Precise Platform Research Articles

Technical note: Multi-MATE, a high-throughput platform for automated image-guidedsmall-animal irradiation.

Small animal irradiation is essential to study the radiation response of new interventions before or parallel to human therapy. Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) are recently adopted in small animal irradiation to more closely mimic human treatments. However, sophisticated techniques require exceedingly high time, resources, and expertize that are often impractical. We propose a high throughput and high precision platform named Multiple Mouse Automated Treatment Environment (Multi-MATE) to streamline image-guided small animal irradiation. Multi-MATE consists of six parallel and hexagonally arranged channels, each equipped with a transfer railing, a 3D-printed immobilization pod, and an electromagnetic control unit, computer-controlled via an Arduino interface. The mouse immobilization pods are transferred along the railings between the home position outside the radiation field and the imaging/irradiation position at the irradiator isocenter. All six immobilization pods are transferred to the isocenter in the proposed workflow for parallel CBCT scans and treatment planning. The immobilization pods are then sequentially transported to the imaging/therapy position for dose delivery. The positioning reproducibility of Multi-MATE are evaluated using CBCT and radiochromic films. While parallelizing and automating the image-guided small animal radiation delivery, Multi-MATE achieved the average pod position reproducibility of 0.17 ± 0.04 mm in the superior-inferior direction, 0.20 ± 0.04 mm in the left-right direction, and 0.12 ± 0.02mm in the anterior-posterior direction in repeated CBCT tests. Additionally, in image-guided dose delivery tasks, Multi-MATE demonstrated the positioning reproducibility of 0.17 ± 0.06 mm in the superior-inferior direction, 0.19 ± 0.06 mm in the left-right direction. We designed, fabricated, and tested a novel automated irradiation platform, Multi-MATE to accelerate and automate image-guided small animal irradiation. The automated platform minimizes human operation and achieves high setup reproducibility and image-guided dose delivery accuracy. Multi-MATE thus removes a major barrier to implementing high-precision preclinical radiation research.

Genome skimming with nanopore sequencing precisely determines global and transposon DNA methylation in vertebrates.

Genome skimming is defined as low-pass sequencing below 0.05× coverage and is typically used for mitochondrial genome recovery and species identification. Long-read nanopore sequencers enable simultaneous reading of both DNA sequence and methylation and can multiplex samples for low-cost genome skimming. Here I present nanopore sequencing as a highly precise platform for global DNA methylation and transposon assessment. At coverage of just 0.001×, or 30 Mb of reads, accuracy is sub-1%. Biological and technical replicates validate high precision. Skimming 40 vertebrate species reveals conserved patterns of global methylation consistent with whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and an average mapping rate >97%. Genome size directly correlates to global DNA methylation, explaining 39% of its variance. Accurate SINE and LINE transposon methylation in both the mouse and primates can be obtained with just 0.0001× coverage, or 3 Mb of reads. Sample multiplexing, field portability, and the low price of this instrument combine to make genome skimming for DNA methylation an accessible method for epigenetic assessment from ecology to epidemiology and for low-resource groups.

Altered Pharmacokinetics Parameters of Vancomycin in Patients with Hematological Malignancy with Febrile Neutropenia, a Bayesian Software Estimation.

The pharmacokinetics of vancomycin vary significantly between specific groups of patients, such as critically ill patients and patients with hematological malignancy (HM) with febrile neutropenia (FN). Recent evidence suggests that the use of the usual standard dose of antibiotics in patients with FN may not offer adequate exposure due to pharmacokinetic variability (PK). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the effect of FN on AUC0-24 as a key parameter for vancomycin monitoring, as well as to determine which vancomycin PK parameters are affected by the presence of FN using Bayesian software PrecisePK in HM with FN. This study was carried out in King Abdulaziz Medical City. All adult patients who were admitted to the Princess Norah Oncology Center PNOC between 1 January and 2017 and 31 December 2020, hospitalized and received vancomycin with a steady-state trough concentration measured before the fourth dose, were included. During the trial period, 297 patients received vancomycin during their stay at the oncology center, 217 of them meeting the inclusion criteria. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated for the neutropenic and non-FN patients using the precise PK Bayesian platform. The result showed that there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in vancomycin clearance Clvan, the volume of distribution at a steady-state Vdss, the volume of distribution for peripheral compartment Vdp, half-life for the elimination phase t½β, and the first-order rate constant for the elimination process β in FN compared to non-FN patients. Furthermore, AUC0-24 was lower for FN patients compared to non-FN patients, p < 0.05. FN has a significant effect on the PK parameters of vancomycin and AUC0-24, which may require specific consideration during the treatment initiation.

A novel cerasomal gallic acid as a non-ulcerogenic agent with an improved anti-inflammatory potential

In order to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there is an attempt to develop local drug delivery systems. The use of bioactive compounds such as gallic acid (GA) in a precise colon-targeting drug delivery platform is expected to enhance its bioavailability and increase local therapeutic responses. In this study, a novel cerasome-forming lipid (CFL) containing organosilane-based oleic acid was mixed with 1, 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine via one-step construction to prepare composite cerasomes by varying mole ratios. The physicochemical properties, drug-loading capacity, long-term storage stability, and release rates of (GA) from cerasomes have been investigated. The size of cerasomal gallic acid (CG) was about 319 nm with −23 mV surface charge and 77% drug sustained released after 140 h in the simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Composite vesicles consisting of DPPC and CFL with a 1:1 M ratio exhibited good cytocompatibility and cellular uptake, also, the released gallic acid effectively inhibit the reactive species in LPS-induced inflammation of Caco-2 cells, compared to free (GA). Our results indicate that this novel CG has great potential to be applied as a non-ulcerogenic agent due to the prolonging duration of action in IBD therapy.

Functional materials of 3D bioprinting for wound dressings and skin tissue engineering applications: A review

The skin plays an important role in vitamin D synthesis, humoral balance, temperature regulation, and waste excretion. Due to the complexity of the skin, fluids loss, bacterial infection, and other life-threatening secondary complications caused by skin defects often lead to the damage of skin functions. 3D bioprinting technology, as a customized and precise biomanufacturing platform, can manufacture dressings and tissue engineering scaffolds that accurately simulate tissue structure, which is more conducive to wound healing. In recent years, with the development of emerging technologies, an increasing number of 3D-bioprinted wound dressings and skin tissue engineering scaffolds with multiple functions, such as antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, hemostatic, and antitumor properties, have significantly improved wound healing and skin treatment. In this article, we review the process of wound healing and summarize the classification of 3D bioprinting technology. Following this, we shift our focus on the functional materials for wound dressing and skin tissue engineering, and also highlight the research progress and development direction of 3D-bioprinted multifunctional wound healing materials.

The Construction and Realization of the Precise Funding Platform for Impoverished Students in Colleges and Universities Driven by Computer Intelligence Technology

At present, the state’s financial aid for students from financially disadvantaged families is increasing, and the number of students receiving financial aid is also increasing substantially. Poor students have to run back and forth to submit various materials while busy with their own studies, which causes a lot of inconvenience to students and teachers. The development of the poverty-stricken student precision funding platform frees teachers from tedious and low-end work and engages in core affairs, which improves the overall efficiency of school affairs and the controllability of information. In this context, this paper uses computer intelligence technology to realize the construction of the precise funding platform for impoverished students in colleges and universities (CAU) and completes the following tasks: (1) the research status of precise funding for impoverished students in CAU at home and abroad is introduced. (2) The SSI frame structure diagram of the funding information management platform is designed and the specific function description and detailed design of the relevant modules are given. (3) The module function test and system function test of the platform designed in this paper are completed through experiments. The results show that the system is very stable, and the functions are perfectly realized.

1D Continuous Subnanofiltration with Ultrahigh Physical Selectivity for HS− Ion

In almost all cellular phenomena and life activities, transmembrane exchange of signals and metabolites is indispensable, and heavily dependent on high selectivity of membrane pores and channels. The involved principles of natural selectivity are widely inspired and adopted for future membrane design, but often limited by the geometry of those artificial channels. Herein, a smectic liquid crystal polymeric (SmP) membrane embedded with tubular cut‐through pillar[5]arene dimers (P5Ds) by self‐assembly is first constructed. The physical confinement effect of inner subnanosized P5D cavity enables SmP membrane to behave with 1D continuous hydrogen sulfide ion (HS−) flow and ultrahigh physical selectivity for HS−. The simulated calculations and corresponding energy analyses show that it is essentially attributed to the size of ion–water cluster, not its own size. It is anticipated to provide a highly precise platform for separation and detection of human endogenous hydrogen sulfide as representative biomarker.

Cas12a/Guide RNA-Based Platforms for Rapidly and Accurately Identifying Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus.

In order to ensure the prevention and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, rapid and accurate detection of pathogens and their resistance phenotypes is a must. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a fast and precise nucleic acid detection platform for identifying S. aureus and MRSA. We initially constructed a CRISPR-Cas12a detection system by designing single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) specifically targeting the thermonuclease (nuc) and mecA genes. To increase the sensitivity of the CRISPR-Cas12a system, we incorporated PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). Subsequently, we compared the sensitivity and specificity of the three amplification methods paired with the CRISPR-Cas12a system. Finally, the clinical performance of the methods was tested by analyzing the fluorescence readout of 111 clinical isolates. In order to visualize the results, lateral-flow test strip technology, which enables point-of-care testing, was also utilized. After comparing the sensitivity and specificity of three different methods, we determined that the nuc-LAMP-Cas12a and mecA-LAMP-Cas12a methods were the optimal detection methods. The nuc-LAMP-Cas12a platform showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 10 aM (~6 copies μL-1), while the mecA-LAMP-Cas12a platform demonstrated a LOD of 1 aM (~1 copy μL-1). The LOD of both platforms reached 4 × 103 fg/μL of genomic DNA. Critical evaluation of their efficiencies on 111 clinical bacterial isolates showed that they were 100% specific and 100% sensitive with both the fluorescence readout and the lateral-flow readout. Total detection time for the present assay was approximately 80 min (based on fluorescence readout) or 85 min (based on strip readout). These results indicated that the nuc-LAMP-Cas12a and mecA-LAMP-Cas12a platforms are promising tools for the rapid and accurate identification of S. aureus and MRSA. IMPORTANCE The spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a major threat to global health. Isothermal amplification combined with the trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a has been exploited to generate diagnostic platforms for pathogen detection. Here, we describe the design and clinical evaluation of two highly sensitive and specific platforms, nuc-LAMP-Cas12a and mecA-LAMP-Cas12a, for the detection of S. aureus and MRSA in 111 clinical bacterial isolates. With a limit of detection (LOD) of 4 × 103 fg/μL of genomic DNA and a turnaround time of 80 to 85 min, the present assay was 100% specific and 100% sensitive using either fluorescence or the lateral-flow readout. The present assay promises clinical application for rapid and accurate identification of S. aureus and MRSA in limited-resource settings or at the point of care. Beyond S. aureus and MRSA, similar CRISPR diagnostic platforms will find widespread use in the detection of various infectious diseases, malignancies, pharmacogenetics, food contamination, and gene mutations.

Printing channels with millimeter-scale curvature and deciphering their effect on the proliferation, morphology, orientation, and migration of M-22 cells.

Complex curved structures of tissues have been recognized to influence the behavior and function of cells. Tissue curvatures sensed by cells are approximately on the millimeter scale. However, previous research mainly focused on the effect of micro- and nano-scale spatial curved structures, underestimating the significance of milli-scale curvature. Here, we employed fused deposition modeling (FDM) with two-stage temperature control, superfine cone-shaped needle, stable air pressure, and precise motion platform for the customized production of homogeneous, precise, and curved fibers; the responses of M-22 cells to FDM-printed curved channels with radii of 1.5 to 3 mm were systematically investigated. The cells aligned with these curved channels and exhibited various aspect ratios in the channels with different curvatures. Cell proliferation, migration speed of single cells, and front-end speed of collective cells were tightly regulated by these curved structures. Also, a computational model based on force equilibrium was proposed to explore the essential factors and mechanisms of curvature affecting cell behavior. Our simulation results demonstrated that the curvature and width of channels, along with the relative size of cells, can significantly impact the cell-boundary interaction force and the number of valid pseudopodia generated by cells in the process of cell migration. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of the effect of milli-scale curvature on the cells and underpin the design of scaffolds that can be produced easily with sophisticated micro- and nano-scale curved features to regulate cell behavior in tissue engineering.

Sticky Architecture: Encoding Pressure Sensitive Adhesion in Polymer Networks.

Pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are ubiquitous materials within a spectrum that span from office supplies to biomedical devices. Currently, the ability of PSAs to meet the needs of these diverse applications relies on trial-and-error mixing of assorted chemicals and polymers, which inherently entails property imprecision and variance over time due to component migration and leaching. Herein, we develop a precise additive-free PSA design platform that predictably leverages polymer network architecture to empower comprehensive control over adhesive performance. Utilizing the chemical universality of brush-like elastomers, we encode work of adhesion ranging 5 orders of magnitude with a single polymer chemistry by coordinating brush architectural parameters-side chain length and grafting density. Lessons from this design-by-architecture approach are essential for future implementation of AI machinery in molecular engineering of both cured and thermoplastic PSAs incorporated into everyday use.

Toward Personalized Nanomedicine: The Critical Evaluation of Micro and Nanodevices for Cancer Biomarker Analysis in Liquid Biopsy.

Liquid biopsy for the analysis of circulating cancer biomarkers (CBs) is a major advancement toward the early detection of cancer. In comparison to tissue biopsy techniques, liquid biopsy is relatively painless, offering multiple sampling opportunities across easily accessible bodily fluids such as blood, urine, and saliva. Liquid biopsy is also relatively inexpensive and simple, avoiding the requirement for specialized laboratory equipment or trained medical staff. Major advances in the field of liquid biopsy are attributed largely to developments in nanotechnology and microfabrication that enables the creation of highly precise chip-based platforms. These devices can overcome detection limitations of an individual biomarker by detecting multiple markers simultaneously on the same chip, or by featuring integrated and combined target separation techniques. In this review, the major advances in the field of portable and semi-portable micro, nano, and multiplexed platforms for CB detection for the early diagnosis of cancer are highlighted. A comparative discussion is also provided, noting merits and drawbacks of the platforms, especially in terms of portability. Finally, key challenges toward device portability and possible solutions, as well as discussing the future direction of the field are highlighted.

Machine Learning Based Design of Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna

In this study, a Machine Learning (ML) is implemented to soft computation of the Reconfigurable Horn Bowtie Dumbbell (RHBD) antenna at operating frequency range from 26 GHz to 29.5 GHz for 5G applications. An adaptive learning rate approach is used to build a ML model on a 5-layer system utilizing a simulated database of 180 RHBD antennas. In the training stage of a hybrid method that combines the advantages of particle swarm optimization (PSO) with a modified version of the gravitational search algorithm (MGSA), the architecture frame and hyper-parameters of the ML model are optimized. A precise electromagnetic analysis platform is used to simulate 180 RHBD antennas with varying geometrical properties in terms of the resonant frequency in order to create the database for training and testing the model. The ML model is tested and validated using a fabricated RHBD antenna operating at 27.5 GHz. Then, three PIN diodes are placed in the gaps of the reflectors located at the back of the antenna, and by changing the state of these PIN diodes, it can be noticed that they have a significant and direct effect on the radiation pattern, as they are able to change the beamwidth from 10.7° to 156.2°. The suggested antenna makes it easier to create dynamic radiation patterns that may be utilized to reconfigure the coverage area as required in accordance with the spatial-temporal user and traffic variations in high mobility environments.

Kinetic Resolution of Azaarylethynyl Tertiary Alcohols by Chiral Brønsted Acid Catalysed Phosphine‐Mediated Deoxygenation

AbstractA chiral Brønsted acid catalysed phosphine‐mediated deoxygenation protocol is reported. This metal‐free method provides a precise kinetic resolution platform for azaarylethynyl tertiary alcohols, which are a broad category of biologically and synthetically important azaarene derivatives. In addition to providing an efficient method for the first asymmetric preparation of these tertiary alcohols, the strategy facilitates the construction of azaaryl‐functionalized allenes with good to excellent enantioselectivities. The high selectivity factors (s up to 235), broad substrate scope, and ability to convert azaaryl compounds into both chiral tertiary alcohols and allenes robustly underscore the efficiency and promising utility of this method. The practicability is further validated by the successful synthesis of deuterated allenes with high ee values and substantial incorporation of deuterium using inexpensive D2O as the deuterium source.

Kinetic Resolution of Azaarylethynyl Tertiary Alcohols by Chiral Brønsted Acid Catalysed Phosphine-Mediated Deoxygenation.

A chiral Brønsted acid catalysed phosphine-mediated deoxygenation protocol is reported. This metal-free method provides a precise kinetic resolution platform for azaarylethynyl tertiary alcohols, which are a broad category of biologically and synthetically important azaarene derivatives. In addition to providing an efficient method for the first asymmetric preparation of these tertiary alcohols, the strategy facilitates the construction of azaaryl-functionalized allenes with good to excellent enantioselectivities. The high selectivity factors (s up to 235), broad substrate scope, and ability to convert azaaryl compounds into both chiral tertiary alcohols and allenes robustly underscore the efficiency and promising utility of this method. The practicability is further validated by the successful synthesis of deuterated allenes with high ee values and substantial incorporation of deuterium using inexpensive D2 O as the deuterium source.

Development of a Lysine-Based Poly(ester amide) Library with High Biosafety and a Finely Tunable Structure for Spatiotemporal-Controlled Protein Delivery

With the fast growth of protein therapeutics, efficient, precise, and universal delivery platforms are highly required. However, very few reports have discussed the progress of precisely spatiotemporal-controlled protein delivery. Therefore, a mini library of well-designed amino acid-based poly(ester amide)s derived from lysine (Lys-aaPEAs) has been developed. Lys-aaPEAs can interact with and encapsulate proteins into nanocomplexes via electrostatic interactions. The chemical structure of Lys-aaPEAs can be finely tuned by changing the type and molar ratio of the monomers. Studies of structure-function relationships reveal that the carbon chain length of diacid/diol segments, hydrophilicity, and electrical properties affect the polymer-protein interaction, cell-material interaction, and, therefore, the outcome of protein delivery. By modulating the structures of Lys-aaPEAs, the delivery systems could present customized physiochemical and biological properties and perform time- and space-specific protein release and delivery without causing any systematic toxicity. The screened systems exhibited prolonged hypoglycemic activity and superior biosafety in vivo, using insulin as a model protein and a mouse model bearing type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This work establishes a novel lysine-based polymer platform for spatiotemporal-controlled protein delivery and offers a paradigm of precise structure-function controllability for designing the next generation of polymers.

Assessing Multi-Attribute Characterization of Enveloped and Non-Enveloped Viral Particles by Capillary Electrophoresis.

Virus-based biopharmaceutical products are used in clinical applications such as vaccines, gene therapy, and immunotherapy. However, their manufacturing remains a challenge, hampered by the lack of appropriate analytical tools for purification monitoring or characterization of the final product. This paper describes the implementation of a highly sensitive method, capillary electrophoresis (CE)-sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) combined with a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detector to monitor the impact of various bioprocess steps on the quality of different viral vectors. The fluorescence labelling procedure uses the (3-(2-furoyl) quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde dye, and the CE-SDS LIF method enables the evaluation of in-process besides final product samples. This method outperforms other analytical methods, such as SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with Sypro Ruby staining, in terms of sensitivity, resolution, and high-throughput capability. Notably, this CE-SDS LIF method was also successfully implemented to characterize enveloped viruses such as Maraba virus and lentivirus, whose development as biopharmaceuticals is now restricted by the lack of suitable analytical tools. This method was also qualified for quantification of rAAV2 according to the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines. Overall, our work shows that CE-SDS LIF is a precise and sensitive analytical platform for in-process sample analysis and quantification of different virus-based targets, with a great potential for application in biomanufacturing.

Au Nanoparticle-Based Integrated Microfluidic Plasmonic Chips for the Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Human Serum

A nanoplasmonic biosensor with merits of label-free and rapid detection provides a key tool for the detection of cancer markers in ultralow concentrations. Herein, a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosensor integrated with microfluidics, which has multiple sensing units, was developed by nanomaterial fabrication technology. The performance of the LSPR biosensor was experimentally explored using nine clinical sample tests after the biofunctionalization of Au nanoparticles by biomodification and verified by four characterization methods. The linear detection response of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) appeared in the range of 0.5–100 ng/mL, with a detection limit below 1 ng/mL. The results illustrated that the LSPR platform improves the signal-to-noise ratio by about 85 times after adjusting testing system parameters. Furthermore, the simultaneous detection results of the proposed biosensor in nine serum samples of 50 μL from breast cancer patients were proved to be consistent with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results (r = 0.94). The low cost and remarkable performance of this LSPR biosensor make it promising to develop a precise clinical detection platform for auxiliary diagnosis, condition monitoring, and efficacy evaluation of cancer.

Large amplitude oscillatory shear behavior of thermoresponsive hydrogels: Single versus double network

Double network (DN) hydrogels have been recognized as new tough materials for several industries due to their precise structural platforms and significant properties. However, a comprehensive understanding of microstructural changes of DN hydrogels under large deformations is required to extend their applications. In this work, we use the large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) technique to study the nonlinear response of a thermoresponsive κ-carrageenan/polyacrylamide DN system and its nanocomposite containing graphene oxide (GO) in comparison to its single network components. The results show a combination of strain stiffening and shear thickening nonlinear responses. The elastic intracycle strain stiffening was mainly attributed to the shear-induced increase in the elasticity of network chains and non-Gaussian stretching of individual chains. In addition, the orientation of the κ-carrageenan double helix segments and their enhancing effect on molecular orientation could be proposed as another possible mechanism of strain stiffening. The viscous intracycle shear thickening is also interpreted by two mechanisms of shear-induced temporary structure formation and reformation of dissociated physical interactions. It is also found that the GO nanosheets could contribute to the viscoelastic response by increasing the molecular interactions and, thus, amplification of energy dissipation. Furthermore, temperature dependency of the DN hydrogel owing to the conformational changes of the κ-carrageenan network at sufficiently high temperatures is used to investigate the effect of temperature on nonlinear behaviors. Increasing the temperature is found to have a significant decreasing effect on viscous nonlinearity, while its effect on the elastic nonlinearity was strongly dependent on the strain amplitude. This study provides a better understanding of the correlation between the microstructure and viscoelastic properties for designing tough hydrogels.

Sulfonium-Driven Neoantigen-Released DNA Nanodevice as a Precise Vaccine for Tumor Immunotherapy and Prevention.

Peptide-based neoantigen vaccines hold tremendous potential for personalized tumor immunotherapy. However, effective delivery and controllable release of antigen peptides remain major challenges in stimulating robust and sustained immune responses. Programmable DNA nanodevices provide accurate fixed positions for antigens, which are convenient for the calculation of clinical dosage, and hold great potential as precise carriers. Here, a peptide-nucleic acid conjugate was prepared, which was driven by a propargyl sulfonium-based efficient and reversible bio-orthogonal reaction under weakly alkaline conditions, and folded into regular DNA nanodevice vaccines. The well-defined nanoplatform not only exhibits outstanding stability in serum, satisfactory safety, and effective internalization by antigen-presenting cells (RAW264.7 and BMDCs) but also obviously enhances cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12) secretion for further immune response. In vivo, the nanovaccine cooperating with OVA model antigens and CpG adjuvants stimulated an antigen-specific CD8+T cell response, significantly preventing the lung metastases of melanoma. In the B16-OVA tumor-bearing model, the growth inhibition rate of melanoma reached up to 50%. Similarly, the DNA nanodevice with neoantigen induced up to a maximum degree of complete MC-38 tumor regression in 80% of mice, possibly owing to antigen peptide reversible release driven by sulfonium and further cross-presentation. In brief, this study demonstrates that DNA nanodevices with sulfonium centers can provide a precise, biocompatible, and effective co-delivery vaccine platform for tumor immunotherapy and prevention.

Metabolic Labeling Strategy Boosted Antibacterial Efficiency for Photothermal and Photodynamic Synergistic Bacteria-Infected Wound Therapy.

Pathogenic bacteria infections bring about a substantial risk to human health. Given the development of antibiotic-resistance bacteria, alternative antibacterial strategies with great inactivation efficiency and bacteria-binding ability are extremely attractive. In this work, a metabolic labeling photosensitizer, prepared by the coupling of commercial IR820 and d-propargylglycine (a type of d-amino acid, DAA) via a straightforward one-step incubation (IR820-DAA), could metabolically be incorporated into the bacterial wall via enzymatic reactions, thus enhancing antibacterial efficiency. The laser energy at 808 nm could make IR820-DAA a synergistic photothermal/photodynamic agent for efficient antibacterial therapy and wound healing. Furthermore, IR820-DAA exhibits good water solubility and biological safety for clinical translation and even possesses biofilm degradation activity toward methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Overall, the proposed IR820-DAA holds great promise as a nonantibiotic tool for the treatment of bacteria-related diseases and offers a blueprint for building the precise synergistic antibacterial therapeutic platform.