Pre-critical Period Research Articles

Religious in Kant's cosmology

Cosmology, as expounded in his treatise Theory of Heavens, was an important Kant's occupation in his precritical period. In contriving his picture of Cosmos and its genesis, young Kant employed arguments from many spheres, from political and theological to speculative and philosophical ones. Here we offer some elements for possible understanding of Kant's cosmology, analyzing these aspects of his Treatise, as well as the influence he had on the posterior cosmological thoughts, up to the modern cosmology.

Klaus Holzkamp and the rise and decline of German critical psychology.

The history of German Critical Psychology focuses on the works of its most significant representative, Klaus Holzkamp (1927-1995), and reconstructs the development of his ideas, critiques, and results. For historical-systematic reasons his work is divided into a precritical period (until 1968), a critical-emancipatory period (1968-1972), a critical-conceptual period (1973-1983), and a subject-scientific period (1984-1995). Social movements and internal problems of traditional psychology are identified as factors in the rise of his psychology, whereas the decline of Critical Psychology in the 1980s and 1990s is attributed to social development, limitations of a systematic-foundational framework, and the emergence of alternative critical approaches. Despite these problems the article shows that Holzkamp is an eminent theoretical psychologist who has made significant contributions to psychological knowledge.

Different ω-conotoxins mark the development of Swiss Webster mouse cortex suggesting N-Type voltage sensitive calcium channel subtypes

ω-GVIA conotoxin has been used to mark presynaptic N-type voltage sensitive calcium channels (VSCC).3,13,19,21–23 Litzinger et al.9 used ω-conotoxin binding to describe a critical period of neurodevelopment in Swiss Webster mice between postnatal days (PND) 11 and 14, which appears to be important to the initiation of proper final development of the central nervous system. In this study, we compare how three different ω-conotoxins (i.e. GVIA from Conus geographus, MVIIA from Conus magus, and RVIA from Conus radiatus) mark N-type VSCC during this critical period in Swiss Webster mouse cortex. 125I-GVIA was bound to Swiss Webster mouse cortex synaptosomal membrane fractions at postnatal days 8 and 14. 125I-GVIA binding displacement curves were obtained by incubating membranes with increasing concentrations of unlabeled GVIA, MVIIA, and RVIA. Displacement curves and IC50 were calculated for each of these three ω-conotoxins, and then compared. At PND 14, GVIA, MVIIA and RVIA were able to displace greater than 95% of 125I-GVIA binding. At PND 8, however, MVIIA was only able to displace 83% of 125I-GVIA binding, and RVIA was only able to block 84%. The IC150 does not appear to change significantly during this period of development for any of the ω-conotoxins. The inability of MVIIA and RVIA to completely block 125I-GVIA binding in pre-critical period Swiss Webster cortex denotes an alteration in the composition of N-type VSCC binding sites. With this data, we have suggested the presence of subtypes of the N-type VSCC in the cortex of pre-critical period Swiss Webster mouse.

Kant as philosophical theologian

Preface - Introduction: The Young Kant: Pietism and Rationalism - PART 1 THE TRUE BASIS OF THEISM - The Pre-Critical Period - The So-Called Proofs of Divine Existence - The Moral Argument - Teleology - Rational Theology Reviewed, and the Question of Theodicy - PART 2 INTERPRETING CHRISTIANITY - The Radical Evil in Human Nature - Good and Evil in Conflict - The Victory of Good over Evil - Institutionalism in Religion - Last Thoughts on Philosophy of Religion - Conclusion - Select Bibliography - Index

Limit states of geometrically nonlinear elastic-plastic toroidal shells under pressure with bending

Elastic-plastic deformation of a thin-walled sandwich toroidal shell (a curved tube) is considered. A geometrically nonlinear theory of finite displacements but small strains is applied. Deformation of the whole torus is assumed to be rotationally symmetric and, moreover, deformation of a meridional section of the tube is symmetric with respect to the symmetry plane of the initial torus. The torus is subject to simultaneous uniform normal pressure, internal or external, and in-plane bending. The process is controlled by the two independent parameters: the pressure and the change of unit toroidal angle. Depending on the choice of loading trajectory, a process of elastic-plastic deformation can be terminated in various ways. The first possible termination of a continuous process of deformation is due to the onset of local kinematic discontinuity (strain localization or onset of a plastic hinge), regarded as inadmissible. The second termination (limit point) corresponds to a maximal value of the load factor and it limits the stable precritical period of deformation. The interaction curves corresponding to different termination modes intersect at corners; some parts of these curves are concave.

The Ontotheology of Kant in his Pre-Critical Period

The Ontotheology of Kant in his Pre-Critical Period

Endocrine Regulation of Melanization in Late Larvae of the Oleander Hawk Moth, Deilephila nerii12

Approximately 78–104 h prior to larval-pupal ecdysis, the last (5th) instar of the oleander hawk moth, Deilephila nerii (L.), undergoes a color change from green to black on the dorsum of all abdominal segments. The color change involves a melanization process whose initiation appears to be under the control of a blood-borne factor. A series of ligation and hormone injection experiments have pinpointed the source of the factor to be the prothorax and the factor to be ecdysone. The head appears not to be necessary for the triggering of melanization. However, the role of the head may be of ensuring that secretion of ecdysone is synchronized with a period of sensitivity during which the epidermal cells are competent to initiate melanization when exposed to ecdysone. The finding that high levels of juvenile hormone or ecdysterone administered to larvae during the precritical period (in respect to melanization) can effectively block melanization but not pupation supports a model involving a critical ratio of ecdysone/juvenile hormone which may be involved in establishing epidermal cell competency for melanization.

Kant and Newtonian Science: The Pre-Critical Period

Previous articleNext article No AccessKant and Newtonian Science: The Pre-Critical PeriodRonald CalingerRonald Calinger Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Isis Volume 70, Number 3Sep., 1979 Publication of the History of Science Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/352280 Views: 19Total views on this site Citations: 8Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1979 History of Science Society, Inc.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Cinzia Ferrini A “Physiogony” of the Heavens: Kant’s Early View of Universal Natural History, HOPOS: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science 12, no.11 (Mar 2022): 261–285.https://doi.org/10.1086/718995Brigitte Falkenburg Physics and Metaphysics, (Dec 2020): 3–31.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52290-2_1Matthew Rukgaber Space, Force, and Matter in the Early Natural Science Writings, (Nov 2020): 19–58.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60742-5_2Matthew Rukgaber Substances, Space, and Causality in the Early Metaphysical Writings, (Nov 2020): 59–107.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60742-5_3Luca Sciortino On Ian Hacking’s Notion of Style of Reasoning, Erkenntnis 82, no.22 (Jun 2016): 243–264.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-016-9815-9Michela Massimi, Silvia De Bianchi Cartesian echoes in Kant’s philosophy of nature, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 44, no.33 (Sep 2013): 481–492.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2012.10.011MI GYUNG KIM A HISTORICAL ATLAS OF OBJECTIVITY, Modern Intellectual History 6, no.33 (Nov 2009): 569–596.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479244309990187Roger Jaquel Leonhard Euler, son Fils Johann Albrecht et leur ami Jean III Bernoulli jusqu’en 1766, (Jan 1983): 435–446.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9350-3_24

Influence of Hydroprene on Caribbean Fruit Fly Suitability for Parasite Development

Onset of the critical period (with respect to pupation) for larvae of Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) was associated with decreased success in parasitization by the endoparasite, Biosteres (= Opius) longicaudatus Ashmead. A significantly greater proportion of adults emerged from hosts parasitized during the pre-critical period (94.1%) than from hosts parasitized during the post-critical period (48.1%). Parasite emergence increased to 60.5% in host larvae treated early in the 3rd instar with the insect growth regulator hydroprene and parasitized 2 days later, when they would otherwise be beyond the critical period. Non-parasitized controls treated similarly with hydroprene pupated ca. 1 day later than usual, indicating that hydroprene delayed the onset of the critical period. The duration of the parasite egg stage was 2.0 days in pre-critical period hosts and 4.1 days in post-critical period hosts. Parasite egg duration in hydroprene-treated hosts was also 2.0 days. Biosteres (Opius) longicaudatus Ashmead was introduced into Florida in 1969 for control of the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Baranowski and Swanson 1971). Studies on the host-parasite relationship were initiated to improve the efficiency of mass-rearing efforts intended to supply parasites for field releases. During these studies Lawrence et al. (1976) found that 5-day-old A. suspensa larvae which were in the 1st day of the 3rd instar were more suitable for parasite development than were 7day-old larvae (late 3rd instar) that were about to pupate. In many insect species, the amount of juvenile hormone relative to ecdysone (the growth and maturation hormone) decreases with increased age (Schooley et al. 1976). The period during which the amount of ecdysone exceeds that of juvenile hormone and achieves a level sufficient to initiate pupation, is referred to as the critical period (DeBach 1939). Thus, the observed change in suitability with increased age of A. suspensa larvae suggested possible endocrine involvement. Endocrine influences on host suitability have been demonstrated in other host-parasite systems (Bradley and Arbuthnot 1938, Cals-Usciati 1969, 1975, Smilowitz and Iwantsch 1973, and Smilowitz 1974). Nenon (1972a,b) has also demonstrated that juvenile hormone and ecdysone influenced the survival of embryos and larvae of an Ageniaspis species under in vitro rearing conditions. The subject of host hormone influences on insect parasites was recently reviewed by Riddiford (1975). The objective of the present study was to relate physiological events occurring during maturation of 3rd (last) instar larvae of A. suspensa to their suitability for development of the parasite B. longicaudatus. The

The induction of autophagy in isolated insect fat body by β-ecdysone

The fat body in Calpodes undergoes sequential organelle specific autophagy as a first step in the cell remodeling process necessary for metamorphosis to the pupa. This autophagy begins at about 36 hr before pupation and coincides with a critical period after which an isolated abdomen will pupate without further influence from the prothoracic glands. This suggested that autophagy might be induced by ecdysone. Fat body taken before the critical period and cultured in a medium containing β-ecdysone undergoes autophagy. Fat body from the same animal maintained in hormone-free medium retains the pre-critical period morphology with no autophagy. Autophagy is therefore directly induced by β-ecdysone. Fat body taken soon after the critical period continues with the autophagic sequence in hormone-free medium. Therefore the entire autophagic sequence is induced and does not require the continuing presence of hormone. Protein storage granule formation and cell dissociation, which occur in fat body at metamorphosis, are also induced by β-ecdysone.

Genetic analysis of larval feeding behaviour inDrosophila melanogaster: II. Growth relations and competition between selected lines

SUMMARYGrowth relations of lines selected for fast or slow larval feeding rate have been compared with those in the genetically heterogeneous control base population from which they were derived. Larvae of the slow strain have reduced growth rate and reach their critical weight for pupation later than unselected larvae. Larvae of the fast strain attain their critical weight at the same time as the unselected control larvae, suggesting that growth rate in the precritical period of development is already maximized in the base population and cannot be improved by increasing food intake. This constraint does not apply to the fixed period of post-critical growth however, since fast feeding larvae give rise to larger adult flies than the controls.Larval feeding rate is affected by genes located on all three major chromosomes. The small fourth chromosome has negligible effect. Selection for slow feeding rate has led to an increase in the frequency of recessive genes affecting the character. High scores of larvae selected for fast feeding rate depend upon interactions between non-homologous selected chromosomes which individually have little effect. Larval feeding rate in the control unselected population appears to be buffered, firstly by epistatic interactions against the effects of chromosomes tending to promote ‘supra-optimal’ feeding rate and, secondly, by dominance against chromosomes promoting a lowering of feeding rate.Under conditions of scramble type competition between the selected lines for limited resources, fast feeding larvae have a higher survival rate, and complete their period of larval development earlier to give larger adult flies than their slow feeding competitors. The contribution of larval feeding rate to competitive ability at different levels is discussed, and it is suggested that the effects of change in this behavioural character may be far reaching.

Noncytokinetic Injury: Sparing Effect of Dose Fractionation for Delay of Pupariation of the Fleshfly, Sarcophaga bullata Parker

Pupariation delay after irradiation of larvae of dipterous insects represents a precisely measurable form of noncytokinetic injury. A sparing effect of dose fractionation was demonstrated for this phenomenon. Sarcophaga bullata Parker were irradiated during the precritical period of the last larval instar. Pupariation delay is a function of dose from 1400 R to 4200 R; a sparing effect of dose fractionation was demonstrable over this entire range of doses.

ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION DURING ACUTE INFECTIONS. OBSERVATIONS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN.

The diverse pattern of adaptation of body physiology to infections remains poorly understood and presents a challenging field for investigation. The present study is concerned with certain common electrolyte derangements. A review of the literature on the disturbances of water and electrolyte balance in patients suffering from acute febrile diseases shows that maximum interest in this problem was manifest during the 1920's and early 1930's. Changes in water balance, chloride levels of serum and urine, freezing point depression, and other physiological parameters were carefully studied in patients suffering from pneumococcal lobar pneumonia. A typical picture was outlined as characterized by water retention,1-4with fall in the concentration of chloride and total fixed base in serum,5,6and diminished freezing point depression3,7throughout the precritical period, followed by return to normal values after the crisis. Similar low concentrations were recorded for other serum electrolytes such as calcium, magnesium, and