Pre-construction Stage Research Articles

Quantification of Construction Waste through BIM

Nowadays, green environment is a great concern in the construction industry because of its rapid growth in the construction sector and its direct connection with the detrimental impact on the environment. The construction sector contributes about 23% of air pollution, 50% of the climatic change, 40% of drinking water pollution, and 50% of landfill wastes. Developing country like Bangladesh did not use any proper waste estimation process or tools which can efficiently estimate the volume of materials needed for a construction project which always results in wasting excessive materials. Waste estimation can determine the volume of materials even in the pre-construction stage and thus reducing waste, cost and environmental impact. In the light of the gap of existing tools and methods to estimate the waste amount, Building Information Modelling (BIM) based system plays a vital role to estimate construction waste in the region of the rising amount of construction waste. In this paper, clash detection process has been described to estimate construction waste with the help of Autodesk Navisworks Manage software. Clash detection process contributes to estimate a large amount of waste among total waste generated in a building model. Different manual approaches have also been described that can estimate the total amount of construction waste. This paper also presents an example scenario with a 4-storied residential building model to demonstrate construction waste estimation systems. The case study shows that BIM-based waste estimation using clash detection could prevent 40-45% of construction waste that might have been generated without using BIM.

Dynamics of Pertinent Project Delay Variables in the Thai Construction Sector: Mathematical Analysis

Abstract Project completion behind schedule is a struggle for the construction sector, affecting time, cost, and quality. This investigation has been necessitated by the lingering nature of project delay risks despite many extant analyses. This study collated expert opinions from the Thai construction sector on salient construction delay variables and their influence on each other for DEMATEL-SD analysis. The collated data were analysed and found consistent with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.939. Then, the DEMATEL technique was used to establish the influence weight of factors for the System dynamics (SD) analysis. It was discovered that minimising the design error at the preconstruction stage significantly reduces the magnitude of delay. Increasing values of design error and change order increase the rework profile. Besides, the project delivery within the scheduled 232 weeks can be ensured by minimising the threat of design error, design change, change order, rework, productivity problem, and by improving project management. This study adopted a hybrid mathematical system to holistically examine the construction delay risk by comprehensively exploring the dynamics of influencing variables and investigating their impact on the project scheme. The system helps project stakeholders to arrive at an effective decision in overcoming delay risks, thus minimising the cost overrun and improving the project quality.

Prevention Cost Components Priorities for Urban Rail Infrastructure Projects

The Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) and the Light Rail Transit (LRT) have been establishedas the largest transport infrastructure projects in Malaysia and cost over RM40 billion. Due to the vigorous development of both projects, accidents at project sites have causedfatalities, serious injuries,and damage to properties. Many accidents haveoccurred during the operation of rail. In Malaysia, the latest rail accident occurred on 24thMay 2021had injured200 people when two coaches onthe Kelana Jaya LRT line collidedin the capital Kuala Lumpur. Railaccidents create significant economic impacts on the country, stakeholders,and society. Studies on the prevention costs during the pre-construction stage of a project are scarceand have mainly focused on the financial losses or accident costs incurred by the contractor and victim.Amongthe limitations of the existing safety and health cost models is that they do not include the costs incurred by the client for the safety prevention activities. Therefore, this research aims to study the types of prevention cost components that must be the priorities for urban rail infrastructureprojects. The data analysed in this study wasobtained from a total of eight (8) projects involved in the MRT 1 (SBK Line) and ten (10) projects involved in the MRT 2 (SPP Line). The prevention cost components priorities were determined by the coefficient of variation (CV) percentage. The finding shows ten (10) prevention cost components,and nineteen (19) prevention cost items wereallocatedduring the pre-construction phase. The cost components werethe Plant Costs, OSH Management Costs, Housekeeping Costs, Special Work Condition Costs, Evaluation and Monitoring Costs, Emergency Response Costs, Electrical Work Costs, PPE and Training Costs, Facilities on Site Costs, and Insurance Costs. This study finds out that all these prevention cost components are important to prevent accidents for the employees when carrying out work on-site. Therefore,clientsshould considerthe availability of these cost componentsin the planning and preparation phasesof an urban rail infrastructure project.Thus, the most logical amount of prevention cost components can be achieved in the future project and creating the awareness of these costs to the clients.

Successful Key Management of Implementation The sustainable City Park Construction in Jakarta

Development of City Parks is one of the targets of the Green City Action Plan in Indonesia to realize the strategy towards 30% Green Open Space. City Parks are also needed by the community for outdoor activities without paying. Its existence can improve the quality of life and the environment. Currently the City Park in Jakarta has not fulfilled this function optimally (less quality). This study aims to reveal the management of the implementation of the City Park development project in Jakarta and find out the root causes of the implementation failure. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach, supported by observations and structured interviews. The study results show that the root cause is the unavailability of definitions and targets that refer to the application of sustainable principles in green planning and design; there is no clear regulation on the application of sustainable green open spaces and the lack of optimal involvement of stakeholders in green communities as attributes of the Green City Action Plan. It cause the pre-construction stage did not go well. City Park becomes ineligible. This is the basis for corrective measures for the successful management of the City Park development project.

Interactions Among the Main Characteristics of Open Building Systems

Constant need-for-change in the construction market and social trends has resulted in the demand for more adaptable building systems. The ability to practise and accommodate change has consequently become a new necessity for buildings. Adaptability, therefore, is to be considered in both the pre-construction stage and the entire life cycle of the construction. The further civilization develops, the more we need to take advantage of the Open Building Systems (OBS) concept, introduced to the construction industry almost 70 years ago. However, conventional methods are still common due to the lack of knowledge in OBS, resistance to change, monopoly of conventional building materials manufacturing, insufficient legislation, and lack of end-user’s awareness. The ability to practise and accommodate changes has consequently become a new necessity for building construction. This research aims to address the interactions among the influential factors of OBS. The initial move was to identify and verify the significant open building influential factors in a conceptual model based on previous relevant literature. Then the second step was to find the interactions between the variables through the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique. The results indicate that one of the most significant and main factors is the "Level of Independence", and the main cause factor identified was "Standardization (St)", which had a major role in the success of construction OBS performance.

AN EVIDENCE-BASED RISK DECISION SUPPORT APPROACH FOR METRO TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION

The risk-informed decision-making of metro tunnel project is often faced with the problem of inadequate utilization of available information. In order to address the epistemic uncertainty problem caused by insufficient utilization of information in decision-making, this paper proposes a risk decision support approach for metro tunnel construction based on Continuous Time Bayesian Network (CTBN) technique. CTBN can factor the state space of variables in tunnel projects and perform evidence-based reasoning, which enables the diverse information of expert opinions, project-specific parameters, historical data and engineering anomalies to be the evidence to support decision-making. A concise CTBN model development method based on Dynamic Fault Trees is presented to replace the cumbersome model learning process. The proposed approach can utilize multi-source information as evidence to provide multi-form decision support both in the pre-construction stage and construction stage of the tunnel construction project, and the results can support the decisions on judging the acceptability of the risk, developing response strategies for risk factors and diagnosing the causes of the hazardous event. A case study on the water leakage risk of tunnel construction in China is presented to illustrate the feasibility of the approach. The case study shows that the approach can assist in making informed decisions, so as to improve the engineering safety.

Impact of urban railway announcements on housing market: Preponderance of pre-construction and post-construction phase effect of urban railway projects

The increasing concerns arising from measuring the effect of metro railway line projects on the sale prices of surrounding housing within urban spaces have been addressed in a vast number of related studies. However, potential changes in these effects with regard to short-run and long-run equilibriums have not been studied satisfactorily in developing countries. Therefore, this paper measures the effect of metro railway line investments on housing sale prices with respect to two different stages of related projects: pre-construction stage and post-construction stage, in two similar study areas in İstanbul, Turkey. The prices of houses are modeled using hedonic price models. The results indicate that housing sale prices before construction (announcement) of the metro railway line projects increase almost twofold after construction. In addition, the paper employs a before and after analysis to measure the effect of the different stages of metro railway line investments on housing sale prices. The results reveal that the average price increase of a housing unit in the pre-construction phase of the metro railway line project is 86,756.37 TL greater than the average price increase in the post-construction phase. Thus, the validity of the speculated effect of such urban railway investments on housing sale prices is justified.

Enhancing CO2 balance in concrete through carbonation during a service life using organic liquid emitting diode (OLED) as a binder

Worldwide, reduction in emission of greenhouse gas such as carbon dioxide (CO2) is a crucial issue in construction and building industries from a sustainability perspective. The present study aims to achieve a higher CO2 balance in concrete as the role of capture and storage during service life by using an organic liquid emitting diode (OLED) waste glass as a cementitious binder. Concrete with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of OLED waste glass was fabricated for the experimental works. The amount of potential CO2 uptake through carbonation under a natural exposure was evaluated based on carbonation depth and molecular concentration favorable to react with CO2, which is determined by quantitative X-ray diffraction (Q-XRD). Simultaneously, compressive strength was monitored until 96 weeks. Also, the CO2 emission of the blended concrete in the pre-construction stage was assessed by a life cycle assessment. As a result, the concrete modified by OLED waste glass exhibited an excellent strength at all ages and replacement levels due to more significant pozzolanic activity, confirmed by Q-XRD results. In addition, OLED addition enhanced the CO2 balance in the concrete over twice in value at the maximum because of the reduction of CO2 emitted in cement production and increased CO2 absorption in the carbonation process. The results are in good agreement that OLED waste glass can be successfully used as a binder for developing green concrete with CO2 neutralization. However, it must be further examined the mechanical properties and durability at various aspects.

Impact of Construction Delay-Controlling Parameters on Project Schedule: DEMATEL-System Dynamics Modeling Approach

Project delay has been a phenomenon contending with the construction sector opposing time, cost, and quality. This study develops a model, which is a combination of two mathematical decision-making methods DEMATEL and system dynamics modeling, to investigate the impact of the factors on the entire project schedule. The simulation results reveal the importance of minimizing design error to reduce the project delay at the beginning (or preconstruction stage) of the project. Rework, design changes, and change orders must also be closely monitored during the construction to ensure work productivity and on-time project completion. The results also reveal that experienced designers and the use of updated design technology help reduce design errors, thus enhancing work performance in the long term. As shown in the simulation results, the actual project completion time and magnitude of delay steadily reduce with the project series. This explains the fact that the more the consistency and effectiveness in handling the delay factors as similar projects are performed in turns, the better the project performance in terms of time. Therefore, careful consideration of the delay factors reduces the time lag and delay magnitude in construction projects. Other improvements, such as effective supervision during construction which is a function of experienced supervisors, good project management, and cooperation among key stakeholders, including owners, consultants, and contractors, also assist in reducing the construction delay in the long term.

Effects of multifunctional weir construction on key water quality indicators: a case study in Nakdong River, Korea

In this study, changes in water quality characteristics were compared before and after the construction of eight multifunctional weirs in the Nakdong River Basin in South Korea. A cluster analysis of spatial variation showed that the locations classified as Cluster 1 pre-construction (sites ND7 and ND8) shifted into Cluster 2 post-construction, indicating that spatial cluster types changed after the construction of multifunctional weirs. Principal component and factor analyses revealed that nitrogen and phosphorous nutrients at the pre-construction stage (total nitrogen, total phosphorous, and phosphate-phosphorus) and electrical conductivity were extracted in principal component 1, while biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, pH, and chlorophyll-a were extracted in principal component 2. However, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, and chlorophyll-a at the post-construction stage were extracted in principal component 1, while total nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen were extracted in principal component 2. The key water quality indicators transitioned from nutrients to organic pollutants after the construction of the multifunctional weirs. A water quality trend analysis with seasonal Mann–Kendall testing and locally weighted scatter plot smoothing methods showed that organic pollutant indicators such as chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon tended to increase after the construction of multifunctional weirs. Therefore, the key quality indicators for water quality improvement and management should be chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon.

학생안전체험관의 적정성 검토의견 분석

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to study basic data for quality control of exhibition experience facilities by analyzing the results of the adequacy review of exhibition experience facilities at the safety experience center, measuring the frequency of review matters by construction stage and work field. .Method: This study presents the differentiation of the study through theoretical review and reviews the facility composition and related laws of the safety experience center. Next, after analyzing the case according to the analysis framework, the frequency of review opinions is measured. Result: The conclusion of this study is that first, the review of exhibition experience facilities can be divided into pre-construction stages, construction stages, and construction completion stages for each construction stage. Second, the review opinion showed a high frequency in the order of construction completion stage, construction stage, and pre-construction stage. Third, the frequency of review opinions on construction details, exhibition directing, and experience equipment was high. Fourth, C-1 had a high frequency of space composition and construction details in the pre-construction stage, and construction details and exhibition production were high in the construction stage, and construction details and experience equipment were high in the construction completion stage. C-2 had a high frequency of exhibition production and construction details at the pre-construction stage, and the construction stage had a high frequency of construction details and other items.

Investigation of Energy Risk in Pre-Construction Stage: A Qualitative Approach

The energy demand growth every year for existing building due to the natural lifecycle of the building performance. Systematic strategy in retrofitting is proven to revamp the energy building performance. However, the retrofitting process is facing several of unknown risk as early in pre-construction stage to achieve optimum energy efficiency design strategy. The risk requires strategic assessment to minimize the impact towards the efficiency level in retrofitting. This study aims to examine the risks and the potential impact towards design strategies by conducting a semi-structured interview from six internal stakeholders in the retrofit project. The result derived from the interview revealed that there are 13 of major risks involve in retrofit project and divided into planning stage and design stage. All the risks are proven to provide a potential impact towards energy efficiency design strategies.

Integrating Hoisting Efficiency into Construction Site Layout Plan Model for Prefabricated Construction

Construction site layout plans (CSLP) are vitally significant to prefabricated construction project management; in particular, abundant hoisting operations reinforce the importance of the location of tower cranes and precast component supply points. However, previous studies on CSLP have been conducted on traditional construction sites, and there is a gap in the research regarding the prefabricated construction site layout plan. This paper attempts to establish a comprehensive CSLP model to optimize the facility layout problem on prefabricated construction sites, integrating the hoisting efficiency of precast components into previous studies on CSLP considering safety risks and transportation cost. To solve the proposed multiobjective model, the Genetic algorithms (GAs) is applied to obtain Pareto optimal solutions due to its strong global search capability. To verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model, a prefabricated residential building project is studied as a case study. This paper attempts to improve the CSLP model for the scene of prefabricated construction in the preconstruction stage to optimize safety risk, transportation cost, and hoisting efficiency, which may facilitate future research attempting to improve the prefabricated construction site layout considering more complex actual situations.

The design coordination role at the pre-construction stage of construction projects

ABSTRACT The importance of the concept of prevention through design (PtD) to the alleviation of the problem of poor health and safety (H&S) management in the construction industry is widely acknowledged. It has been adopted in the regulatory framework for H&S in the UK construction industry through the Construction Design and Management Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015) which place on the project client obligations with emphasis on coordination of H&S at the pre-construction stage of the project by a client-appointed ‘Principal Designer’ (PD). Unfortunately, research into the implementation of CDM 2015 into actual practice at the pre-construction stage has been patchy. The paper reports, with respect to the PD role, on part of research undertaken to respond to this gap. It involved surveys of clients and practitioners via fourteen focus group discussion sessions with over eighty participants to develop knowledge and understanding of the PD role. The research issues included: appointments to the role; structures for discharge of the role; day-to-day functions of the PD; remuneration arrangements; and common challenges regarding the PD.

A theoretical framework for classifying project complexity at the preconstruction stage using cluster analysis techniques

PurposeThe accuracy and reliability of subjectively assessing a construction project's complexity at the pre-construction stage is questionable and relies upon the project manager's tacit experiences, knowledge and background. The purpose of this paper is to develop a scientifically robust analytical approach by presenting a novel classification mechanism for defining the level of project complexity in terms of work contents (WCs), scope, building structures (BSs) and site conditions.Design/methodology/approachEmpiricism is adopted to deductively analyze variables obtained from secondary data within extant literature and primary project data to develop project type classifications. Specifically, and from an operational perspective, a two-stage “waterfall process” was adopted. In stage one, the research identified 56 variables affecting project complexity from literature and utilized a structured questionnaire survey of 100 project managers to measure the relevance of these. A total of 27 variables were revealed to be significant and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is adopted to cluster these variables into six-factor thematic groups. In stage two, data from 62 real-life projects (including the layout and structural plans) were utilized for computing the factor score using the six-factor groups. Finally, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) is adopted to classify the projects into collected distinctive groups and each of a similar nature and characteristics.FindingsThe developed theoretical framework (that includes a novel complex index) provides a robust “blueprint platform” for main contractors to compile their project complexity database. The research outputs enable project managers to generate a more accurate picture of complexity at the pre-construction stage.Originality/valueWhile numerous research articles have provided a comprehensive framework to define project complexity, scant empirical works have assessed it at the pre-construction stage or utilized real-life project samples to classify it. This research addresses this knowledge gap within the prevailing body of knowledge.

Identification of the Environmental Impacts and Management Strategies of Embung Bandungrejo

Water reservoirs in the form of artificial lake or embung are needed for water resources conservation and fulfilment of other functions. The development of Embung Bandungrejo is planned not only for conservation but also for irrigation and tourism potential. The construction of environmental conservation facilities has created new problems for the environment otherwise. This study aimed to identify the types and sources of environmental impacts and to analyze the environmental management efforts in Embung Bandungrejo. The method to collect data was carried out through a combination of primary and secondary data gathering. The results of data processing were then analyzed descriptively based on professional judgment. The environmental impacts are estimated to occur during the pre-construction, construction, and operation stages. The pre-construction stage consists of two activities that potentially have environmental impacts, namely planning, survey, and measurement as well as dissemination. The predicted impact of such activities is public perception and attitude. The construction stage consists of five activities with potential environmental impacts. The impacts of worker recruitment include the creation of employment and business opportunities and the emergence of social envy. The basecamp operation affects public perception and attitude as well as degraded environmental sanitation. The impacts of equipment and material mobility are increased dust deposits and vehicle exhaust gases, damaged roads, and public concern. The earthwork leads to land-use change and threatened wildlife habitat. The impact of construction activities is potential occupational diseases and accidents. The operation stage consists of two activities with the potential to cause environmental impacts. The embung utilization decreases environmental sanitation, increases the population of aquatic biota and flora, improves the standard of living for farmers and the community, as well as causes conflicts of irrigation water use and tourism management. The impact of embung maintenance is the good condition and well-maintained complementary facilities the environmental management strategies can be carried out on each type of projected impacts based on the form, location, and period of the management efforts.

CONSTRUCTION CASH FLOW AND RISK S-CURVES DEVELOPMENT APPROACH, AND AREA METHOD ANALYSIS AT THE PRECONSTRUCTION STAGE FROM CLIENT PERSPECTIVE IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Purpose – Understanding construction cash flow estimation is crucial for project success. Experts are concerned about project’s cash-flow and risk estimation and control. Latest construction studies concentrated on modelling and estimating construction costs and risks.
 Methodology – This article aims to approach pure quantitative mathematical modelling to develop the S-Curves (i.e., cash-flow and risks) and to develop the cash-flow simple area method. This research referred to the mathematical definitions of construction cash-flow and risks, integrating a clear systematic approach to develop the s-curves and to build the simple-area-method.
 Findings – This research paper reviled that construction cash-flow and risk s-curves can be developed at the preconstruction stage, mathematically, without the need for having cost historical data of similar completed projects. In addition, this article has provided a simple area method approach mathematically, for construction cash flow analysis, using the basic developed cash-flow s-curve and the actual cost data of, at least, 2 completed similar projects. The simple area method is proved effective to provide a better understanding of cash-flow behaviour of the analysed projects’ type. However, the s-curves development can be generalised to cover construction cost and risk simple s-curves, while the area method is restricted with the projects’ characteristics (i.e., type, size, location, etc.) used in developing the simple area.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy – The significance of this study is to provide an S-Curve development approach for both cashflow and risk percentages from client perspective at the preconstruction stage, using solely the tender contract value. And to provide a simpler stochastic area method approach for project management professionals/researchers, who do not have large amount of historical similar projects’ cost data. Originality, theoretical-implications, practical-implications, and limitations are presented in the conclusion for future research.

COST RISK’S RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING PROJECT’S WHOLE LIFE CYCLE IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Purpose – Project management cost and risk modelling is experiencing the challenge of identifying cost risks values to maintain accurate modelling, estimating, and assessment. Latest research focused on cost and risk modelling and estimation. The significance of cost risks numerical values come from its ability to be used in many different analysis and approaches. This article aims to identify residential building projects’ whole life cycle cost risks numerical values in UAE at the preconstruction stage and ensure its reliability and validity.
 Methodology – The approach of this research is pure quantitative. The methodology of this research is to collect data though conducting face-to-face interviews quantitatively (i.e., cost risks values). The survey is using PMBOK risk matrix (i.e., probability vs. impact). Finally, data correlation and regression modelling ware done to ensure the reliability and validity of each cost risk value.
 Findings – This paper was able to deliver reliable and valid residential project’s whole life cycle cost risks values (i.e., 117 cost risks) for direct use in future research or practical professional cost analysis.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy – This article contribution to the project management body of knowledge is to collect all relevant cost risks (i.e., 117 cost risks) and obtain their values from UAE field experts for the first time. The provided values are for residential project in UAE only. The perspective of how to look to cost risks values in this article (i.e., contractors’ and clients’ views) should be considered at the time of using the data. The consultancy services organizations will have different cost risks because they do not deal with delivering the final product, but they provide supporting services (i.e., design and supervision) to facilitate delivering the project.

SYSTEM DYNAMICS APPROACH FOR WHOLE LIFE CYCLE COST MODELLING OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING PROJECTS IN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Purpose – Project management field is experiencing many challenges to maintain its performance within planned budget. Latest research focused on cost modelling and estimation. The significance of cost modelling comes from the forecasted information value. It is needed in the United Arab Emirates to satisfy the future vision and strategies.
 Methodology – This article aims to model project's whole life cycle costs of residential buildings in UAE at the preconstruction stage, choosing VENSIM system dynamics approach. The objective is to simulate dynamically cost over time for all outputs. The approach of this research is pure quantitative. It requires mapping diagrams and mathematical computation systems. DEMO simulation and real data verification modelling are used to ensure the outputs’ validity. The mean absolute deviation and mean square error are used for measuring the estimation accuracy.
 Findings – This research proved that VENSIM system dynamics approach can model and estimate residential building project’s cost and cash flow dynamically through time, with high accuracy, in the United Arab Emirates.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy – This research provides the first cost estimation modelling for residential projects’ whole life cycle using VENSIM system dynamics approach. It is opening new research opportunities in cost modelling and estimating fields. The theoretical-implications, practical-implications, and limitations are presented in the conclusion for future research.

MONTE-CARLO APPROACH FOR MEASURING ADJUSTING COST RISKS VALUES OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING PROJECT’S WHOLE LIFE CYCLE FROM CLIENTS’ PERSPECTIVE IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Purpose – Although projects’ experts always take into consideration the related cost-risks. They are experiencing the challenge of not being able to finish the project within the estimated budget. Latest cost-risks studies concentrated on modelling and estimating risks at the preconstruction stage. This article aims to approach Monte-Carlo simulation using stochastic mathematical modelling to measure cost-risks error (i.e., adjusting cost-risks).
 Methodology – The approach of this research is solely quantitative. It is using statistical modelling and simulations to ensure the accuracy and precision of the developed Monte-Carlo model. However, this study is utilizing Microsoft Office Excel Software Mersenne twister algorithm to generate random numbers to ensure most accurate Monte-Carlo approach. The mathematical equations system is built into Excel.
 Findings – The research outputs are considered significant in project management body of knowledge. This is because of the resulted evidence that is proving the applicability to measure cost risks error using Monte-Carlo simulation. This study presented cost risks and differentiated between contractors’ and clients’ views. 
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy – The originality of this article comes from providing the first Monte-Carlo approach for measuring projects’ cost-risks error from client’s perspective. The theoretical-implications, practical-implications, and limitations are presented in the conclusion for future research.