Pre-construction Phase Research Articles

Development and validation of a framework for preventing and mitigating construction delay using 4D BIM platform in Bangladeshi construction sector

PurposeAs a developing nation, Bangladesh still has scarce technological applications in the construction sector, which results in construction delays. This paper aims to propose a framework that will diminish manual labor, reduce human error and apply four-dimensional (4D) building information modeling (BIM)-based solutions to mitigate and prevent construction project delays.Design/methodology/approachFirst, a systematic literature review was conducted on analyzing the construction delay scenario in the context of Bangladesh and other countries. Next, a 4D BIM-based framework was developed using Autodesk Navisworks Manage. Finally, it was used to run on-site simulations on an ongoing construction project which faced delays because of design errors and inefficient planning.FindingsAffirmative results were found from applying these methods through real-time project simulation. The current status of the project and the status after using BIM technology were compared. It was observed that during both the preconstruction and execution phases, the application of 4D BIM could reduce the delay posed by design error and inefficient planning.Practical implicationsThe project manager and the design engineers can use these frameworks to review their projects. For the design engineers, the preconstruction phase portion of the framework will help identify the probable errors in the design. For the project managers, keeping track of time using the execution phase portion of the framework will be resourceful.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to assess the significant delay factors endemic in Bangladesh and develop a BIM-based technological solution. This study is solely dedicated to reforming the construction techniques in Bangladesh through the application of 4D BIM technology.

Green Building Construction: A Systematic Review of BIM Utilization

As a multi-function method, Building Information Modeling (BIM) can assist construction organizations in improving their project’s quality, optimize collaboration efficiency, and reduce construction periods and expenditure. Given the distinguished contributions of BIM utilization, there is a trend that BIM has significant potential to be utilized in the construction phase of green buildings. Compared with traditional buildings, green buildings have more stringent requirements, including environmental protection, saving energy, and residents’ comfort. Although BIM is deemed an effective method to achieve the abovementioned requirements in the construction process of green buildings, there are few systematic reviews that explore the capabilities of BIM in the construction phase of green buildings. This has hindered the utilization of BIM in the construction of green buildings. To bridge this research gap and review the latest BIM capabilities, this study was developed to perform a systematic review of the BIM capabilities in the construction phase of green buildings. In this systematic review, the PRISMA protocol has been used as the primary procedure for article screening and review. The entire systematic review was performed from January 2022 to April 2022. In this process, 165 articles were included, reviewed, and discussed. Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus were adopted as the databases. Through this systematic review, it can be identified that BIM capabilities have significant advantages in project quality improvement, lifecycle data storage and management, collaboration optimization, planning, and schedule management optimization in the construction phase of green buildings. Through the discussion, it can be concluded that BIM utilization can be adopted from the pre-construction phase to the post-construction stage in the green building construction process. Besides these, the barriers to BIM utilization in the green building construction phase are also revealed in the discussion section, including the non-uniform data format, insufficient interactivity, ambiguous ownership, insufficient BIM training, and hesitation toward BIM adoption. Moreover, the challenges and future directions of BIM utilization in green building construction are identified. The findings of this study can facilitate construction personnel to be acquainted with BIM capabilities in the construction of green buildings to promote the utilization and optimization of BIM capabilities in the green building construction process.

UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIP OF LEADERSHIP SKILLS IN THE PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE WITH THE SUCCESS OF SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

Since the construction industry has been focused on sustainable construction projects presently, the roles of project manager as a leader have become more complex as they have to balance various stakeholders' interests to create sustainability approach mainly in the pre-construction phase. This study aims to investigate the relationship of leadership skills of project managers in the pre-construction phase with the success of sustainable construction projects. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) technique was used to analyse data collected from a questionnaire survey of 153 project managers with experience managing Malaysian sustainable construction projects. The findings imply that communication skills, planning and goal setting skills, team building skills, and conflict management skills in the pre-construction phase have a significant relationship with the success of sustainable construction projects. This study has a theoretical implication that can assist the project manager and construction organisation to understand better that the leadership skills of a project manager in the pre-construction phase can lead towards the success of sustainable construction projects. The findings of this study may be useful for the project manager and construction organisations to deliver a successful sustainable construction project.

Prevention Cost Components Priorities for Urban Rail Infrastructure Projects

The Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) and the Light Rail Transit (LRT) have been establishedas the largest transport infrastructure projects in Malaysia and cost over RM40 billion. Due to the vigorous development of both projects, accidents at project sites have causedfatalities, serious injuries,and damage to properties. Many accidents haveoccurred during the operation of rail. In Malaysia, the latest rail accident occurred on 24thMay 2021had injured200 people when two coaches onthe Kelana Jaya LRT line collidedin the capital Kuala Lumpur. Railaccidents create significant economic impacts on the country, stakeholders,and society. Studies on the prevention costs during the pre-construction stage of a project are scarceand have mainly focused on the financial losses or accident costs incurred by the contractor and victim.Amongthe limitations of the existing safety and health cost models is that they do not include the costs incurred by the client for the safety prevention activities. Therefore, this research aims to study the types of prevention cost components that must be the priorities for urban rail infrastructureprojects. The data analysed in this study wasobtained from a total of eight (8) projects involved in the MRT 1 (SBK Line) and ten (10) projects involved in the MRT 2 (SPP Line). The prevention cost components priorities were determined by the coefficient of variation (CV) percentage. The finding shows ten (10) prevention cost components,and nineteen (19) prevention cost items wereallocatedduring the pre-construction phase. The cost components werethe Plant Costs, OSH Management Costs, Housekeeping Costs, Special Work Condition Costs, Evaluation and Monitoring Costs, Emergency Response Costs, Electrical Work Costs, PPE and Training Costs, Facilities on Site Costs, and Insurance Costs. This study finds out that all these prevention cost components are important to prevent accidents for the employees when carrying out work on-site. Therefore,clientsshould considerthe availability of these cost componentsin the planning and preparation phasesof an urban rail infrastructure project.Thus, the most logical amount of prevention cost components can be achieved in the future project and creating the awareness of these costs to the clients.

Applicable areas of biomimicry principles for sustainable construction in Nigeria

PurposeWith over three billion years of existence of the world, researchers have seen the need to turn to nature to solve most of the problems faced in not only construction industry but in other industries. The principles of biomimicry are natural laws that has helped nature maintain its self-regenerating status over this long period of time of the world’s existence. This study investigates the areas of construction projects to which biomimicry principles can be applied with a view to enhance the delivery of sustainable projects.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted the use of quantitative approach, and well-structured questionnaires were administered to professionals in the construction industry who are responsible for the design, construction and maintenance of buildings. A total of 243 answered questionnaires were analysed for this study. The variables were analysed using both descriptive analysis and further grouped into components by using factor analysis.FindingsData analysis for this study revealed that the principles of biomimicry can be applied to all the stages of building projects development and operations; this implies that the principles of biomimicry can be adopted at both pre-construction (design) and construction phases of developmental projects.Research limitations/implicationsThis study was limited to Nigeria, but the findings can be generalized for construction industry across the globe.Originality/valueThe study identified design stage of work, tiling and painting as the foremost aspects of construction projects where biomimicry principles are applicable. Furthermore, biomimicry principles are applicable to four major areas of construction, namely, early construction stage, finishing and services stage, foundation and frame stage and project planning stage.

Effects of the thrust force induced by wind turbine rotors on the incoming wind field: A wind LiDAR experiment

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the thrust force induced by utility-scale wind turbines on the incoming wind field. Five wind profiling LiDARs and a scanning Doppler pulsed wind LiDAR were deployed in the proximity of a row of four wind turbines located over relatively flat terrain, both before and after the construction of the wind farm. The analysis of the LiDAR data collected during the pre-construction phase enables quantifying the wind map of the site, which is then leveraged to correct the post-construction LiDAR data and isolate rotor-induced effects on the incoming wind field. The analysis of the profiling LiDAR data allows for the identification of the induction zone upstream of the turbine rotors, with an increasing velocity deficit moving from the top tip towards the bottom tip of the rotor. The largest wind speed reduction (about 5%) is observed for convective conditions and incoming hub-height wind speed between cut-in and rated wind speeds. The scanning LiDAR data indicate the presence of speedup regions within the gaps between adjacent turbine rotors. Speedup increases with reducing the transverse distance between the rotors, atmospheric instability (maximum 15%), while a longer streamwise extent of the speedup region is observed under stable atmospheric conditions.

Impact of urban railway announcements on housing market: Preponderance of pre-construction and post-construction phase effect of urban railway projects

The increasing concerns arising from measuring the effect of metro railway line projects on the sale prices of surrounding housing within urban spaces have been addressed in a vast number of related studies. However, potential changes in these effects with regard to short-run and long-run equilibriums have not been studied satisfactorily in developing countries. Therefore, this paper measures the effect of metro railway line investments on housing sale prices with respect to two different stages of related projects: pre-construction stage and post-construction stage, in two similar study areas in İstanbul, Turkey. The prices of houses are modeled using hedonic price models. The results indicate that housing sale prices before construction (announcement) of the metro railway line projects increase almost twofold after construction. In addition, the paper employs a before and after analysis to measure the effect of the different stages of metro railway line investments on housing sale prices. The results reveal that the average price increase of a housing unit in the pre-construction phase of the metro railway line project is 86,756.37 TL greater than the average price increase in the post-construction phase. Thus, the validity of the speculated effect of such urban railway investments on housing sale prices is justified.

Wood vs. brick: Impact on investment costs of houses

Reducing the environmental impact of buildings is the major priority of the construction industry. Wood and wooden products have considerable potential for the construction of buildings that satisfy the requirements of sustainable building. However, relevant cost information for wood-based houses is unavailable. This is a barrier to responsible cost estimation in the pre-construction phases of projects, as well as to proper lifecycle-cost analysis and optimisation. The present study had two objectives. The first was to answer the fundamental question of whether the investment costs of wood-based houses are lower than those of brick-based houses, with an emphasis on the construction systems commonly used in the Czech Republic. Ordinary least squares and generalised linear model regression analyses indicated that wood-based houses are 4.3% more expensive than brick-based houses. The second objective of this study was to identify and verify other factors that influence the investment costs of houses in the Czech Republic.The research was conducted using databases containing 1520 catalogue houses with defined specifications and investment costs based on market data. Furthermore, single-floor houses were found to be more expensive than double-floor houses regardless of the material base. The design of easy-shaped houses is preferred to reduce the investment cost. The ‘m’ index was not suitable for reflecting the house shape in the investment cost.

Lessons Learned Framework for Efficient Delivery of Construction Projects in Saudi Arabia

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has the largest construction market in the gulf region. Nevertheless, the sector faces issues related to inefficiency and ineffectiveness in project delivery. This research aims to explore the impact of current practices across projects lifecycles, and to utilize findings to develop an integrated strategic construction project management framework (ISCPMF) that may pave the way to efficient and effective project implementation. To achieve this objective, the authors have traced the implementation processes of nine projects for data collection. This was based on a deductive approach with preconceived themes. Within-case and cross-case analysis was conducted. The data was complemented by holding three separate focus-group discussions with a total of nineteen participants, and the initial findings were cross-checked with six experts. The deficiencies that surround the pre-construction phase and disconnected activities that are carried out in different timespans represent the first barrier to implement projects successfully. This is coupled with low capacities contractors and non-proactive construction teams that lack a management toolbox to alleviate accumulated issues and control project progress. The unavailability of infrastructure and utilities did not ease construction nor made inspection possible, which led to late occupancy of facilities, waste of resources and failure to deliver the desired benefits effectively. The adoption of ISCPMF will institutionalize and bridge project phases. This may play a vital role in implementing projects efficiently and effectively and building data to benefit future projects. Though the research is limited to higher education facilities, the findings may be generalized to public construction projects.

The Improvement Factors of Leadership Skills among Project Managers in Pre-Construction Phase of Sustainable Construction Projects

Leadership skills are required in any area, including the construction industry. Compared to conventional construction projects, the obstacles of practising leadership skills are more significant in sustainable construction projects. In the context of managing a project, a project manager is accountable for overseeing the project from the pre-construction phase to the post-construction phase. Nevertheless, project managers often encountered utmost difficulties in sustainable construction projects during the pre-construction phase. Despite that, improving leadership skills would emerge to boost project manager performance in managing sustainable construction projects. Thus, this paper aims to determine the improvement factors of leadership skills among project managers in the pre-construction phase of sustainable construction projects. A questionnaire survey was developed with 44 improvement factors of leadership skills among project managers in the pre-construction phase of sustainable construction projects, in which 153 experienced project managers in sustainable construction projects in Malaysia responded. Data were analysed using normality test, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and reliability analysis via IBM SPSS version 24 software. The finding reveals that all improvement factors were significant to improve leadership skills among project managers in the pre-construction phase of sustainable construction projects. Hence, this paper's findings would assist project managers in grasping the improvement factors that can improve their leadership skills, particularly in sustainable construction projects.

Impact of vehicular movement on road dust resuspension and spatiotemporal distribution of particulate matter during construction activities

This paper presents the characteristics of ambient particulate matter (PM), resuspendable road dust and PM mass deposition in the human respiratory tract during preconstruction and construction phases. PM Emission Rates (PMER) due to resuspension and spatiotemporal distribution were estimated and compared on construction roads (CR) and non-construction roads (NCR) for both phases. The construction phase monitoring results demonstrated that the silt load (SL) and PMER at CR (SL = 26–47 g/m2, PM10ER = 18.1–43.8 g/VKT, PM2.5ER = 4.3–10.6 g/VKT) were significantly high when compared to NCR (SL = 3.0–12.5 g/m2, PM10ER = 0.3–7.5 g/VKT, PM2.5ER = 0.1–1.8 g/VKT). Preconstruction phase results showed 15 to 20 times lesser values. Spatial and temporal variation studies showed that maximum PM concentrations (PM10 = 270.1, PM2.5 = 71.8, PM1 = 56.3 μg/m3) were found during night at construction roads due to the movement of heavy-duty vehicles carrying excavated earth overnight. Between 0 and 100 m length of road on either side of the construction sites, average PM10 concentrations were greater than 250 μg/m3. Similarly, for distance between 100 and 200 m, 200–400 m and 400–500 m, the PM10 values ranged between 200 and 250 μg/m3, 150–200 μg/m3 and 100–150 μg/m3 respectively. The current study results clearly indicated that resuspension of road dust due to movement of heavy duty trucks highly influence the PM concentrations in the surrounding environment of a construction site. The MPPD model results indicated that the total deposition fraction of PM10 in construction workers airway during the construction phase was 74–78%, followed by PM2.5(23–54%) and PM1(20–25%). Integration of sustainable practices, use of pollution control technologies and implementation of policies at a local scale are the way forward to mitigate the pollution from construction activities.

The Aperture Array Verification System 1: System overview and early commissioning results

The design and development process for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) radio telescope’s Low Frequency Aperture Array component was progressed during the SKA pre-construction phase by an international consortium, with the goal of meeting requirements for a critical design review. As part of the development process a full-sized prototype SKA Low ‘station’ was deployed – the Aperture Array Verification System 1 (AAVS1). We provide a system overview and describe the commissioning results of AAVS1, which is a low frequency radio telescope with 256 dual-polarisation log-periodic dipole antennas working as a phased array. A detailed system description is provided, including an in-depth overview of relevant sub-systems, ranging from hardware, firmware, software, calibration, and control sub-systems. Early commissioning results cover initial bootstrapping, array calibration, stability testing, beam-forming, and on-sky sensitivity validation. Lessons learned are presented, along with future developments.

Lean Based Maturity Framework Integrating Value, BIM and Big Data Analytics: Evidence from AEC Industry

The construction industry is considered as one of the least productive, highest energy consuming, and least digitized industries. The Lean Management (LM) philosophy became a significant way for eliminating non-value-added activities and wastes during a building’s lifecycle. However, studies have shown that philosophies are not efficient by themselves to solve the issues of the construction industry. They need to be supported with the appropriate technologies and tools. Therefore, the integrated use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) with LM or Value Engineering (VE) were proposed in the literature. Nonetheless, it was also seen that BIM can provide more insights and improvements when BIM is integrated with data analysis tools to analyze BIM data. In the literature, the synergies between these concepts are generally addressed pairwise, and there is no comprehensive framework which identifies their relationships. Therefore, this study aims to develop a maturity framework that facilitates the adoption of LM, VE, BIM, and Big Data Analytic (BDA) concepts to address long-standing productivity and digitalization issues in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry. Design Science Research (DSR) methodology and its three-cycle view (relevance, rigor, and design cycle) were applied to build the proposed maturity framework. Two interviews were performed to identify and observe research problem in relevance cycle. In the rigor cycle, a comprehensive literature review was performed to create a base for the development of the maturity framework. In addition to the developed base of the framework, lean processes were added to this cycle. In the design cycle, the developed framework was evaluated and validated by five experts through face-to-face interviews. The importance of employer’s requirements to adopt the proposed methodologies, the negative impact of change orders, the importance of pre-construction phases to facilitate value creation and waste elimination, and the usage of common data environment with BIM were identified as the prominent application and adaptation issues.

A Systematic Review of Construction 4.0 in the Context of the BIM 4.0 Premise

This paper presents a systematic review of Construction 4.0 in the context of the building information modeling (BIM) 4.0 premise. It comprises a review of the industry in the pre-fourth industrial revolution (4IR) age, the current and anticipated development of the 4IR, Construction 4.0’s origin and applications, and the synergy of its main drivers, i.e., the synergy of BIM with the internet of things (IoT) and big data (BD). The main aim of the paper is to determine the Construction 4.0 drivers and to what extent are they initialized by the 4IR, their development and their synergy with BIM, and the direction of BIM’s implementation in the construction phase. It was found that the main drivers of Construction 4.0, which originated from the 4IR, are BIM, IoT, and BD, but with specific implementations. The results of the analysis of BIM with IoT and/or BD revealed that the integrative approaches combining the aforementioned drivers show signs of project enhancement by providing significant benefits, such as improved real-time monitoring, data exchange and analysis, construction planning, and modeling. Furthermore, it was revealed that the main drivers are mostly applied in the project’s preconstruction phase, which is continuously developing and becoming more automated. The state-of-the-art review presented in this paper suggests that BIM is in transition, adopting Construction 4.0 to become BIM 4.0.

PPP for Metro Project: A Case Study of Hyderabad Metro

The new metro rail policy was enacted by the government of India in the year 2017. Under this policy, under section xiv, the Government of India (GOI) made it compulsory to seek Public-Private Partnership (PPP) for metro projects which are intending to seek financial assistance from the central government. Hyderabad Metro is by far the largest metro project to be executed under PPP, but is it successful? This paper investigates various factors that affected the timeline of the Hyderabad metro. It evaluates various aspects in the preconstruction, construction, and post-construction phase of the Hyderabad metro. Finally, suggestions are made in the form of conclusions that would increase the likelihood of a successful PPP in the metro.

Evaluation of Construction Site Noise to Allow the Optimisation of Construction Processes and Construction Machinery Selection

During the pre-construction phase of an investment project, a construction plan is usually prepared by the building contractor. It contains financial plans, schedules, technical regulations with working procedures and proposals for the deployment of construction machinery and work teams. These items are then optimised in order to save money, shorten construction time and increase the quality of the final work while ensuring environmental and safety standards are maintained at the site. The ecological aspects of building work include compliance with the hygiene limits for building site noise, which is caused in particular by the simultaneous operation of machines. In the Czech Republic, limit values are set by Government Regulation 272/2011 Coll., as amended, on the protection of health against the adverse effects of noise and vibrations. The evaluation of construction site noise is not usually performed by contractors themselves and noise is usually measured only at the construction site, where work is limited or additional measures are taken in the case of values that exceed the stipulated limits. As the values in the construction plan should be as close as possible to reality during the implementation of the plan, it would seem appropriate to include such noise assessments within it. The purpose of this paper is to present an example of such an evaluation from the formal and material standpoint. The assessment has been conducted in the form of a specific noise study, expanded by a commentary on the treatment of the hypotheses. It shows how to obtain input data for evaluation, divide sub-calculations and use the supporting SW of the Hluk plus product for the purposes of construction information modelling, as well as how to correctly set noise sources and the positions of measured points for evaluation by the model within this programme. Subsequently, options for the evaluation of appropriate measures are listed, including their inclusion in reassessments.

Diversity and spatio-temporal variation of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) before and after the construction of the Jirau hydroelectric plant, state of Rondônia, Brazil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the construction of the Jirau hydroelectric plant on the anopheline species, in Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil. For this, sampling was carried out in 23 locations in the pre (2004) and 23 after construction (2018) phases in the hydroelectric dam's coverage area, performed by human landing catch between 6:00 pm and 10:00 pm. We found 14 anopheline species. In the pre-construction phase, An. darlingi (73%) was the most abundant and after construction An. braziliensis (31.5%) was the most abundant. The T test indicated that there were no differences in the indexes – diversity (H '), richness (Sjack 1), equitability (J’) and dominance (d) of anophelines species - evaluated between the phases (p > 0.05). The spatio-temporal distribution of An. darlingi proved to be wide, with the highest density values observed in March (x¯w = 27.1) in the pre-construction phase and in the months of May (x¯w = 4) and July (x¯w = 3.1), post-construction. Differences in hematophagic activity peaks were observed between species and between phases. According to the data obtained in this study, the construction of the hydroelectric plant had little influence on the composition of anopheline species, however changes were observed in the spatio-temporal distribution of the An. darlingi and in the pattern of hematophagic activity of the species, which directly influenced the dynamics of malaria in the region.

Application of Remote Sensing Technology in Ecological Engineering—A Case Study of Phase I Tao River Water Diversion Project

This paper aims to explore the implementation of the ecological restoration and water and soil loss control measures proposed in engineering design & research, environmental impact assessment report and approval document with respect to the construction and environmental management of a project case, and to put forward the remedial measures and suggestions for the existing problems. The application of remote sensing technology to the eco-environment monitoring in the pre-construction phase, construction phase and operation phase of Phase I Tao River Water Diversion Project was studied. It was obtained that all disturbed areas of this project already reached the levels before the construction by combining biological control measures and vegetation measures. The ecosystem structure, processes and functions in the project construction area did not exert any great impact. The ecological environment in the project area was fragile with poor quality, and could be easily deteriorated due to the disturbance of human activities. The changes in the area and pattern of ecosystem in the project area were influenced by this project to a very small extent. The quality of natural ecological environment before the construction was basically recovered through its ecological restoration measures, and the current ecological restoration benefit was favorable. Therefore, the remote sensing technology is capable of technically demonstrating whether a project meets the acceptance conditions for environmental protection upon completion and providing basis for the follow-up application of remote sensing technology in eco-environmental investigation.

Factors affecting construction costs in Thailand: A structural equation modelling approach

Cost performance in the construction industry is important to enhance industry standard and grow a country's economy. This paper examines the key factors affecting cost performance in Thai construction projects, specifically at the pre-construction and construction phases. A questionnaire survey is used to gather data for the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis used in this study. The EFA technique extracted the key factors affecting construction cost, while the SEM revealed the interactions and causal relationships between those key factors. The EFA results confirm seven key factors: three at the pre-construction phase: lack of coordination, design management, and unclear client requirements; and four at the construction phase, including site management, resources, labour capability and contract-related. The SEM results confirm strong relationships, directly and indirectly, between the three key factors at the pre-construction phase. Good coordination between stakeholders result in less design errors and clear client requirements. The influences that the three factors at the pre-construction phase have on the four factors at the construction phase are also supported. The result highlights that unclear client requirements cause poor site management and cost overrun, which may lead to breach of contracts. Construction companies can use this study results to better plan for cost improvement by focusing on the identified pre-construction factors, as they could lead to good cost management during the construction phase.

A Survey of Contractors Permitted to Excavate on Historic Sites in Egypt

Geophysical surveys are an essential tool in analyzing risks associated with unknown subsurface conditions. In Egypt, excavating on historic sites can be challenging when encounters of archaeological material occurs. For the contractor, delays and work stoppage affect costs. For the archaeologist, encounters risk the chance of damage as well as possible time consuming mitigation. Ten contractors, representing the total population of an ongoing research investigation, that are registered to excavate on historic sites associated with construction projects, were given a survey questionnaire. 100% of the population responded providing reliable data so further determinations can be made. The questions focused on the impact archaeological encounters had on contractor’s production and schedule. The results show several problems linked with the two professions of construction and archaeology. This paper will detail the questionnaire results and suggest a modified well established planning tool, utilizing geophysical surveys, that pinpoints anomalies so procedures can be performed during the preconstruction phase (proactive) rather than during construction activity (reactive). The procedure corresponds with current planning practices and can reduce the occurrence of unexpected archaeological encounters causing the contractor delays along with reducing the possible damage to the archaeological material.