Predicative Function Research Articles

SISTEM GLAGOLSKIH PREDIKATA U „USTAVU REPUBLIKE SRBIJE“

The conducted analysis examined the syntactic features of simple and complex verbal predicates in the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, the supreme legal act that has a prescriptive function. Since patient is the dominant instance in the mentioned document, the function of predicate occupies a central place in the analysis. By combining functional and structural criteria, the place of verbal predicates in the corpus that belongs to the administrative functional style is determined. Bearing in mind that this style is charac- terized primarily by nominal expression, the analysis seeks to examine how this character- istic is reflected in the use of verbal predicates. The research results showed the following: 1) Simple verbal predicates appear in the corpus as predicates of both independent and dependent clauses, with the dominant use of the present tense which gives the impres- sion of validity of prescribed norms. The use of simple verbal predicates consisting of transitive verbs with the particle se is frequent, with the purpose of achieving anonymous and impersonal character of the text through the neutralization of the subject. Existential type impersonal sentences are sporadically found in the corpus, with a logical subject in genitive and a negative impersonal form of the verb imati, which contributes to a clear formulation of legal definitions; 2) Both simple and complex verbal predicates often appear in the corpus in the form of the reflexive passive. The first part of such predicates contains verbs moći and smeti (which express deontic modality), as well as aspectual verbs počinjati, nastavljati, nastaviti and prestajati. Regarding modal verbs within complex predicates, adjectives dužan, slobodan, sprečen i ovlašćen are found in the text. Their presence shows that this way of constructing a complex verbal predicate is very productive. All copulative adjective expres- sions in the corpus are accompanied by full verbs in the form of da + present, which seeks to achieve a communicative exchange between the government and citizens. A decomposed predicate biti u mogućnosti is found as well, which functions as the modal part of a complex verbal predicate and represents another indicator of the tendency of using nominal expres- sions within the system of verbal predicates.

The Predicative Role of ‘Being Good’ in Aristotle

The article proposes a renewed analysis of the texts in which Aristotle claims that the term ‘good’ is spoken of in many ways and more precisely in as many ways as there are categories. After a revision of the traditional interpretations, a new reading of the texts is advanced in the light of the theory of predication described in Top. 103 b20-38 and Metaph. 1017 a7-30. The conclusion is that in the Aristotelian passages on the multivocity of ‘good’, the word ‘good’ should not be meant as the predicate of categorially distinct realities, and therefore as a qualifying adjective, but itself as the subject of the question what is it? (τί ἐστι;) In this way, it is possible to advance the hypothesis that the homonymous notion of ‘good’ performs a predicative function, useful to the formulation of practical and prescriptive propositions.

On the adjective/adverb interface: subject-related -ly

Subject-relatedness is a term used to define subject-oriented -ly adverbs that are not liable to convey adverbial meaning and only retain the predicative function (Díaz-Negrillo 2014, Valera 2014). Previous corpus evidence of subject-relatedness has been found in colour adjectives (Valera 2014), which seems to restrict subject-relatedness to this narrow semantic class but, as colour adjectives are central members of this word-class (cf. Dixon 1977), the relevance of these subject-related adverbs may be higher than presumed. The present paper presents results of a systematic corpus search of 17,460 BNC bigrams containing verbs followed by subject-related -ly adverbs. The results show subject-relatedness beyond colour adjectives alone and in a wide range of combinations. The interpretations of the mismatch between the suffix -ly and the categorial meaning associated with this suffix or with the structures where they appear are manifold and could make an impact on the classification of adjectives and adverbs.

STRUCTURE AND SEMANTICS OF ALLUSION-REALIA IN THE FUNCTION OF EVALUATION PREDICATES AND RELATIVE ALLUSIVE EVALUATION PREDICATES

Objective. The objective of the article is to analyze the structure and semantics of allusions-realia in the function of evaluative predicates and relative allusive evaluation predicates. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained using a set of general scientific and special research methods, namely: analysis, generalization and systematization of scientific and educational literature on literary studies, psychology, linguistics; theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis, as well as comparative, descriptive and analytical Results. The article considers allusive evaluation predicates represented by a wide range of structural and semantic diversity. Results. Allusive evaluation predicates are subdivided, by the nature of the interaction of the allusion denotation with the object of evaluation, into comparative, based on the comparison of the object of evaluation with the allusion denotation on the principle of their similarity, polarity or asymmetry, and relative based on his knowledge or attitude to the allusion denotation, or on the basis of the imaginary involvement of the object in a particular event, or its imaginary connection with some famous person, as a result of which the object acquires characteristics associated with the event or personality. In the form of textual representation, allusive evaluation predicates can be resembling of cultural realia and names of famous people, author’s occasionalisms, reviews of quotes, proverbs, sayings. In addition, denotations of allusions may undergo, at the discretion of the author, some modifications in order to maximize the specification of the evaluative meaning or its intensification. Regarding allusions-realia, it should be noted that theoretically any realia could be included in the evaluation of judgments, both positive and negative, because it can be viewed from different points of view. Still, in most cases, every fact gets in the minds of people or rather positive or rather negative colour. Therefore, being included in the work of art, realia brings with it its original sign, which can be preserved or changed depending on the light in which realia is presented.

Evaluation of radar image processing efficiency based on intelligent analysis of processes

The paper presents results of development of the method and experimental studies of the system for automatic detection of radar signals of aerial objects and their recognition with the processing of real records in surveillance radars. The relevance of this work consists in creation of algorithms for automatic information processing to ensure effective detection of useful signals due to accumulation of signal (energy) and semantic information. The method is based on the definition of semantic components at the stage of formation and analysis of the symbolic model of signals from point and extended air objects. Signal information is described by the predicate function of process knowledge of the formation and analysis of a symbolic model of a burst of impulse signals from point-like mobile aircraft such as an airplane, a helicopter, a UAV, and from extended atmospheric formations such as angel-echoes, clouds. As a result of semantic analysis of symbolic images of signal marks, classification distinctive features of air objects were obtained. The semantic components of the decision-making algorithm, similar to the decision-making algorithms used by the operator, have been investigated. In the developed algorithm, signal information is described by a predicate function on the set of signal mark pulse amplitudes that have exceeded a certain threshold value. Recognizing of aerial objects is carried out by solving the developed equations of predicate operations. The verification of the developed method was carried out on real data obtained on a survey radar of the centimeter range (pulse duration was 1 μs, probing frequency wass 365 Hz, survey period was 10 s). Based on these data, the types of characteristic marks of radar signals are modeled. According to the results of the experiments, they were all correctly identified.

ІНФІНІТИВИ У ФУНКЦІЇ ВТОРИННОГО ПРЕДИКАТА У ТЕКСТІ БІОГРАФІЇ АРТАКСЕРКСА ПЛУТАРХА: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВІДТВОРЕННЯ У ПЕРЕКЛАДІ НОВОГРЕЦЬКОЮ МОВОЮ

In the article, infi nitives in the function of the secondary predicate, in particular, in the syntactic constructions Accusativus cum infi nitivo, Nominativus cum infi nitivo and in subordinate clauses with the conjunctions ὥστε and πρίν in the text of the biography of Artaxerxes by Plutarch are considered. In accordance with the purpose of the study, the descriptive method (for inventory, classifi cation and grammatical interpretation of infi nitives) and comparative analysis (for identifi cation of grammatical transformations of the ancient Greek infi nitive in New Greek translation and for assessment of their compliance with the original forms) were used. Elements of quantitative analysis have also been involved (to determine the main transformational means of translating infi nitives). The analysis has shown that the infi nitive as an non-fi nite form of the verb is rendered as a fi nite one, the most typical variant of translating the infi nitive in the construction Accusativus cum infi nitivo, in subordinate temporal clauses with the conjunction πρίν, and in the majority of clauses of result with the conjunction ώστε being conditional mood with the particle να (60 %). Infi nitives in the construction Nominativus cum infi nitivо and partly in subordinate clauses with the conjunction ώστε are usually translated by indicatives (35 %); in some cases the infi nitive is reproduced by descriptive expressions (5 %). Grammatical transformations are combined with lexical ones. In the translation, the same verb (15 %) as in Old Greek can be used, or it can be replaced by a synonymous verb (85 %) of New Greek due to the limited use of the corresponding Old Greek words in New Greek or their disappearance. Therefore, the absence of infi nitives in New Greek is represented in translation by other means and techniques, which have an equivalent semantic load and can adequately reproduce the meaning of a sentence with an infi nitive construction, and thus to render Plutarch’s literary passion for multifaceted action and information capacity of the text. Key words: Accusativus cum infi nitivo, Nominativus cum infi nitivo, subordinate clauses with conjunctions ὥστε and πρίν, translation, conditional mood with particle να, indicative mood, descriptive expression.

A Lexical-Pragmatic Approach to Japanese Wakamono Kotoba ‘Youth Language’ yabai

This study uncovers the morphosyntactic properties of yabai and its clipped forms. It aims to arrive at an understanding of how the forms and the meanings might be associated. A lexical-pragmatic-based analysis was carried out using Twitter and speech corpus data. The findings reveal the following picture of the lexeme: (a) when yabai undertakes an adjective role, modifying a noun, it is likely that a negative evaluation is invited. In this regard, yabai fulfils a lexical function. (b) The adverb use of yabai presents two variations: modifying a verb or modifying an i-adjective. At any rate, the adverb use describes the degree of an event or an object, leading to the assumption that yabai fulfils a grammatical function.(c) The predicate function presents the following diversities: the negative-denotation yabai and yabee are lexical items; the positive/neutral-denotation yabai, yabee and yaba are grammatical items. The clipped forms, i.e. yaba; yabee and yabe are limited to interjection use and adverb use, which are signs of complete grammaticalisation. A quantitative analysis via KH Coder suggests that yabai’s adverb function appears to be limited to women friendships, with parent-child relationship and vertical relationship being ruled out.

The adjective: an eminently syncategorematic part of speech

In this article we propose an alternative to the theories which subdivide the adjective into three major types (qualifier, relational, adjective of the third type), themselves subdivided into several subclasses. We believe instead that there is only one adjectival lexeme with different uses (unitary hypothesis). To do this, we start from the two ways of looking for the adjectival prototype: on the one hand, the abstract prototype built by accumulating criteria, on the other, the semantic prototype. We examine the behavior of occurrences of the abstract prototype (admirable, monumental) and the semantic prototype (grand) with respect to gradation, the attributive function (more specifically the place of the adjective) and the predicative function. The examples show not only that the two prototype models can be reconciled, but above all that the behavior and the meaning of any adjective depend in large part on the noun it qualifies, a result which confirms our unitary hypothesis. The syntactic-semantic dependence of the adjective on the supporting substantive is such that it can be concluded that the adjective is a syncategorematic part of speech, rather than a polysemous one.

Analisis Gurindam Dua Belas Karya Raja Ali Haji Ditinjau dari Aspek Sintaksis

Gurindam Dua Belas is an old poem derived from an old manuscript by Raja Ali Haji, which is important to study based on the syntactic aspect. This current study examines the origins of phrases, clauses, and sentences in Gurindam Dua Belas written by Raja Ali Haji. This study analyses Gurindam Dua Belas written by Raja Ali Haji, in terms of syntactic aspects. The qualitative approach was used in this research with a descriptive analysis method. The data source is a written source, namely the text of Gurindam Dua Belas by Raja Ali Haji, which consists of 12 articles. The data collection technique used a documentation study. The research instrument was the researcher himself as the main instrument assisted by recording card of data. Data analysis was carried out through the reduction stage, the data presentation stage, and then drawing conclusions and verification stages. Based on a review of 3 aspects of syntactic studies, namely function, category, and role, the results show that in the functional aspect, the predicate function of Gurindam Dua Belas text is predominantly used in the structure of syntactic analysis compared to other functions. In the category aspect, the dominant array of Gurindam Dua Belas used is the nominal phrase category. The largest use of the syntactic role used in Gurindam Dua Belas by Raja Ali Haji is the role as a verb or action. Based on an analysis of the syntactic form, it is identified that each article has a different sentence structure. The dominant sentences in the 83 stanzas of Gurindam Dua Belas by Raja Ali Haji are compound.

Bentuk dan Ciri Sintaksis Nomina Predikat dalam Bahasa Indonesia

Abstract This study aims to describe the form and syntactic features of predicate nouns in Indonesian. The data in this study are in the form of sentences that use nouns as the filler of the predicate function. The data were obtained from an oral speech by BI speakers and some written data contained in print and online media. The data was collected by observing methods with basic tapping techniques and advanced techniques in the form of note-taking techniques. The data were analyzed by using the multiple technique method for direct elements, the insert technique, and the expansion technique. Based on the results of data analysis, several things can be concluded as follows. First, predicate nouns in BI can be in the form of basic nouns and derivative nouns. Derivative nouns are differentiated into derivative nouns from the affixation process, derivative nouns from the reduplication process, derived nouns from the composition process, and derivative nouns from the utilization process. Second, the syntactic features of predicate nouns in BI are differentiated into 7, namely: 1) cannot be negated by the word no, the negation word is not; 2) has the potential to be preceded by particles from; 3) cannot be graded (somewhat, more, less, very, most, etc.); 4) cannot be preceded by mandatory must adverbs; 5) may be preceded by an adverb stating the amount, such as one, a, a stick, etc. .; 6) it can be followed by an adjective, either directly or in between by a word and 7) it cannot be followed by a reference word, such as that, this, that, and so on.

Semidisquotation and the infinitary function of truth

The infinitary function of the truth predicate consists in its ability to express infinite conjunctions and disjunctions. A transparency principle for truth states the equivalence between a sentence and its truth predication; it requires an introduction principle—which allows the inference from “snow is white” to “the sentence ‘snow is white’ is true”—and an elimination principle—which allows the inference from “the sentence ‘snow is white’ is true” to “snow is white”. It is commonly assumed that a theory of truth needs to satisfy a transparency principle to fulfil the infinitary function. Picollo and Schindler (Erkenntnis 83:899–928, 2017) argue against this idea. They prove that, given certain assumptions, an elimination principle is sufficient for the purpose. Then, they pose a challenge: to show why we should incorporate introduction principles to our theory of truth. In this essay I take on the challenge. I show that, given the authors’ assumptions, an introduction principle is also sufficient to perform the infinitary function.

Complex predication and adverbial modification in Wagiman

ABSTRACT In many languages of northern Australia with coverb constructions, it is difficult to draw a distinction between predication and adverbial modification because coverbs appear to be both predicates and modifiers. We present evidence from Wagiman that a distinction between predication and modification can be drawn syntactically. We argue that Wagiman has two necessarily predicational positions and at least one adverbial position. One predicational position is obligatorily filled by the inflecting verb, the second can be filled by a coverb when it has a predicative function. The merger of this predicational coverb and the verb results in a complex predicate. A coverb can also be located in the adverbial position when it modifies the predicate. Using the minimalist framework, we test our proposal when two coverbs appear in the same clause, one adverbial and one predicational. This analysis has wider typological implications. We demonstrate that the novel adverbial analysis for clauses with two coverbs is also supported for other languages in the region.

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Article deals with the changes of the meanings of the post nominal adjectives in the process of transformation in the modern English language. On the basis of the linguoculturological approach and the method of linguistic analysis, the characteristic features of the change in the meanings of post-nominative adjectives in the English language have been revealed. In the English language the adjectives can perform the function of predicative. For the semantics of the adjectives which have the predicative function, these adjectives are characterized by inner qualitative diversity. Mainly, qualitative adjectives refer to classical predication and denote the feature of the object directly. Such adjectives have more features of predication. The predicative sign of the adjective, the presence of a connotation of subjective assessment determines its semantics and use. There are differences between the constructions used in the predicate function in phrases that perform the function of the subject and in the altered form of word phrases related attributively and predicatively. The predicative relation is the immunest form of syntactic connection and in predicative connectives the structural restriction in comparison with attributive constructions is extremely limited. Adjectives as predicative words do not have denotation and reference, they have no denoter, there is a signification. Basing on their indicative characteristics, it is possible to present all the possible semantic features. For the English language it is characteristic the use of the attribute before the defined word. The development from a special sign of thought to a general concept is characteristic for the whole structure of the English language; it is even possible to observe it in word formation. In most cases, taking into account the use of the adjective in the function of an attribute, the terms like postpositional (post nominal) and prepositional (prenominal) adjectives are used. The reasons for the change in the position of adjectives should be sought not always in the nature of the adjective, but in the degree to which it determines its referent. The semes that make up the meaning of the word are at different levels and are more or less stable. In adjectives, the nuclear seme, or subseme, is always found next to the differential seme. In other words, the adjective cannot be combined with nouns in all semantic groups. When an adjective is combined with a noun, a background is formed that allows or prevents the actualization of a particular seme. This causes the activation of a specific seme associated with the semantics of the given name in combination with the given name. Such semes are reflected in the join semantics. The opposite can also be said. The adjective itself chooses the noun for word formation. After all, the same adjective behaves differently in relation to transformation into different attributive complexes. In our opinion, adjectives act as an important restrictive informative element at the content level.

Unfinished “verbization” process: the development of predicative constructions with an adjective of the feminine gender in the 17th and 18th centuries in the light of corpus data

The article is devoted to the changes in the Middle Polish syntactic construction in which the predicative function was performed by the nominative, singular, feminine form of the adjective. The research carried out on the corpus data was aimed at tracing the process that led to the transformation of those adjectival forms into defective verbs (verbization). The analysis covers six predicative adjectival forms most popular in the 17th and 18th centuries: MOŻNA ‛it is possible’, NIEMOŻNA ‛it is impossible’, NIEPODOBNA ‛it is impossible’, WIELKA ‛it is great’, PEWNA ‛it is certain’ and SŁUSZNA ‛it is right’. The first three of them changed their grammatical status, whereas for the rest the verbization process stopped. The 2nd half of the 18th century and the 1st half of the 19th century were decisive in this respect.

Distinction between nouns and verbs in Guató

Abstract Even though the distinction between nouns and verbs is generally considered to be universal, it has been argued for some languages of Northern North America that they lack this distinction. The main argument for such assertion is that in these languages lexemes denoting entities and lexemes denoting actions receive the same markers, when used as predicates. Guató, an isolate from South America, exhibits a similar phenomenon. In Guató, lexemes considered nouns receive the same subject markers as intransitive verbs do, when they occur in predicative function. Moreover, nouns and verbs share other morphosyntactic features. This article aims to describe and to compare the morphosyntactic behavior of Guató nouns and verbs, pointing out similarities and differences between them.

ВАЛЕНТНІСНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ ПРИСЛІВНИКОВИХ ПРЕДИКАТІВ ЯКОСТІ ТА ПРЕДИКАТІВ СТАНУ

An adverb is the most peripheral part-of-speech class of attributive words in terms of its semantic and grammatical characteristics. The sign of an adverb is a reflection of the syntactic relations of sign words – attributive, circumstantial and others. An adverbial sign appears as a static sign of a predicate or an attribute of an object. Adverbs that perform the function of an adverbial compound predicate in a two-member sentence and an adverbial compound of a principal part of a one-member sentence are formal-grammatical correlates of state predicates; prominent among them are the predicates of the qualitative-evaluative state and the predicates of the state of the environment, the external state of a certain spatial object, the emotional-mental, physical and physiological state of a being, etc. Adverbs, like other classes of attributive words, have a category of semantic-syntactic valence, but it has a transpositional character, because they acquire it in connection with the transposition into formal-syntactic positions of the verb – adverbial compound predicate in two-member sentence and an adverbial compound of a principal part in a simple sentence. The defining feature of the valence of adverbial predicates is smallness, because quality predicates and adverbial predicates of state, which correlate with the adverbial compound predicate of a two-member sentence and an adverbial compound of a principal part in a simple sentence, are monovalent. In addition to obligatory subject valence, some predicates of qualitative and modal semantics may have optional and some even obligatory object valence. Characteristically, subjective valence correlates with a subject, a typically expressed by non-predicate noun with the meaning of an object or a being, or substantivized by demonstrative pronoun adjectives this, that, only in the formal-syntactic structure of an elementary two-member sentence with an adverbial compound predicate. This valence is more often represented by the infinitive form or the predicate noun in a non-elementary two-member sentence.

Особенности обучения старшеклассников глагольной синонимии

Development of the lexical aspect of speech is an integral part of learning a foreign language, as it is lexical units that help a person to convey their thoughts in interaction with other people. The purpose of teaching the lexical aspect of speech is to form students’ lexical skills as the main component of expressive and receptive types of speech activity. We consider the features of teaching verbal synonymy. A verb that performs the function of a predicate in a sentence is an important informative centre of the sentence. For successful mastery of synonymous verbs, the main means of teaching at any stage of learning a foreign language is an exercise. The systematic nature of the exercises helps to ensure the effectiveness of the process of mastery and teaching synonymous verbs particularly and the lexical aspect of speech in general. On the basis of the research there was developed a system of exercises aimed at introducing, training and fixing synonymous verbs, and a certain part of these exercises was demonstrated.

Semantic analysis of fluctuations of a radar pack for identification of air objects

A method for semantic analysis of amplitude fluctuations of the radar pack to identify air objects in surveillance radars has been developed and implemented in software. This method is based on the determination of semantic components at the stage of formation and analysis of the symbolic model of a burst of impulse signals from mobile aircraft. Signal information is described by the predicate function of the process knowledge of the formation and analysis of the symbolic model of a burst of impulse signals from mobile aircraft such as an airplane, helicopter, UAV, and from atmospheric inhomogeneities of the angel-echo type. As a result of semantic analysis of the amplitude fluctuations, classification distinguishing attributes of fluctuations from interfering reflections and air objects are obtained. The semantic components of the decision-making algorithm, which are similar to decision-making algorithms by the operator, are investigated. In the developed algorithm, the signal information is described by a predicate function on the set of amplitudes of burst pulses exceeding a certain threshold value. Identification of the types of fluctuations is carried out by solving the developed equations of predicate operations. Based on these equations, a functional diagram of automatic determination of the fluctuation types is synthesized. The verification of the developed method was carried out on real data obtained on a survey centimeter-band radar (pulse duration 1 μs, sounding frequency 365 Hz, survey period 10 s). Based on these data, types of characteristic packs of radar signals are simulated. According to the results of the experiments, they were all correctly identified.

Interpretation of Dejectedness and Insanity in Buddhist Exegetical Treatises

The subject of the paper is the moral aspect of interpretations of dejectedness (daurmanasya) and insanity (cittavikṣepa-unmāda) in the treatises Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya by Vasubandhu (4-5th centuries) and Sphuṭārtha-abhidharmakośa-vyākhyā by Yaśomitra (8th century). Buddhist interpretation of these phenomena is based on the canonical postulate that only corporeal suffering is a karmic retribution (vipāka-phala). Dejectedness is treated by Buddhist exegetics as a peculiar trait of imagination (kalpanā) manifesting in the moment of mental construction of evil projective situations. Dejectedness can be good (kuśala) and evil (akuśala) dependent on personal moral position. Good dejectedness is repentance (kaukṛtya) for an undone good deed or sin done. Opposite to it is evil dejectedness. Insanity is treated as destruction of predicative (abhinirūpana) and mnestic (anusmaraṇa) functions of consciousness. This mental suffering is determined by karma in cases when attempts to destroy others consciousness had place in the past. Karmic retribution in these cases is corporeal suffering, or disbalance of gross elements, and insanity is the consequence of this disbalance.

Ditransitive ‘teach’ and the status of the Theme “argument”(?)

Abstract This paper offers new insights into the much-debated topic of double accusatives, taking διδάσκειν as a case study. By focussing on the different syntactic and semantic properties of the two accusatives in expressions such as διδάσκω σε σωφροσύνην ‘I teach you moderation’, it is shown that the mere reference to distinct semantic roles (Recipient vs Theme) does not provide a satisfactory account of some crucial properties of these constructions. As emerges from textual evidence, the so-called “Theme” may alternate with an infinitival complement (e.g. διδάσκω σε σωφρονεῖν ‘I teach you (how) to exert moderation’). Both the infinitival and the nominal complements are bound to the object of διδάσκω through a relationship which may be defined by the notion of control. This finding reveals the predicative function performed here by the “Theme”, thus supporting a multi-predicative approach to the double accusative construction of διδάσκειν. This hypothesis has relevance to the analysis of other double accusatives of Ancient Greek, and opens a new path for the analysis of comparable data offered by modern languages.