Precision Analog Research Articles

The artefact from Kwiatków: the earliest spur featuring a zoomorphic motif from the slavic lands

Abstract In 2014, a fragment of a spur was discovered at the site in Kwiatków, Turek District, Brudzew Commune, within section G75, in mechanical layer I. This artefact likely originated from an early medieval burial ground located nearby, with its original site possibly altered due to intensive farming. The presented spur exemplifies extraordinary craftsmanship. This paper is a case study, the purpose of which is to examine the title artefact, while referencing other analogous discoveries. The uniqueness of this artefact lies in the absence of direct parallels to other objects featuring horse motifs of similar chronology. Consequently, an effort has been made to compare the spurs from Kwiatków with those of the Lutomiersk type, specimens with hooked fastenings, and artefacts unrelated to equestrian equipment. Furthermore, an analysis of the ornamentation, including its significance and manufacturing technique, has been conducted. The artefact has also undergone laboratory testing. The results obtained from XRF spectrometry, carried out at the Conservation and Dating Laboratory of the Institute of Archaeology, University of Łódź, were correlated with the results of studies of spurs from Pomerania, Silesia, the upper Elbe River area, and Moravia. Specialised examinations of the Kwiatków spur revealed the presence of zinc as an alloying element. This paper also delves into the manufacturing techniques of the Kwiatków artefact, utilising current findings on the specificity of early medieval crafts. This spur contributes to a collection of similar discoveries associated with the products of communities inhabiting the West Slavic lands. Fragmentarily preserved and lacking contextual dating, the Kwiatków spur has no precise analogues in Polish lands to date. An attempt to classify the artefact resulted in its assignment to technotype I according to J. Żak, suggesting a chronology between the 8th and 9th centuries, corresponding to the pottery found at the Kwiatków site. The presence of these materials and of the title artefact, potentially linked to an early medieval cemetery, significantly enhances our understanding of this period in history.

A blueprint for precise and fault-tolerant analog neural networks

Analog computing has reemerged as a promising avenue for accelerating deep neural networks (DNNs) to overcome the scalability challenges posed by traditional digital architectures. However, achieving high precision using analog technologies is challenging, as high-precision data converters are costly and impractical. In this work, we address this challenge by using the residue number system (RNS) and composing high-precision operations from multiple low-precision operations, thereby eliminating the need for high-precision data converters and information loss. Our study demonstrates that the RNS-based approach can achieve ≥99% FP32 accuracy with 6-bit integer arithmetic for DNN inference and 7-bit for DNN training. The reduced precision requirements imply that using RNS can achieve several orders of magnitude higher energy efficiency while maintaining the same throughput compared to conventional analog hardware with the same precision. We also present a fault-tolerant dataflow using redundant RNS to protect the computation against noise and errors inherent within analog hardware.

Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Mollusks from Galicia Analyzed by a Fast Refined AOAC 2005.06 Method: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Inter-Specific, Spatial, and Seasonal Variations.

Paralytic shellfish poisoning is an important concern for mollusk fisheries, aquaculture, and public health. In Galicia, NW Iberian Peninsula, such toxicity has been monitored for a long time using mouse bioassay. Therefore, little information exists about the precise toxin analogues and their possible transformations in diverse mollusk species and environments. After the change in the European PSP reference method, a refinement of the Lawrence method was developed, achieving a 75% reduction in chromatogram run time. Since the beginning of 2021, when this refinement Lawrence method was accredited under the norm UNE-EN ISO/IEC 17025, it has been used in the area to determine the toxin profiles and to estimate PSP toxicity in more than 4500 samples. In this study, we have summarized three years of monitoring results, including interspecific, seasonal, and geographical variability of PSP toxicity and toxin profile. PSP was detected in more than half of the samples analyzed (55%), but only 4.4% of the determinations were above the EU regulatory limit. GTX1,4 was the pair of STX analogs that produced the highest toxicities, but GTX2,3 was found in most samples, mainly due to the reduction of GTX1,4 but also by the higher sensitivity of the method for this pair of analogs. STX seems to be mainly a product of biotransformation from GTX2,3. The studied species (twelve bivalves and one gastropod) accumulated and transformed PSP toxins to a different extent, with most of them showing similar profiles except for Spisula solida and Haliotis tuberculata. Two seasonal peaks of toxicity were found: one in spring-early summer and another in autumn, with slightly different toxin profiles during outbreaks in relation to the toxicity during valleys. In general, both the total toxicity and toxin profiles of the southernmost locations were different from those in the northern part of the Atlantic coast and the Cantabrian Sea, but this general pattern is modified by the PSP history of some specific locations.

Kapitza Stabilization of Quantum Critical Order

Dynamical perturbations modify the states of classical systems in surprising ways and give rise to important applications in science and technology. For example, Floquet engineering exploits the possibility of band formation in the frequency domain when a strong, periodic variation is imposed on parameters such as spring constants. We describe here Kapitza engineering, where a drive field oscillating at a frequency much higher than the characteristic frequencies for the linear response of a system changes the potential energy surface so much that maxima found at equilibrium become local minima, in precise analogy to the celebrated Kapitza pendulum where the unstable inverted configuration, with the mass above rather than below the fulcrum, actually becomes stable. Our starting point is a quantum field theory of the Ginzburg-Devonshire type, suitable for many condensed matter systems, including particularly ferroelectrics and quantum paralectrics. We show that an off-resonance oscillatory electric field generated by a laser-driven terahertz source can induce ferroelectric order in the quantum-critical limit. Heating effects are estimated to be manageable using pulsed radiation; “hidden” radiation-induced order can persist to low temperatures without further pumping due to stabilization by strain. We estimate the Ginzburg-Devonshire free-energy coefficients in SrTiO3 using density-functional theory and the stochastic self-consistent harmonic approximation accelerated by a machine-learned force field. Although we find that SrTiO3 is not an optimal choice for Kapitza stabilization, we show that scanning for further candidate materials can be performed at the computationally convenient density-functional theory level. We suggest second harmonic generation, soft-mode spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction experiments to characterize the induced order. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Analogue magnitude representation of angles and its relation to geometric expertise

The distance effect (comparing objects becomes easier with increasing differences in their magnitude) is observed in tasks ranging across domains, and its existence has been interpreted as evidence for analogue magnitude representation. Similarly, associations between response side and magnitude (faster left/right-sided responses to small/large objects, respectively) are observed across domains. We investigated the analogue processing of angles and the association between angle magnitude and response side in relation to geometric expertise. We compared the behavioural pattern of two groups—architects and controls—in a direct angle magnitude classification task (i.e., judge whether a presented angle was greater or less than 90°) and in an indirect task (i.e., judge whether an angle was drawn with a dashed or continuous line). We found a robust distance effect for reaction times and accuracy at the whole sample level and in each group separately. Architects revealed a smaller distance effect for accuracy than controls. This could be interpreted as an argument for a more precise analogue representation of angles in experts compared to non-experts. However, we did not find evidence for an association between angle magnitude and response side in any group.

Система для экспериментальной оценки паразитных параметров интегральных мультиплексоров для электроимпедансной томографии

Physical parameters of analog multiplexer have influence on measuring, provided for electrical impedance tomography. For bio-medical application the most important is channel stray capacitance and difference among channels. Typical value is around several tens of picofarads. Integrated circuit manufactures usually do not specify this parameter and provide only typical value. Actual stray capacitance can be different from batch to batch up to several tens percentage. Parameter testing and selection can provide better quality of measurement or help to decrease influence of capacitance differences between channels. Leakage currents can cause significant influence on measurements. Especially, multiplexers lightly damaged by static electricity, can increase their leakage currents by an order of magnitude. Software and hardware system for testing of the multiplexers was developed. It can test main parameters of high voltage precision analog multiplexer, like: channels commutation, charge injection during channel switching, channels resistance, capacitance and leakage currents. Channel capacitance measurement accuracy is better than 1 pF, indeed we should substitute stray capacitance of reference multiplexer and empty test-socket. Channel capacitance measurement accuracy is around 1 Ohm, charge injection is around 1 pQ, leakage current around 100 pA. For testing we use reference multiplexer with known parameters, timer to measure charge-discharge time for capacitance estimation, precision amplifier and reed switch to measure small voltage. Replaceable sockets help test analog multiplexer not only 1 to 16 configurations, but any other configuration with smaller number of channels and even lower voltage supply if use voltage stabilizer embedded in the socket. System can check that multiplexer is fine, choose the same parameters of ICs for existing system, improve quality by choosing the ICs with the best parameters or measure them for further compensation by software.

Cryogenic Analog Microwave Variable Attenuator Using rf-SQUIDs for Quantum Systems

We present the design, fabrication and testing of a low-temperature superconducting (LTS) analog microwave variable attenuator. The two-port circuit includes two <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$90^{\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula> hybrid couplers and a phase shifter to realize a variable attenuation at the output port. The wideband analog phase shifter is implemented using LTS microstrip transmission line (TL) coupled to an array of radio frequency superconducting quantum interference devices (rf-SQUIDs). The phase shift is achieved by passing a dc current through a TL adjacent to the SQUID-loaded microstrip line which controls the flux through the rf-SQUIDs. The proposed variable attenuator shows more than 30 dB of precise analog flat attenuation tuning range over 8 GHz to 12 GHz with a dc control current ranging from 0 mA to 4.5 mA. The device exhibits a wideband operation with variable attenuation seen not only in the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X-</i> band but also in <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Ku-</i> band. The device is fabricated using a multilayer niobium-based superconducting process SFQ5ee by MIT Lincoln Laboratory, and has a compact footprint of 1.3 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathrm{mm}^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> . To the best of our knowledge, this is the first implementation of a variable attenuator using distributed rf-SQUIDs. This device has implications in a variety of applications such as cryogenic receivers and qubit circuit measurements.

Design and implementation of high precision servo channel loading card for fatigue testing of aircraft wings

SummaryA servo channel loading card (SCLC) with high precision data acquisition and output is developed for static and fatigue testing of aircraft wings. A high‐performance processor field programmable gate array (FPGA) is at the core to control the excitation source (ES) output circuit to provide excitation for the force and displacement sensor. To improve the precision of the ES output circuit, a 3DA‐based ES auto‐calibration circuit is designed. Simulation results show that the 3DA improves the precision of the automatic calibration of the ES circuit. The sensor signals are collected through high precision analog channels, and the signals are automatically zero calibrated and numerical control gain processed. Ultimately, a voltage or current signal is generated through the drive circuit to control the electro‐hydraulic servo loading system to complete a high precision force loading test on the aircraft wings. The experimental results show that the board designed has high reliability in both acquisition and output. The ES output achieved a precision of 0.1375 mV/V, the precision of signal acquisition achieves a precision of −0.175 mV/V, and the servo drive output achieves a precision of −0.06 mV/V, meeting the expected design precision of 1 mV/V.

Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and CO2 Reactivity of a Constitutionally Analogous Series of Tricopper Mono-, Di-, and Trihydrides.

The formation of hydrides at heterogeneous copper surfaces results in dramatic structural and reactivity changes, yet the morphologies of these materials and their respective roles in catalysis are not well understood. Of particular interest is the reactivity of heterogeneous copper hydrides with carbon dioxide (CO2), an early mechanistic branching point in the CO2 reduction reaction. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of tricopper compounds supported by a facially biased, chelating tris(carbene) ligand scaffold. This sterically bulky environment affords access to an isolable series of tricopper hydrides: [LCu3H]2+ (4), [LCu3H2]+ (3), and LCu3H3 (6). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction and solution NMR spectroscopy studies reveal both geometric flexibility within the Cu3 core and fluxionality of hydride ligands across the Cu3 cluster, providing both atomically precise experimental analogues of static surface species and emulating dynamic ligand behavior proposed for surfaces. Electronic structure calculations serve as a predictor of hydricity, which was likewise benchmarked experimentally via both protonolysis and hydride abstraction reactions. Increased hydride number (and commensurately lower cluster charge) results in more hydridic complexes, with a thermodynamic hydricity range spanning >30 kcal/mol. These thermochemical studies serve as an accurate predictor of CO2 reactivity. Together, this Cu3Hx series exhibits the structure/reactivity relationships proposed for catalytically active copper surfaces, validating the application of carefully designed molecular clusters toward elucidating mechanisms in surface science.

Tablet-Based Wearable Patch Sensor Design for Continuous Cardiovascular System Monitoring in Postoperative Settings

Meticulous monitoring for cardiovascular systems is important for postoperative patients in postanesthesia or the intensive care unit. The continuous auscultation of heart and lung sounds can provide a valuable information for patient safety. Although numerous research projects have proposed the design of continuous cardiopulmonary monitoring devices, they primarily focused on the auscultation of heart and lung sounds and mostly served as screening tools. However, there is a lack of devices that could continuously display and monitor the derived cardiopulmonary parameters. This study presents a novel approach to address this need by proposing a bedside monitoring system that utilizes a lightweight and wearable patch sensor for continuous cardiovascular system monitoring. The heart and lung sounds were collected using a chest stethoscope and microphones, and a developed adaptive noise cancellation algorithm was implemented to remove the background noise corrupted with those sounds. Additionally, a short-distance ECG signal was acquired using electrodes and a high precision analog front end. A high-speed processing microcontroller was used to allow real-time data acquisition, processing, and display. A dedicated tablet-based software was developed to display the acquired signal waveforms and the processed cardiovascular parameters. A significant contribution of this work is the seamless integration of continuous auscultation and ECG signal acquisition, thereby enabling the real-time monitoring of cardiovascular parameters. The wearability and lightweight design of the system were achieved through the use of rigid–flex PCBs, which ensured patient comfort and ease of use. The system provides a high-quality signal acquisition and real-time monitoring of the cardiovascular parameters, thus proving its potential as a health monitoring tool.

Rancang Bangun Elektronik Motor Relay sebagai Proteksi Berbagai Gangguan Motor Listrik

The protection system against disturbances in induction motors has an important role in industry. In general, protection in electrical installations only uses MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) and fuses which can only protect against overcurrent and short circuits and there are still many kinds of important protection that have not been covered in it even though along with technological developments many electronic protection devices have been created. The purpose of this final project is to plan and manufacture electronic motor relays against over load, phase loss, phase reverse, phase unbalance, short circuit, ground fault, and locked rotor disturbances. The AVR microcontroller is used as a controller for all systems in detecting disturbances. Where the current setting range and trip time are programmed using the C language which is operated with a keypad and displayed on the LCD. As current and voltage sensing using current transformers and voltage transformers. As for sensing phase reverse, it takes the signal from the differential amplifier and forwards it to zero crossing, trigger and X-or. Testing the accuracy of the electronic motor relay is carried out in each fault. The data obtained shows that the microcontroller can be used as a precision analog voltage controller. This is because the AVR microcontroller has good features and is supported by adequate processor speed for use in this kind of application.

Review of Offset and Noise Reduction Techniques for CMOS

Input referred offset voltage, 1/f noise and thermal noise are amplifier properties that directly restrict the ability of discerning signals beyond a certain limit. The ever increasing spectrum of applications of integrated circuits and trends in the semiconductor market have pushed engineers to design circuits with successively lower voltage, less power consumption, higher dynamic range, accurate gain and wider bandwidth, preferably altogether. Amplifiers input errors are key properties, which have to be minimized, however with the least negative impact upon the other equally important properties. This paper reviews some the most relevant techniques applied to reducing input errors of CMOS amplifiers aiming at to provide a condensed set of information that can help designers at the starting point of a new design of a precision analog circuit. The focus in all cases that were selected to be studied in this review work was the reduction of offset and noise regardless of any commitment of the used technique with other characteristics of the amplifier and its impacts on figures of merit like NEF and PEF.

AEROKEY

Wireless connectivity is becoming common in increasingly diverse personal devices, enabling various interoperation- and Internet-based applications and services. More and more interconnected devices are simultaneously operated by a single user with short-lived connections, making usable device authentication methods imperative to ensure both high security and seamless user experience. Unfortunately, current authentication methods that heavily require human involvement, in addition to form factor and mobility constraints, make this balance hard to achieve, often forcing users to choose between security and convenience. In this work, we present a novel over-the-air device authentication scheme named AEROKEY that achieves both high security and high usability. With virtually no hardware overhead, AEROKEY leverages ubiquitously observable ambient electromagnetic radiation to autonomously generate spatiotemporally unique secret that can be derived only by devices that are closely located to each other. Devices can make use of this unique secret to form the basis of a symmetric key, making the authentication procedure more practical, secure and usable with no active human involvement. We propose and implement essential techniques to overcome challenges in realizing AEROKEY on low-cost microcontroller units, such as poor time synchronization, lack of precision analog front-end, and inconsistent sampling rates. Our real-world experiments demonstrate reliable authentication as well as its robustness against various realistic adversaries with low equal-error rates of 3.4% or less and usable authentication time of as low as 24 s.

The edge of chaos: quantum field theory and deep neural networks

We explicitly construct the quantum field theory corresponding to a general class of deep neural networks encompassing both recurrent and feedforward architectures. We first consider the mean-field theory (MFT) obtained as the leading saddlepoint in the action, and derive the condition for criticality via the largest Lyapunov exponent. We then compute the loop corrections to the correlation function in a perturbative expansion in the ratio of depth T to width N, and find a precise analogy with the well-studied O(N) vector model, in which the variance of the weight initializations plays the role of the 't Hooft coupling. In particular, we compute both the O(1) corrections quantifying fluctuations from typicality in the ensemble of networks, and the subleading O(T/N) corrections due to finite-width effects. These provide corrections to the correlation length that controls the depth to which information can propagate through the network, and thereby sets the scale at which such networks are trainable by gradient descent. Our analysis provides a first-principles approach to the rapidly emerging NN-QFT correspondence, and opens several interesting avenues to the study of criticality in deep neural networks.

Design, development, and qualification tests of prototype two-channel cryogenic temperature transmitter

A two-channel prototype cryogenic temperature transmitter is developed using an ARM Cortex-M3 series precision analog microcontroller using a rapid prototyping method for use in indigenous developments. The developed prototype utilizes an Arduino compatible baseboard equipped with interfaces for programming/debugging. Additional circuits are fabricated, and embedded application software is developed and tested. The input circuit consists of a low-value high accuracy precision current source to excite the cryogenic temperature sensors of Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) type and employs a standard four-wire ratiometric measurement technique for accurate resistance measurement. The ratiometric measurement eliminates measurement errors due to current uncertainty. The precision microcontroller is equipped with internal programmable gain amplifiers to accurately scale low-level analog signals from cryogenic temperature sensors. The developed transmitter can interface with two cryogenic RTDs (Cernox® and PT-100 types) and can accurately measure resistance over its calibrated range (300–4 K). The cubic spline interpolation method is employed in application software for converting the measured resistance to temperature. The measured temperature is transmitted to a programmable logic device (via 4–20 mA signals) using the pulse width modulation technique. The developed transmitter is tested for its performance against commercially available transmitters at the liquid nitrogen temperature, liquid helium temperature, and over the entire measurement range using Gifford–McMahon type cryocoolers. The developed transmitter was utilized to assess the impact of the thermal resistance of the cryogenic sensors at the lowest temperature of the cryocooler (∼2.6 K). This paper outlines design details, application software development, experimental setup, measurement uncertainties, and test results.

Excess of Resilience

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; In our times, resilience is the cornerstone of important public policies and a widely fashionable term. While several contributions have discussed what resilience is, and its normativity as a political and moral value, no papers have dealt with the possibility of excess of resilience. Therefore, in what follows, we present an economic interpretation of the idea of excessive resilience based on a precise market analogy. This Walras analogy permits us to discuss concepts of stability, robustness and anti-fragility, and to put them in relation with what being resilient means.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

“Custom” Plate in a Day—Accurate Predictive Hole Fabrication Using Point-of-Care 3-Dimensional Printing

In computer surgical planned (CSP) fibular reconstructions of the mandible, custom plates facilitate accurate and efficient transfer of the digital plan intraoperatively by a way of predrilled fixation holes. Stock plates are more easily accessible and are more economical but typically preclude the utilization of these predictive holes. The purpose of this article is to describe an accurate and economical alternative to custom plates, while still having the ability to create predictive holes for plate alignment and execution of a digital surgical plan. An invitro accuracy study was performed on a point-of-care resin-printed predictive hole guide termed "prebent plate analog" (PPA). Twenty stock 2.0 reconstruction plates prebent against a 3-dimensional printed mandibular model reconstructed with a 2-piece fibula were used to fabricate 20 PPAs. The proximal and distal 4 holes of each prebent plate and corresponding PPA were assessed using a heat map overlay, measuring difference in millimeters between matching points of the predictive hole segments. The median distance from the points of reference in the PPA versus the prebent plate was calculated for each predictive hole position in addition to the average error of the PPA to the stock plate. Eighteen PPAs were used for statistical analysis; 2 were damaged in transport. The mean error between the body (-0.265) and condylar segments (-0.116mm) and mean difference in error between the proximal predictive holes (-0.124mm) and distal predictive holes (-0.215mm) on the PPA were not statistically different (P=.061, P=.314 general estimating equation regression, respectively). The mean error across the PPA predictive holes and corresponding holes of the prebent plates was -0.194mm (P<.001, general estimating equation regression). The PPA is a precise and accurate analog that faithfully replicates the position of proximal and distal components of a prebent stock plate, thereby allowing for predictive hole placement in lieu of a custom plate in fibula mandibular reconstruction cases.

Cryogenic characterization and modeling of a CMOS floating-gate device for quantum control hardware

We perform the characterization and modeling of a floating-gate device realized with a commercial 350-nm CMOS technology at cryogenic temperature. The programmability of the device offers a solution in the realization of a precise and flexible cryogenic system for qubits control in large-scale quantum computers. The device stores onto a floating-gate node a non-volatile charge, which can be bidirectionally modified by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling and impact-ionized hot-electron injection. These two injection mechanisms are characterized and modelled in compact equations both at 300 K and 15 K. At cryogenic temperature, we show a fine-tuning of the stored charge compatible with the operation of a precise analog memory. Moreover, we developed accurate simulation models of the proposed floating-gate device that set the stage for designing a programmable analog circuit with better performances and accuracy at a few Kelvin. This work offers a solution in the design of configurable analog electronics to be employed for accurately read out the qubit state at deep-cryogenic temperature.

Photonic integrated circuit based compressive sensing radio frequency receiver using waveguide speckle.

A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) comprised of an 11 cm long multimode speckle waveguide, a 1 × 32 splitter, and a linear grating coupler array is fabricated and utilized to receive 2 GHz of radio-frequency (RF) signal bandwidth from 2.5 to 4.5 GHz using compressive sensing (CS). Incoming RF signals are modulated onto chirped optical pulses which are input to the multimode waveguide. The multimode waveguide produces the random projections needed for CS via optical speckle. The time-varying phase and amplitude of two test RF signals between 2.5 and 4.5 GHz are successfully recovered using the standard penalized l1-norm method. The PIC reduces the speckle mixer footprint compared with the previously demonstrated fiber system. Two new PIC structures, the "waveguide bus trombone flare" and the "matched 90 degree bus bend" are developed to support precise analog signal routing. The use of a passive PIC serves as an initial critical step towards the miniaturization of a compressive sensing RF receiver.

Engineering in vitro human neural tissue analogs by 3D bioprinting and electrostimulation.

There is a fundamental need for clinically relevant, reproducible, and standardized in vitro human neural tissue models, not least of all to study heterogenic and complex human-specific neurological (such as neuropsychiatric) disorders. Construction of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted neural tissues from native human-derived stem cells (e.g., neural stem cells) and human pluripotent stem cells (e.g., induced pluripotent) in particular is appreciably impacting research and conceivably clinical translation. Given the ability to artificially and favorably regulate a cell's survival and behavior by manipulating its biophysical environment, careful consideration of the printing technique, supporting biomaterial and specific exogenously delivered stimuli, is both required and advantageous. By doing so, there exists an opportunity, more than ever before, to engineer advanced and precise tissue analogs that closely recapitulate the morphological and functional elements of natural tissues (healthy or diseased). Importantly, the application of electrical stimulation as a method of enhancing printed tissue development in vitro, including neuritogenesis, synaptogenesis, and cellular maturation, has the added advantage of modeling both traditional and new stimulation platforms, toward improved understanding of efficacy and innovative electroceutical development and application.