Precursor Ink Research Articles

Synthesis of BaZrS3 and BaHfS3 Chalcogenide Perovskite Films Using Single‐Phase Molecular Precursors at Moderate Temperatures

AbstractChalcogenide perovskites have garnered interest for applications in semiconductor devices due to their excellent predicted optoelectronic properties and stability. However, high synthesis temperatures have historically made these materials incompatible with the creation of photovoltaic devices. Here, we demonstrate the solution processed synthesis of luminescent BaZrS3 and BaHfS3 chalcogenide perovskite films using single‐phase molecular precursors at sulfurization temperatures of 575 °C and sulfurization times as short as one hour. These molecular precursor inks were synthesized using known carbon disulfide insertion chemistry to create Group 4 metal dithiocarbamates, and this chemistry was extended to create species, such as barium dithiocarboxylates, that have never been reported before. These findings, with added future research, have the potential to yield fully solution processed thin films of chalcogenide perovskites for various optoelectronic applications.

Ink Design Enabling Slot‐Die Coated Perovskite Solar Cells with >22% Power Conversion Efficiency, Micro‐Modules, and 1 Year of Outdoor Performance Evaluation

AbstractThe next technological step in the exploration of metal‐halide perovskite solar cells is the demonstration of larger‐area device prototypes under outdoor operating conditions. The authors here demonstrate that when slot‐die coating the halide perovskite layers on large areas, ribbing effects may occur but can be prevented by adjusting the precursor ink's rheological properties. For formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) precursor inks based on 2‐methoxyethanol, the ink viscosity is adjusted by adding acetonitrile (ACN) as a co‐solvent leading to smooth FAPbI3 thin‐films with high quality and layer homogeneity. For an optimized content of 46 vol% of the ACN co‐solvent, a certified steady‐state performance of 22.3% is achieved in p‐i‐n FAPbI3‐perovskite solar cells. Scaling devices to larger areas by making laser series‐interconnected mini‐modules of 12.7 cm2, a power conversion efficiency of 17.1% is demonstrated. A full year of outdoor stability testing with continuous maximum power point tracking on encapsulated devices is performed and it is demonstrated that these devices maintain close to 100% of their initial performance during winter and spring followed by a significant performance decline during warmer summer months. This work highlights the importance of the real‐condition evaluation of larger area device prototypes to validate the technological potential of halide perovskite photovoltaics.

A promising scalable bar coating approach using a single crystal-derived precursor ink for high-performance large-area perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), with demonstrated high efficiencies in a lab scale, are regarded as potential energy-harvesting materials if the challenges like large-area manufacturing and long-term stability are achieved. In an effort to fabricate PSCs on large-area substrates, the study herein reports the use of an economic and scalable bar coating method for the fabrication of PSCs. Bar coating is used initially to coat electron transport layers on large-area (50 mm × 50 mm) FTO glass substrates. A methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite absorber has been bar coated on the electron transport layers coated FTO glass substrates using a single-crystal-derived perovskite precursor. The single crystal-derived precursor has resulted in large-area uniform perovskite absorbers and, thus, characterized appositely to establish the uniform coverage of desired quality MAPbI3. The spatial distribution of photoluminescence and absorption spectra of the perovskite absorber, collected systematically, confirms the device quality MAPbI3, with identical characteristics ascertaining the homogeneity of perovskite coating. Solar cells fabricated using bar-coated large-area perovskite absorbers have exhibited a champion power conversion efficiency of 15.6%, with the average power conversion efficiency being 14.5%, unveiling an excellent performance homogeneity. Further, the champion devices of bar-coated PSCs are compared with control devices fabricated by spin coating of a powder-derived precursor. Bar-coated PSCs have not only exhibited significantly higher performance but also showed comparable reproducibility and much lower hysteresis values than the control PSCs, demonstrating the efficacy of the bar coating method towards fabricating large-area PSCs.

Electrospun Electroluminescent CsPbBr3 Fibers as Flexible Perovskite Networks for Light‐Emitting Application

Thin‐film perovskite light‐emitting diodes have gained increasing attention in the last 6 years. With the possibility to process the emitting layer from solution, the way for 1D morphology of the semiconductor for flexible devices is paved. Herein, for the first time single‐step fabrication of CsPbBr3@PVP nanofibers in a customized electrospinning process performed under ambient conditions from a water‐based precursor solution is reported. The water‐based approach allows the incorporation of a conductive polymer into the compound fiber by blending the perovskite precursor ink with commercially available PEDOT:PSS dispersion. The results demonstrate electrospun fiber mats which are stable at ambient conditions for at least 5 months and can be utilized in electroluminescence devices. Photoluminescence studies on the perovskite fibers reveal a blueshift of the emission peak compared to thin films possibly due to the generation of nanocrystals of ≈12 nm by in situ nanocrystal pinning as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. A proof‐of‐concept electrically pumped light‐emitting device is built with the obtained fiber mat. The perovskite nanofibers offer promising applications in flexible and stretchable optoelectronics.

MAPbI3 single crystal derived precursor ink for stable and efficient perovskite solar cells

MAPbI3 perovskite absorber ink is obtained by vapor mediated approach from MAPbI3 single crystals by exposing it to methylamine vapor for application in perovskite solar cells (PSC). This single crystal-derived ink shows a significant blue shift in the steady state photoluminescence emission due to MAPbI3 lattice slicing. Absorber films coated by spin coating process using single crystal derived MAPbI3 ink show better charge extraction, carrier lifetime, and device performance than the conventional powder derived film. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.7% is recorded for single crystal derived PSC compared to 12% of the conventional powder derived PSC demonstrating superior film quality. Highly crystalline films with lower traps and uniform absorbance in the entire visible region resulted in enhanced JSC (23.7 mA/cm2). A high fill factor (70%) is achieved due to the dense, pinhole free films with long columnar grains resulting in low series and high shunt resistance. Single crystal derived PSCs were stable with 85% (70%) PCE retention for up to 2850 h (∼3500 h) when the devices were kept in ambient (25 ± 3 °C and 50 ± 10% RH); the highest reported so far. Tests under similar conditions using conventional powder derived devices degraded within 700 h with less than 50% PCE retention. The MAPbI3 absorber layer coated using single crystal derived ink exhibits superior photovoltaic performance and stability over the conventional MAPbI3 film derived from powder precursors.

Large-Scale Ultra-Robust MoS2 Patterns Directly Synthesized on Polymer Substrate for Flexible Sensing Electronics.

Synthesis of large-area patterned MoS2 is considered the principle base for realizing high-performance MoS2 -based flexible electronic devices. Patterning and transferring MoS2 films to target flexible substrates, however, require conventional multi-step photolithography patterning and transferring process, despite tremendous progress in the facilitation of practical applications. Herein, an approach to directly synthesize large-scale MoS2 patterns that combines inkjet printing and thermal annealing is reported. An optimal precursor ink is prepared that can deposit arbitrary patterns on polyimide films. By introducing a gas atmosphere of argon/hydrogen (Ar/H2 ), thermal treatment at 350°C enables an in situ decomposition and crystallization in the patterned precursors and, consequently, results in the formation of MoS2 . Without complicated processes, patterned MoS2 is obtained directly on polymer substrate, exhibiting superior mechanical flexibility and durability (≈2% variation in resistance over 10,000 bending cycles), as well as excellent chemical stability, which is attributed to the generated continuous and thin microstructures, as well as their strong adhesion with the substrate. As a step further, this approach is employed to manufacture various flexible sensing devices that are insensitive to body motions and moisture, including temperature sensors and biopotential sensing systems for real-time, continuously monitoring skin temperature, electrocardiography, and electromyography signals.

Synthesis of a 316L stainless steel-copper composite by laser melting

This paper demonstrates a laser melting method to produce a metal matrix composite with a higher thermal conductivity compared to 316 L stainless steel using a Jettable Cu ink. A novel canister was used to control the oxygen level during laser processing to emulate a hybrid inkjet-powder bed fusion technique for doping the stainless steel powder bed with Cu precursor ink. The thermal conductivity of the composite was found to be 187% higher than that of 316 L stainless steel, while the microhardness decreased by 39%. Microstructural results show opportunities to further enhance the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of the composite by eliminating interfacial cracking.

Lightweight and geometrically complex ceramics derived from 4D printed shape memory precursor with reconfigurability and programmability for sensing and actuation applications

There is growing interest in additive manufacturing (AM) of ceramics due to the feasibility of achieving geometrically complex shapes for various engineering applications. Polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs), pyrolyzed from polymeric ceramic precursors, act as a competitive material for ceramic AM with advantages such as easy processability, flexible designability, and relatively low sintering temperature. However, the functionality of preceramic polymers is far from being fully exploited, thus restricting the development and applications of 3D printed ceramics. Herein, a novel multifunctional preceramic polymer composite with reconfigurability and shape memory effect is synthesized. By tuning the material compositions, the precursor inks suitable for 4D printing are pyrolyzed into lightweight self-shaping ceramics, allowing complex geometries to be fabricated. The preceramic polymers undergo a stepwise partial-to-full crosslinking process to form interpenetrating polymer networks, resulting in reconfigurability where the as-printed parts can be transformed into shapes with higher complexity. Unlike traditional precursors with static shapes, the precursor here possesses shape memory capability (Tg ∼ 95 °C). During the sintering process, the 3D printed precursor could successively undergo programmable active shape transformation with a high recovery ratio (∼100 %) and pyrolysis conversion into lightweight ceramics (1.05 g/cm3). By exploring the semiconducting behavior of resulting ceramics, temperature sensors leveraging the advantages of reshaping are designed to detect the surface over a wide range (25–750 °C) with good conformability. The development of 4D printed reconfigurable and programmable precursors for the construction of complex ceramics enriches both the complexity and self-shaping capability of ceramics, allowing them to be applied as smart thermistors and deployable structures.

Lattice-matched quantum-dots-perovskite solid-sol for the ultrafast, ultrasensitive and ultrastable uncooled photoconductive near-infrared sensor with simple structure

Photoconductive near-infrared sensors have the advantages of low cost and simple structure, but their overall performances are dissatisfactory yet. As potential candidates for active layers of near-infrared sensors, lead sulfide quantum dots are often accompanied by the long chain ligands with negative effects. To address this issue, a precursor ink for a lattice-matched methylammonium lead iodide solid sol of lead sulfide quantum dots (PbS-QDs/MAPbI3 solid sol) is developed, which is based on ligand exchange. Subsequently, a high-performance uncooled photoconductive near-infrared sensor based on the PbS-QDs/MAPbI3 solid sol is fabricated by simple dip coating. Outstanding overall performance of this near-infrared sensor on sensing near-infrared light is reflected in the external quantum efficiency over 2458%, the responsivity up to 18.61 A/W, the normalized detectivity up to 1.29 × 1013 Jones, the rise (or fall) time constant less than 2 μs, the ratio of light current to dark current up to 433, the strong linear correlation with 99.8% variance between light current and irradiation intensity, and the 97% retention rate of response within 60 days. The solution-processed uncooled photoconductive near-infrared sensor successfully combines simple structure with outstanding performance.

Design order macro-meso porous structure monolithic Co3O4/SiO2 catalyst via a novel 3D printing for the highly efficient catalytic combustion of toluene

The shortcomings of Co-based powder catalysts such as amorphous susceptibility to loss and high influence by pressure drop have become the key factors affecting their catalytic activity. In this paper, two methods were proposed to prepare novel monolithic Co3O4/SiO2 catalysts by 3D direct ink writing (DIW) technology: (1) one-step method of printing the active component with supports, (2) two-step method of printing the support first, and then loading the active components. The results showed that the monolithic catalyst prepared by the two-step method possessed more abundant Co3+ and lattice oxygen (Olatt) species than the one-step method, which jointly promoted the catalytic conversion of toluene. However, the catalyst printed by the one-step method had a stronger interaction between the active component and the support, showing better thermal stability and water resistance. In addition, the SiO2 support (the calcined product after SiO2 ink printing) enhances the activity, stability, compression resistance, while the N–SiO2 support (the calcined product after SiO2 precursor ink printing) can effectively prevent blockage of the pore structure by the binder and increase physical properties such as pore volume and specific surface area of Co3O4/SiO2 catalyst.

14.5: Perovskite Quantum Dot Color Conversion Pattern Fabricated by an In‐situ Inkjet Printing

Inkjet printing technology has broad application prospects in the manufacture of optoelectronic devices due to its advantages of mask-free and high material utilization. However, the coffee ring effect during printing can make the morphology non-uniform and has not been thoroughly explored. In this work, we used a high-precision in-situ inkjet printing system to print low-viscosity perovskite precursor inks on substrates to generate color-converting films. The viscosity of the perovskite precursor solution was improved by changing the ratio of the 5-AVABr additive, coupled with the choice of DMF with a higher boiling point as the solvent, which greatly reduced the evaporation of the solvent at the edge of the droplet, driving the formation of Marangoni flow which can result a uniform surface of droplets, culminating in a microarray of coffee-free rings. Notably, the perovskite can be crystallized in situ during printing without additional annealing, relying on a pumping system to assist the solvent evaporation. With the additive, the photoluminescence quantum yield of the film increased to 39%. The size of each pixel in microarrays was controlled to be less than 60 μm and 400 pixels per inch (PPI) is realized. Our work paves the way for large-area, high-efficiency production of perovskite color conversion films.

Triple-functional fluoropolymers for inkjet-printing perovskite light-emitting diodes

Metal halide perovskite materials are regarded as one of the most promising semiconductors for achieving high-performance light-emitting diode (LED) displays. Inkjet printing is an emerging technology for next-generation display, due to its unique advantages of high material utilization, large scalability, mask-free and high-resolution patterning. However, it is still a challenge to realize precise control of perovskite crystalline dynamics in inkjet printing process. Here, triple-functional fluoropolymers are introduced into perovskite precursor inks. First, the fluoropolymers play a key role in tuning the perovskite crystal-growth, which is ascribed to the –CF2-/FA+ interaction and polymer chain entanglement, leading to a decreased crystal size, a uniform and smooth film morphology. Then, the –CF2-/Pb+ and –CH2-/Br− interactions provide a passivating effect, contributing to an enhanced photoluminescence intensity and prolonged charge carrier lifetime. Furthermore, the hydrophobicity of fluoropolymers is beneficial to improve the humidity stability of perovskite films. Finally, on behalf of the superiorities of fluoropolymers, complex perovskite patterns are successfully printed and applied in information encryption as well as perovskite LEDs, which achieve a maximum luminance of 12738 cd/m2 and a current efficiency of 15.5 cd/A. This work demonstrates the benefits of triple-functional fluoropolymers in inkjet-printing perovskite films with controllable crystalline process for information encryption and display applications.

Reactive Additive Capillary Stamping with Double Network Hydrogel-Derived Aerogel Stamps under Solvothermal Conditions

Integration of solvothermal reaction products into complex thin-layer architectures is frequently achieved by combinations of layer transfer and subtractive lithography, whereas direct additive substrate patterning with solvothermal reaction products has remained challenging. We report reactive additive capillary stamping under solvothermal conditions as a parallel contact-lithographic access to patterns of solvothermal reaction products in thin-layer configurations. To this end, corresponding precursor inks are infiltrated into mechanically robust mesoporous aerogel stamps derived from double-network hydrogels. The stamp is then brought into contact with a substrate to be patterned under solvothermal reaction conditions inside an autoclave. The precursor ink forms liquid bridges between the topographic surface pattern of the stamp and the substrate. Evaporation-driven enrichment of the precursors in these liquid bridges, along with their liquid-bridge-guided conversion into the solvothermal reaction products, yields large-area submicron patterns of the solvothermal reaction products replicating the stamp topography. For example, we prepared thin hybrid films, which contained ordered monolayers of superparamagnetic submicron nickel ferrite dots prepared by solvothermal capillary stamping surrounded by nickel electrodeposited in a second orthogonal substrate functionalization step. The submicron nickel ferrite dots acted as a magnetic hardener, halving the remanence of the ferromagnetic nickel layer. In this way, thin-layer electromechanical systems, transformers, and positioning systems may be customized.

An extended gate field-effect transistor (EG-FET) type non-enzymatic glucose sensor with inkjet-printed copper oxide nanoparticles

We develop a disposable and cost-effective non-enzymatic glucose sensor consisting of an extended gate field effect transistor (EG-FET) to obtain effortless operation. The sensor is fabricated by printing, gold (Au) precursor ink and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) inks using a commercial inkjet printer on a flexible Polyimide (PI) substrate. First, sensing properties are tested electrochemically. The sensor shows a sensitivity of 728.5 μA cm−2 mM−1 and a detection limit of 0.01 mM with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.998. The observed linear dynamic range is from 0.5 to 7 mM. After that, the sensing electrode is adapted to the EG-FET. Two linear response ranges extend from 0.1 to 4 mM of a low concentration range of glucose with a sensitivity of 1295 μA cm−2 mM−1, and from 5 to 30 mM of a high concentration range of glucose with a sensitivity of 164 μA cm−2 mM−1 are observed. The EG-FET approach can enhance the detection sensitivities using amplification for a low concentration glucose range and extending a detection range for high concentration glucose. The presented work demonstrates that simply printed CuO NPs sensors can be used at low cost for disposable wide-range glucose detection devices.Article HighlightsA non-enzymatic printed glucose sensor using an inkjet printer has been successfully developed.CuO nanoparticles ink is printed on thin gold electrodes on Polyimide film.We evaluate the glucose detection of extended-gate field-effect transistor (EG-FET) sensors.The sensitivity is estimated to be 1295 μA cm−2 mM−1.The EG-FET structure has the merit of a simple operation and cost-effective personal health care devices.

Pin-hole free MAPb0.75 Sn0.25 (I0.5 Br0.5 ) 3 films spin casted without anti- solvent by adding MAAc additive to perovskite ink

To start the crystallization of the tin (Sn) based perovskite materials, anti-solvent treatment is a useful technique. But the use of anti-solvents increases the complexity of the deposition process thus hinders the applicability in mass production processes. Here we have developed an anti-solvent free MAPb0.75Sn0.25(I0.50Br0.50)3 perovskite thin film deposition method based on a one step spin coating process. Addition of 0 - 100 mol% of methylammonium acetate (MAAc) to the precursor ink allows for the deposition of continuous films. Films casted from ink with less than 60 mol% MAAc show pinholes and are rough. A decent crystalline and pin-hole free perovskite thin film can be obtained from 60 or more mol% MAAc additive. These results are confirmed by XRD, AFM and SEM measurements. MAPb0.75Sn0.25(I0.50Br0.50)3 has a wide bandgap and is currently being considered for applications in tandem solar cells and under water solar cells.

In Situ Synthesis and Microfabrication of High Entropy Alloy and Oxide Compounds by Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing under Ambient Conditions.

Synthesis and coating of multi-metal oxides (MMOs) and alloys on conductive substrates are indispensable to electrochemical applications, yet demand multiple, resource-intensive, and time-consuming processes. Herein, an alternative approach to the synthesis and coating of alloys and MMOs by femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW) is reported. A solution-based precursor ink is deposited and dried on the substrate and illuminated by a femtosecond laser. During the illumination, dried precursor ink is transformed to MMO/alloys and is simultaneously bonded to the substrate. The formulation of the alloy and MMO precursor ink for laser processing is universally applicable to a large family of oxides and alloys. The process is conducted at room temperature and in an open atmosphere. To demonstrate, a large family of 57 MMOs and alloys are synthesized from a group of 13 elements. As a proof of concept, Ni0.24 Co0.23 Cu0.24 Fe0.15 Cr0.14 high entropy alloy synthesized on stainless-steel foil by FsLDW is used for the oxygen evolution reaction, which achieves a current density of 10mA cm-2 at a significantly low overpotential of 213mV. Further, FsLDW can also achieve microfabrication of alloys/MMO with feature sizes down to 20µm.

Life cycle assessment of inkjet printed perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have moved to the forefront of emerging thin-film solar cell research in just a decade, demonstrating the most promising efficiency records. These technological advancements however, were primarily tested at laboratory scale and there remains significant issues in relation to the scalability of the deposition methods utilised. Inkjet printing, initially used for printed electronics, has recently been applied to solar cell production and demonstrated promising potential for scaling up. Despite various studies that have assessed the technical feasibility of utilising inkjet printing, their environmental performance has not been investigated. This paper, for the first time, presents a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study of inkjet printing-based PSCs, on a cradle-to-gate basis using GaBi LCA software. The results were compared with those of spin-coating, as the most widely studied deposition method, and demonstrated significant improvement in all impact categories. Global warming potential (GWP) and cumulative energy demand (CED) were used as proxies to compare results obtained in this paper with available studies in the literature. The comparison demonstrated that inkjet printing of PSCs had a GWP and CED of 7.54 kg CO2eq/m2 and 200.18 MJ/m2 while spin-coating had a reported median value of 74.5 kg CO2eq/m2 and 1204 MJ/m2 respectively. This suggests considerable environmental advantage for the inkjet method. The paper also assesses a novel green solvent-based precursor ink investigating the environmental benefits of eliminating the toxic and hazardous solvent materials commonly used in wet chemical deposition of perovskite layers. The green solvent-based precursor ink results demonstrated significant improvement over conventional solutions with up to six orders of magnitude lower impacts. The LCA results obtained in this paper contributes to forming a full assessment of the development of scalable deposition methods such as inkjet printing by highlighting their environmental hotspots and advantages. The paper also identifies potential opportunities for perovskite precursor ink material composition improvements for sustainable development of PSCs. This will assist in addressing their associated environmental concerns in relation to the use of high impact toxic solvents.

Room-Temperature Annealing-Free Gold Printing via Anion-Assisted Photochemical Deposition.

Metal patterning via additive manufacturing has been phasing-in to broad applications in many medical, electronics, aerospace, and automotive industries. While previous efforts have produced various promising metal-patterning strategies, their complexity and high cost have limited their practical application in rapid production and prototyping. Herein, a one-step gold printing technique based on anion-assisted photochemical deposition (APD), which can directly print highly conductive gold patterns (1.08 × 107 S m-1 ) under ambient conditions without post-annealing treatment, is introduced. Uniquely, the APD uses specific ion effects with projection lithography to pattern Au nanoparticles and simultaneously sinter them into tunable porous gold structures. The significant influence of kosmotropic or chaotropic anions in the precursor ink on tuning the morphologies and conductivities of the printed patterns by employing a series of different ions, including Cl- ions, in the printing process is presented. Additionally, the resistance stabilities and the electrochemical properties of the APD-printed gold patterns are carefully investigated. The high conductivity and excellent conformability of the printed Au electrodes are demonstrated with reliable performance in electrophysiological signal delivery and acquisition for biomedical applications. This work exploits the potential of photochemical-deposition-based metal patterning in flexible electronic manufacturing.

Magnetically aligned metal-organic deposition (MOD) ink based nickel/copper heater surfaces for enhanced boiling heat transfer

We present high boiling heat transfer properties achieved by magnetically aligned nickel precursor inks on copper substrates measured atmospheric pressure. Alignment was performed in a single direction and grid orientation. Pool boiling studies were performed to obtain correlations between the heat flux, heat transfer coefficients, and wall superheat using water and ethanol. The effects of surface wettability and roughness on nucleate boiling heat transfer properties and bubble dynamics are reported. Our studies yielded a critical heat flux (CHF) of 185.9 W/cm2 and a heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of 106.9 kW/m2 °K for water on Ni grid patterned surface, representing an improvement of 49.9% in CHF and 105% in HTC compared to plain copper surface. The alignment of nickel followed by its sintering introduced nucleation characteristics that improved bubble dynamics. This is attributed to a) altered three-phase contact angle via chemically heterogeneity of Ni/Cu surface, and b) increased surface roughness due to nickel microstructures that induced wickability.

Structural color image augmented by inkjet printed perovskite patterning

Combination of luminescence and diffraction effects is an approach in advanced security printing allowing for development of unique patterns that can be authenticated by two features at once. In this way, all-inorganic halide perovskites with efficient, stable, and spectrally narrow photoluminescence at room temperature could be one of the best candidates for such applications. This work demonstrates a technology, in which structural color images on Volume Bragg Hologram (VBH) and luminescent CsPbBr3 perovskite pattern are applied layer by layer in the form of predesigned patterns using inkjet printing. The structural color image is formed due to the pointwise changing of VBH period with acrylic ink. The perovskite-based luminescent pattern is developed from the precursor ink in situ in the form of distinct drops allowing for the micropatterning. To achieve the goal, the printing conditions were optimized for these two types of inks, using a layer of polystyrene to enhance the luminescence of perovskites. The effect of perovskites on optical properties of the holographic substrate was taken into account. The results show a high potential of the halide perovskites for novel multi-level security printing technologies.