techniques.
 In conclusion, it was noted that hand-to-hand combat contributes to the development and improvement of physical qualities and the effective implementation of operational and service tasks. It is recommended that physical culture and sports societies organize courses for the general population on the study of self-defense techniques.

태권도선수의 파워태권도 경기력 향상을 위한 기술 분석

Power Taekwondo, a viewing-type taekwondo competition, is currently being piloted with the goal of attracting spectators’ interest and developing media-friendly games. The goal of the current study is to analyze the skills used in power Taekwondo and to identify the skills affecting wins and defeats. The results were calculated using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and three-way ANOVA based on the 85 videos of 2022 Power Taekwondo competition. Descripttive analysis revealed that the order of Power Taekwondo was round kick, push kick, kick-down, kick-from-the-back, fist, narae kick,dolgae-kick, and kick back round kick. The winner group’s used 49.1% of the body and 5.1% of the head, 54.2% in total and the defeated applied 41.8% of the body and 4.0% of the head, 45.8% in total. The difference in pre-emptive attack skills between the winners and the defeated was that the former attempted to spin and push kick than the latter and the winners focused on the central operation. The winners also used more pre-emptive attacks than the opposites. No significant difference between two groups was found with respect to the counter-attacks. Technical attempts by weight class showed differences among weight classes in the use of kick-down and kick-from-the-back. Under 75㎏ revealed more central operations than under 65㎏ and over 75㎏. In addition, the outer operation was confirmed in the order of over 75㎏, under 75㎏, and under 65㎏, respectively. Through the analysis of power Taekwondo’s skills, the attack style was pre-emptive a and the use of skills was turned-around-kick, kick-down, kick-from-the-back. The winners showed more centralized operation than the defeated. Although Power Taekwondo shows a difference in skills from the current Olympic Taekwondo competition, a large number of matches and various analysis of matches are required.

India’s Evolving Deterrent Force Posturing in South Asia: Temptation for Pre-emptive Strikes, Power Projection and Escalation Dominance

India’s Evolving Deterrent Force Posturing in South Asia: Temptation for Pre-emptive Strikes, Power Projection and Escalation Dominance

Article 3 of Regulation 1/2003 and the Doctrine of Pre-Emption

Article 3 of Regulation 1/2003 and the Doctrine of Pre-Emption

МЕЛІТОПОЛЬСЬКЕ ДЗЕРКАЛО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ТРАГЕДІЇ ГОЛОДОМОРУ

The Holodomor in Melitopol region was a fragment of a long hybrid battle between the Russian- Bolshevik authorities and the Ukrainian people. Stalin's genocide by means of the Holodomor, terror, and deportations was aimed at destroying the conscious part of the Ukrainian political nation in order to undermine its ability to self-determination. The "devastating blow" of the famine was inflicted, first of all, on the rural periphery of the USSR, where ethnic Ukrainians made up about 90% of the population. However, the Holodomor did not choose according to nationality - Bulgarian, German, Russian, and Czech villages were also affected in the Melitopol region. It was the common Calvary of the people and its deadly cathedral. Our calculations of the victims of famine in Melitopol region need to be clarified, but they testify to many times greater losses in this "quiet war" than in other pre-war years. The Moscow Center committed the crime of genocide both in Melitopol region and throughout Ukraine. The leadership of the colonial republic, in fact, admitted to complicity in the genocide, when the first secretary of the Central Committee of the CP(b)U V. Kosior reported to Stalin on March 15, 1933, that the "starvation" was a means of teaching unruly collective farm workers mind. Stalin's genocide was a deliberate implementation of Lenin's strategic plan to liberate fertile lands from the "surplus" population and at the same time tame the rebellious Ukrainian peasants with hunger. A pre-emptive strike was made against the republic, which, according to Stalin, threatened imperial integrity with separatism and undermined the power of Moscow. Russian's new attempt to defeat Ukraine in an existential war and the latest genocide of the people, in particular, in the temporarily occupied multinational Melitopol region, convinces that the process of increasing knowledge about the Holodomor at the regional level is receiving new momentum and actualization.

Engineering Game Theory of Green Hydrogen towards Energy Transition using Shariah Jurisprudence Developmental Framework based on Ethical Decision-Making from Philosophy of Technology

Green hydrogen is a production of business philosophy inclined to promote renewable energies. Its paradigm shift works on targeting the absence of carbon emissions leading to compliance of the first law of thermodynamics since the financial intelligence of business industries is designed to maintain the abundance of natural resources through economical means. Sustainable development is the result of business growth innovations based on environmental impact assessments concerning marketing of goods and services. However, there are observed restrictions on these contract laws of business transactions, thus, problems can be raised pertaining to monetary intelligence of environmental laws. This paper is designed to address issues on energy transition and elucidate the equation development of statutory interpretation and its gaps to environmental laws and electricity regulations using game theory modelling of shariah jurisprudence method resulting to question development of services, particularly, the hydrogen production and zero target emission of greenhouse gases based on Renewable Energy (Electricity) Bill 2000 (Cth). The legal history of commercial transactions, starting from Hague to Rotterdam Rules are documented to enhance the bill of lading pertaining to transportation of goods in relation to receipt and delivery. Constitutional laws are superior as pre-emption doctrine for compliance and harmony of other statutory laws such as electricity bill and climate change regulations. Energy regulations are observed to comply with climate change policies for tightening the monetary strength of business systems against depletion of environmental resources. Therefore, if green hydrogen is the 2050 plan for electricity transition, its prediction is analogous to the technological services of concession elucidating the equation development of business economics and its environmental laws for public safety in meeting the energy demands resulting zero target emission.

Redefining the Future of Carbon Neutrality: Overcoming the Challenges of Preemption Doctrine

Redefining the Future of Carbon Neutrality: Overcoming the Challenges of Preemption Doctrine

Fear can promote competition, defensive aggression, and dominance complementarity.

Fear can undermine cooperation. It may discourage individuals from collaborating with others because of concerns about potential exploitation; prompt them to engage in defensive aggression by launching a preemptive strike; and propel power-seeking individuals to act dominantly rather than compassionately. Therefore, accumulated evidence requires a more contextualized consideration of the link between fear and cooperation in adults.

Izraelska preemptivna upotreba vojne sile u šestodnevnom ratu 1967. godine

The Six-Day War of 1967 was a war conflict almost unanimously defined in the scientific literature as a school example of preemptive war. The conflict was initiated with Israel's attack on Egypt and Syria, after prolonged concentration of strong military forces on their common borders by the two countries. In order to prevent joint and coordinated attack on two fronts, Israel destroyed the Egyptian and Syrian Air Force with a carefully planned airstrike in the matter of hours. Since the founding of the State, the Israeli political and military elite have been guided by a collective narrative in addressing serious security threats. This narrative is based on drawing historical parallels with the experience of collective political violence against Jews as a political community in the past. It dictates proactivity in the protection of national interests and national security, and over time it has manifested itself in various ways. The Israeli army, as well as other security branches, have acted preemptively and preventively many times whenever the need to protect the lives and property of Israeli citizens arose. In the eyes of the Israeli political and military elite each of the mentioned above security threats was placed in the context of the German attempt to exterminate the Jews in WW2. Regardless of our attitudes towards the Middle East conflict, the fact remains that Israel's survival was most threatened in 1948 and 1973, that is, the only two times when Israel was not the first to attack its enemies who grouped against it.

Principles, personalities, or trade? Explaining Taft’s 1911 prosecution of U.S. Steel

Abstract In 1911, the Taft Administration undertook one of the most consequential antitrust prosecutions, charging U.S. Steel with violating the Sherman Act. Some accept Taft’s claim that he was bound to act by legal principles. Others view these prosecutions as a pre-emptive attack on Theodore Roosevelt, sparked by rivalries within the Republican Party. Neither account is persuasive. The Republicans did split, but the resulting cleavage does not align with either of these arguments. These prosecutions sprang from a struggle over trade policy. Taft tried to liberalize trade twice. With his second failure, Taft abandoned those efforts. He joined the protectionist Stand-Pat wing, turning to antitrust policy to defend the protectionists’ interests. The trade-based interpretation resolves several inconsistencies in the traditional narratives, and yields a clearer description of the resulting cleavage. Taft shifted antitrust policy for tactical reasons, not because of legal principles, nor a personal rivalry with Roosevelt.

Editor's Note

Editor's Note

Henry VIII

Reviewed by: Henry VIII Robert Hubbard Henry VIII Presented by Shakespeare’s Globe, London. 19 May–21 October 2022. Additions by Hannah Khalil. Directed by Amy Hodge. Designed by Georgia Lowe. Music composed by Bytom Deering and Maimuna Memon. Music orchestrated and arranged by Bytom Deering. Songwriting and lyrics by Maimuna Memon. Music performed by Joley Cragg, Nina Harries, Garance Louis, and Shirley Tetteh. With Jamie Ballard (Cardinal Wolsey), Esmonde Cole (Surrey/Cromwell), Natasha Cottriall (Princess Mary), Janet Etuk (Anne Bullen), Adam Gillen (King Henry VIII), Debbie Korley (Woman 1/Patience/Elizabeth), Kevin McMonagle (Chamberlain), Baker Mukasa (Norfolk/Sands), Jonah Russell (Buckingham/Cardinal Campeius), Anne Savva (Woman 2/Hope), Bea Segura (Queen Katharine), and Genevieve Dawson (Narrator/Singer). My students sometimes use the phrase “burn it down” to express their lack of patience with the incremental pace of positive social change. Whether talking about the patriarchy or the collateral damage wrought by capitalism, “burn it down” wafts into their conversation as a swift if not fully vetted solution. This phrase was on my mind when I went to see the summer 2022 production of the play that literally burned the original Globe down in 1613 when a rogue spark from the firing of a ceremonial canon famously ignited the thatched roof of the theater. In this summer’s production of Shakespeare’s and Fletcher’s Henry VIII, the flames were figurative but nevertheless powerful. Director Amy Hodge and playwright Hannah Khalil’s feminist retelling burned down all reverence for Henry VIII’s complicated and deadly patriarchy. Under the PR line, “The present is his / The future is hers,” Henry VIII played from 19 May to 21 October at London’s reconstructed Globe [End Page 556] Theatre. Hodge’s carnivalesque direction and Khalil’s substantial additions to Shakespeare and Fletcher’s script made this recent version almost unrecognizable and substantially better. Instead of a congratulatory masque celebrating one of history’s most notorious misogynists, Hodge and Khalil’s reframed Henry VIII privileged the perspectives of the resilient women present in the margins of the original text. Fans of Shakespeare and Fletcher’s tag-teamed script, assuming some still exist, may have recognized the scorched timbers of the original plot. Buckingham (Jonah Russell) still dared to express his open disdain for the political corruption of the powerful Cardinal Wolsey (Jamie Ballard). In Hodge’s unsubtle staging, Buckingham observed Wolsey filling his suitcase with the gold bricks stacked against the pillars of Georgia Lowe’s garish scene design. Before Buckingham could become a whistleblower, the Cardinal made a preemptive strike. Loyal to Wolsey, Henry VIII (Adam Gillen) remained true to the original text and allowed trumped-up charges of treason to proceed against noble Buckingham; an execution soon followed. Wolsey then supported his King’s plan to divorce his first wife, Katherine (Bea Segura), but tried to play both sides by secretly siding with the Pope regarding Henry’s impetuous desire to wed Anne Bullen (Janet Etuk). This insubordination predictably resulted in Wolsey’s fall from power and the political ascension of Thomas Cromwell (Esmonde Cole). In deference to royal patronage, Shakespeare and Fletcher conclude with a salutation of monarchical legacy. In the original script’s final moments, Henry presents a swaddled baby Elizabeth for a blessing before the Archbishop. Conveniently, Shakespeare and Fletcher’s version concludes here, before Henry’s four additional Queens can make their fateful entrances. While sharing this basic structure with the original version, Khalil’s radically modified text sported deep cuts and substantial new additions. In support of a feminist remaking, Khalil gave the neglected women characters more to say by pirating dozens of lines from other Shakespeare plays and sonnets. For example, Queen Anne took her mandate to procreate seriously by comically screaming, “the world must be peopled!” during childbirth, borrowing from Much Ado About Nothing. Absent from the original text, Katherine and Henry’s daughter Mary (Natasha Cottriall) here became a character and assumed a prominent role, carefully listening to and commenting upon the twists and turns of history that write her fate. Knowing that this young woman ruled England for a short time added a playful sense of destiny to her pirated line from Henry...

Cultivating Peace: The Virgilian Georgic in English, 1650–1750

Cultivating Peace: The Virgilian Georgic in English, 1650–1750

The Effect of the Pre-emtive Military Strike Doctrine on Efforts to Establish New International Legal Provisions

Introduction: One of the interventional measures that can be justified under international law is self-defence. When there has been an armed attack, on the condition that it is instant, overwhelming situation, leaving no means, no moment of deliberation, that is a justifiable proposition for self-defence.Purposes of the Research: To examine and analyze the influence of the doctrine of pre-emtive military strike on efforts to establish new international legal provisions.Methods of the Research: This research uses normative juridical research methods with legal materials used, namely primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The collection technique is carried out through literature studies and then analyzed using qualitative methods.Results of the Research: The practice of some countries today in order to anticipate such an attack, pre-emtive military strikes are carried out in the context of anticipatory self-defense, with the aim of conducting self-defense before an attack occurs. The practice of anticipatory self-defence has become a serious conversation among academics, even when the act is practiced repeatedly continuously by a number of countries and recognized for its existence, it is certain to set a precedent that leads to the creation of an international customary law. Self-defence anticipatory measures applied in the doctrine of preemptive military strike have been adopted by several countries before and after the formation of the UN organization. But this has not set a legal precedent, despite efforts to make it an International custom through the practice of countries. If this is allowed to take place, it will at some point become customary international law. The application of the preemptive military strike will affect the establishment of new international law provisions.

A Study on Some Probability Problems in Proverb Situations

From the perspective of probability theory, this study makes a mathematical model of the proverbs themselves or the background stories reflected by them, carries out experiments and analyses, fully excavating the philosophical, scientific, and cultural connotations contained in the proverbs, and reveals the relationship between “mathematics,” “philosophy,” and “culture.” With the interpretation of probability theory, common sayings show their charm in traditional culture, and the application of probability theory has also been expanded and extended. In this paper, the problems reflected in the proverbs, such as “slanders three to, the mother does not love,” “In repentance, there is salvation., “Three cobblers with their wits combined exceed the mastermind of Zhuge Liang.,“ and “Gain the initiative by preemptive strike, otherwise you will be very passive.” are mathematically and modelically analyzed and tested from the perspective of probability theory and the philosophical culture, and scientific thought behind the proverbs are expounded. “One who sticks to his folly and does nothing to stand by a tree stump waiting for a hare,” “dripping water wears through a stone,” and “iron pestle grinds a needle” are a group of common sayings, which directly reflect the principle of small probability events and its two sides through the story behind them.

Plague, Pestilence and the Peninsula: International Humanitarian Law Concerns of North Korea’s Biological Weapons Program

Abstract Suspected development of advanced biological weapons by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea), despite its status as a party to both the Biological Weapons Convention and other nonproliferation agreements, bears significant implications for both public health and security around the globe. A steady decrease in resources and attention devoted to preparedness for biological attacks or outbreaks since 2001 has exacerbated the vulnerability of the USA and its allies to outbreaks of such pathogens, both from North Korean biological weapons and natural sources. This article assesses several International Humanitarian Law (IHL) issues raised by the prospect of an international armed conflict in which North Korea deploys biological weapons. Historical context is discussed to contextualize the various IHL issues raised by a potential armed conflict, which include United Nations Enforcement actions, anticipatory self-defense, protection of civilians, targeting and proportionality. Preparing for and responding to a potential biological weapons attack by North Korea presents a host of unique challenges for the USA and its allies. An international armed conflict involving the use of such weapons by North Korea against the USA or its allies would be devastating for civilians and military personnel alike. It is thus imperative to understand the IHL issues raised by such a conflict, including circumstances that would warrant pre-emptive use of force by the USA and its allies, the scale and scope of any military response, and the need to protect civilians throughout the Korean peninsula.

Regulation with Experimentation: Ex Ante Approval, Ex Post Withdrawal, and Liability

We analyze the optimal mix of ex ante experimentation and ex post learning for the dynamic adoption of activities with uncertain payoffs in a two-phase model of information diffusion. In a first preintroduction phase, costly experimentation is undertaken to decide whether to adopt an activity or abandon experimentation. In a second stage following adoption, learning can continue possibly at a different pace while the activity remains in place; the withdrawal option is exercised following the accumulation of sufficiently bad news. We compare from a law and economics perspective the performance of three regulatory frameworks commonly adopted to govern private experimentation and adoption incentives: liability, withdrawal, and authorization regulation. Liability should be preempted to avoid chilling of activities that generate large positive externalities consistent with the preemption doctrine. Liability should be used to discourage excessive experimentation for activities that generate small positive externalities. Authorization regulation should be lenient whenever it is used consistent with the organization of regulation in a number of areas, ranging from product safety to antitrust. This paper was accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy.

국제법상 요청에 의한 무력개입의 적법성

As “the threat or use of force” is generally prohibited under Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter, the principle prohibiting the use of force has been firmly established as a general principle of international law. In addition, as an exception to the principle prohibiting the use of force, it is generally recognized that the exercise of the right of self-defence against prior armed attack or the use of force under the approval of the United Nations Security Council is exceptionally permitted. Nevertheless, in order to justify the use of force in the international community, States have used various international legal justifications, including anticipatory or preemptive self-defence, humanitarian intervention, protection of overseas nationals, protection of democracy, and self-determination. The so-called “intervention by invitation” is one of the main justifications that States claim to intervene in foreign civil war. However, if consent is granted by the requesting state, there would be no “use of force” prohibited from the beginning, so the intervention cannot be regarded exception to Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter. Despite the relevant principles of international law related to foreign forcible intervention, especially the principle prohibiting the use of force, non-intervention, and self-determination, intervention by invitation is clearly permitted under international law. Nevertheless, if a State intervenes in another state's civil war and uses “intervention by invitation” as a legal justification, the question arises as to who has the authority to request forcible intervention, that is, what is the criterion for judging a legitimate government under international law. For this reason, most of the controversies related to “intervention by request” arise due to the question of who can give valid consent. In this paper, we first theoretically review the legality of intervention by invitation under international law, and then comprehensively review the controversy raised when intervention by invitation is invoked, especially in the context of civil war.

1990s and the Remaking of the Neoconservative Foreign Policy Paradigm

This essay explains how neoconservative foreign policy doctrine evolved from strenuously seeking to defeat the communist enemy during the Cold War to thoroughly seeking to preserve America’s newfound “unipolar moment” by constructing new enemies to defeat. It analyzes the generational transition within the neoconservative movement from the 1970s to the 1990s and its empire-building project in the post-Cold War era. Based on neoconservative publications and contributions to magazines such as Commentary, The National Interest, and Weekly Standard as well as the publications, reports, and statements of neoconservative think tanks (The Coalition for a Democratic Majority, The Committee on the Present Danger, American Enterprise Institute, The Project for New American Century, among others), the essay argues that the themes associated with the neoconservatives after 9/11—such as militarism, preemptive war, regime change, democratization, and unilateralism—had been rooted in the neoconservative discourse since the 1970s. It also shows that the post-9/11 neoconservative foreign policy approach was the product of neoconservative narratives during the Cold War era and after the fall of communism. (RA)

Artsakh in the discourse of the information-psychological confrontation of the actors of the new “Great Game”

The author analyzes the psychological essence and content of the information-psychological confrontation of the actors of the new “Great Game” within the framework of the six-week Artsakh conflict. The analysis of the latest practice of modified strategic and behavioral operations reveals the novelty and actualizes the obtained material. Methodology and methods of the research. The new “Great Game” as a psychoanalytic concept and category reveals the context of technologies of information-psychological confrontation in the Anglo-Saxon discourse. The game as a scientific tool leads the meaning of access to algorithms and technologies for destructive communications of the confrontation system on the “southern front” to hyperbolization. The methodology of system and discourse analysis, revealing fragments of information and psychological confrontation, operations and technologies of a new type, is becoming popular. Results of the research. The conceptualized discourse, which carries the narratives of “loyal” politics with the internal logic of management, sets “the dependent world”, the ways of understanding and representation. The synthesis of fragments of the actors’ confrontation on the basis of psychological research reveals the nature of the struggle for domination. The unification of the process, and then the “enforcement to consent and due order” reveal the mechanism of psychological influence used by them. Based on the results of the work, the author identifies the main forms, schemes, fragments of the British strategic operation as a modification of the operation “Azerbaijan” of the early 20th century, as well as the behaviorist operation as an attempt to resolve the conflict between Baku and Yerevan over Artsakh. The analysis of the views of researchers of the activities of Western intelligence services reveals a two-level model of the struggle of actors, where there are two internally closed and relatively independent control circuits. The author notes the effectiveness of the strategy of Baku with the introduction of new cyber-psychotechnologies, artificial intelligence (AI), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), reconnaissance and disinformation mobile groups (RDMG), etc. The lack of a proper strategy, the headquarters of the confrontation and reliance on the potential, the shortage of pre-emptive strikes, their interception, etc. led Yerevan to defeat. Theoretical and practical significance. The research results contribute to the theory and practice of information-psychological confrontation.