PRECEDE-PROCEED Model Research Articles

Effectiveness of a Training Program based in PRECEDE Model on Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Female Students

Background Fruit and vegetable consumption increases students' health and growth and strengthens their mental activities. The present study aimed to investigates a training program based on PRECEDE model on fruit and vegetable consumption by female students in high schools of Fasa, Iran. Materials and Methods This is a quasi –experimental study. The research sample includes 100 female high school students in Fasa city, Fars Province, Iran, who were randomly assigned to two groups of control (n=50) and experimental (n=50) groups. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire that included items on demographic characteristics and the PERCEDE model components (knowledge, attitude, enabling and reinforcing factors and performance). Educational intervention for the experimental group was carried out in four sessions which each lasting 55 to 60 minutes, and subjects were followed for 2 months. The questionnaires were administered to both groups before and 3 months after the intervention. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS version 18.0 statistical software. Results The average performance score of experimental and control groups regarding fruits and vegetables consumption was 15.15±2.44 and 14.96±2.12 (before the intervention) and 28.22±2.22 and 16.1±11.32 (after the intervention). Mean scores of predisposing (knowledge and attitude), reinforcing, and enabling factors showed a significant difference in the experimental group in comparison the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion The significant increase in student performance scores regarding fruits and vegetables consumption at the end of the study indicates the positive effect of education on promoting knowledge and changing attitudes of individuals. Therefore, the design and implementation of the training program based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model can promote healthy eating habits and increase fruits and vegetables consumption among students.

Promoting physical activity in the workplace: A systematic meta-review.

Physically active (PA) people have a lower risk of various diseases, compared to those with sedentary lifestyles. Evidence on the effects of PA promoting programs in the workplace is large, and several systematic reviews (SR) and/or meta-analyses (MA) have been published. However, they have failed to consider factors that could influence interventions. This paper aimed to classify and describe interventions to promote PA in the workplace based on evidence from SR/MA. A literature search for SR/MA was done using PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct (January 2006-February 2015). Quality assessment of SR/MA was performed using AMSTAR. The PRECEDE-PROCEED model was used for classifying the interventions into predisposing, enabling, reinforcing, environment, and policy domains of focus. Eleven SR/MA included 220 primary studies, of which 139 (63%) were randomized controlled trials. Of 48 interventions identified, 22 (46%) and 17 (35%) focused on predisposing or enabling employees to have more PA, respectively. Of the 22 predisposing factors, 6 were information delivery, 5 were self-motivation, and 11 were program training. The enabling approaches were 12 instrument resources and 5 health service facilities. The reinforcing approaches were 4 incentive and 3 social support. The remaining interventions focused on the environmental development and policy regulation. This systematic meta-review classified interventions using appropriate framework and described the intervention pattern.

The effectiveness of a group-based educational program on the self-efficacy and self-acceptance of menopausal women: A randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a group-based educational training on the self-efficacy and self-acceptance of Iranian menopausal women using the PRECEDE–PROCEED model. This Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) was conducted on 80 menopausal women in the age range of 47–55 years residing in the northeast of Iran. The participants were divided randomly into a test group (n = 40) and a control group (n = 40). We found that designing and implementation of a group-based educational training according to the PRECEDE–PROCEED model can significantly enhance the knowledge and performance of the test group with regard to self-efficacy and self-acceptance.

The effect of intervention using the PRECEDE-PROCEED model based on quality of life in diabetic patients.

BackgroundPoor quality of life is common among diabetic patients, and educational intervention is one of the most effective strategies to improve the quality of life for chronic patients.ObjectivesTo determine the effect of an educational intervention based on PRECEDE-PROCEED in quality of life of diabetic patients, in 2016.MethodsIn this quasi-experimental study, 86 patients referred to diabetic centers of Ardabil participated. We used the components PRECEDE-PROCEED model for planning, implementation and evaluation of the program. Data collection tools were Diabetes Quality of Life questionnaire (DQOL) and a researcher-made questionnaire. Eight training sessions were conducted for the intervention group for self-efficiency, self- management, attitude, knowledge, and enabling reinforcing factors. Quality of life was followed one and three months after intervention. Data were analyzed through SPSS 16 software using descriptive and analytical tests.ResultsThe mean age of patients was 55.88 (±12.1) years. The result showed that before intervention, no significant difference was observed among the mean scores of quality of life, self-management, knowledge, attitude, enabling and reinforcing factors, and self-efficiency in two groups. But one and three months after intervention a significant difference was observed (p<0.001).ConclusionEducational intervention with PRECEDE-PROCEED model improved the diabetic patient’s quality of life.

The effect of educational program based on the precede-proceed model on improving self-care behaviors in a semi-urban population with type 2 diabetes referred to health centers of Bavi, Iran

AimsSelf-care in patients with diabetes reduces the number of hospital admissions, costs and improves their quality of life so that just by training self-care to them can reduce 80 percent of diabetic complications. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of educational program based on precede-proceed model on improving self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes referred to health centers in city Bavi in 2016–2017. Materials and methodsThis quasi-experimental study, conducted on 110 patient women with type 2 diabetes referred to health centers in Bavi city in 2016–2017. The training program was designed based on Precede-Proceed Model. Data collection tools included the Precede researcher-made questionnaire and the Glasgow questionnaire. The duration of the training course was three months. After one month, the effect of this program, and the amount of improvement of the patients’ self-care behavior were evaluated. Independent t-test, paired t-test, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were carried was used for data analysis. ResultsAfter the intervention, the average score of predisposing factors (knowledge, attitude and self-efficacy), reinforcing factors, enabling factors and self-care behaviors, in the intervention group compared to the control group, significantly increased (P<0.05). After the training, the fasting blood sugar (FBS) and body mass index (BMI) decreased in the experimental group, but this reduction was not statistically significant (P>0.05). ConclusionThe findings of this research showed that Precede-Proceed Model would be an appropriate framework to educate patients with type 2 diabetes as well as promote self-care behaviors.

プリシード・プロシードモデルおよびフォーカス・グループ・インタビュー法の活用と適用可能性 : 中年婦人の老後に関するニーズに焦点を当てて

プリシード・プロシードモデルおよびフォーカス・グループ・インタビュー法の活用と適用可能性 : 中年婦人の老後に関するニーズに焦点を当てて

The Effect of Educational Intervention Based on PRECEDE-PROCEED Model on the Life Quality of Women-Headed Households Covered By Tehran Welfare Organization

The Effect of Educational Intervention Based on PRECEDE-PROCEED Model on the Life Quality of Women-Headed Households Covered By Tehran Welfare Organization

若年女性における月経随伴症状の関連要因 : PRECEDE-PROCEEDモデルに基づいた文献検討

若年女性における月経随伴症状の関連要因 : PRECEDE-PROCEEDモデルに基づいた文献検討

The Effect of Educational Intervention Based on PRECEDE-PROCEED Model on Promoting Traffic Safety Behaviors in Primary Schools Students of Tabriz in 2014

The Effect of Educational Intervention Based on PRECEDE-PROCEED Model on Promoting Traffic Safety Behaviors in Primary Schools Students of Tabriz in 2014

Biopsychosocial and Institutional Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeding among Working Mothers in Klaten, Central Java

Background : Breast milk has an important role in health maintenance and survival of infants. It is acknowledged as the best food for infant. The World Health Organization has recommended exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for infants until 6 months of age. However, many working mothers did not provide EBF to their infants. This study aimed to examine biopsychosocial and institutional factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding among working mothers, using health belief model and PRECEDE-PROCEED model. Subjects and M et hod : This study was observational analytic with cross sectional design. It was conducted in Klaten District, Central Java, from March to April, 2017. A sample of 120 working mothers was selected for this study by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was exclusive breastfeeding. The independent variables were maternal education, perceived benefit, perceived barrier, self efficacy, family support, health personnel support, and availability of lactation room at workplace. The data were collected by a pre-tested questionnaire. Logistic regression was employed for data analysis. Results : Maternal education (OR=4.2; 95% CI = 1.09 to 11.51; p=0.001), availability of lactation room at workplace (OR=4.11; 95% CI= 1.21 to 14.29; p=0.001), family support (OR=6.25; 95% CI= 1.45 to 15.96; p<0.001), health personnel support (OR=3.76; 95% CI = 1.43 to 16.06; p=0.002), perceived benefit (OR=2.30; 95% CI = 1.09 to 12.87; p=0.044), self-efficacy (OR= 3.57; 95% CI = 1.21 to 14.29; p=0.002) had positive effect on EBF. Perceived barrier (OR=0.18; 95% CI = 0.64 to 0.76; p<0.001) had negative effect on the provision of EBF. Conclusion : Maternal education, availability of lactation room at workplace, family support, health personnel support, perceived benefit, self-efficacy have positive effect on EBF. Perceived barrier has negative effect on the provision of EBF among working mothers. Keywords : biopsychosocial factors, exclusive breastfeeding, PRECEDE-PROCEED model, health belief model Correspondence: Desi Ekawati. Masters Program in Public Heath, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: eccadesy@yahoo.com. Mobile: +6285725123320. Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2017), 2(3): 197-206 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2017.02.03.01

Effect of Sexual Knowledge and Attitude, Exposure to Electronic Media Pornography, Peer Group, and Family Intimacy, on Sexual Behaviors among Adolescents in Surakarta

Background : Globalization has tremendous impact on adolescent behaviors, including sexual behavior. Sexual behaviors that exceed socially accepted norms may result in undesireable impact adolescent health. Many factors can affect the sexual behavior of adolescents, both from within and from outside the adolescent self. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sexual knowledge and attitude, exposure to electronic media pornography, peer group, and family intimacy, on sexual behaviors among adolescents. Subjects and M et hod : This was an analytic observational study using cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at SMA Negeri Kota Surakarta, Central Java, from March to April 2017. A sample of 100 students were selected for this study by multi-stage sampling. The dependent variable was sexual behaviour. The independent variables were sexual knowledge, attitude toward sex, exposure to electronic pornography, peer group, and family intimacy. The data were collected by a set of pre-tested questionnaire. Path analysis was employed for data analysis. Results : Adolescent sexual behavior was affected by sexual knowledge (b=0.16; SE=0.05; p=0.006), attitude toward sex (b=0.18; SE=0.06; p= 0.005), exposure to electronic pornography (b=-0.13; SE=0.05; p=0.026), peer group (b=0.06; SE=0.03; p= 0.042), and family intimacy (b=0.07; SE=0.03; p=0.038). Sexual knowledge was affected by exposure to electronic pornography (b=-0.20; SE=0.09; p=0.037), and peer group (b=0.14; SE=0.05; p=0.005). Attitude toward sex was affected by exposure to electronic pornography (b=-0.21; SE=0.08; p=0.013), sexual knowledge (b=0.14; SE=0.08; p=0.110), and group (b=0.12; SE=0.05; p=0.009). Conclusion : Sexual behavior of adolescents is directly affected by their sexual knowledge, attitude toward sex, exposure to electronic pornography, peer group, and family intimacy. Keywords : sexual behavior, exposure to electronic pornography, PRECEDE PROCEED model, path analysis Correspondence: Yeni Wardhani. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: ynwardhani@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285244390776. Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2017), 2(2): 138-147 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2017.02.02.04

Knowledge, Attitude, Sexual Behavior, Family Support, and Their Associations with HIV/AIDS Status in Housewives

Background : Approximately 36.7 million people in the world were infected by HIV and 2.1 million new cases occured in 2015. A total of 191,073 HIV cases were reported in Indonesia in 2016, including 77,940 AIDS cases, and 13,247 deaths. Housewives ranked highest among HIV/AIDS patients in Indonesia. This study aimed to investigate knowledge, attitude, sexual behavior, family support, and their associations with HIV status in housewives using PRECEDE PROCEED model. Subjects and Method : This was an analytic observational study with cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at Toroh community health center, Grobogan, Central Java, in July, 2017. A total sample of 129 housewives were selected for this study using exhaustive sampling technique. The dependent variable was HIV status. The independent variables were knowledge, attitude, sexual behavior, and family support. The data was measured by a set of questionnaire and analyzed using path analysis. Results : HIV status was directly and positively associated with risky sexual behavior (b= 4.48; 95% CI= 2.30 to 6.65; p<0.001). Risky sexual behavior was associated with attitude (b= -1.27; 95% CI = -0.03 to -2.51; p<0.045) and family support (b= -1.86; 95% CI= -0.69 to -3.03; p<0.002). Attitude was associated with knowledge (b= 2.06; 95% CI = 0.86 to 3.25; p<0.001). Conclusion : HIV status is directly and positively associated with risky sexual behavior. HIV status is indirectly associated with attitude, knowledge, and family support. Keywords : HIV, AIDS, risky sexual behavior, housewives, PRECEDE PROCEED model Correspondence : Budi Laksana. Diploma III Program in Midwifery Muhammadiyah, Madiun, East Java. Email: lakortikosteroid@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285655612000. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2017), 2(2): 154-163 https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2017.02.02.06

PRECEDE-PROCEED Model: Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Factors Affecting the Selection of Birth Attendant in Bondowoso District

Background : Skilled birth attendant is one of the determinants of maternal and infant mortality. One of the primary causes of maternal mortality in Bondowoso District was the reliance on the traditional birth attendant (TBA). In 2016, the number of birth delivery attended by TBA reached 510 out of 10,326 deliveries. This study aimed to determine the predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors affecting the selection of birth attendant in Bondowoso. Subjects and M et hod: This was an analytic observational study using case control design. The study was conducted at 5 community health centers in Bondowoso District, East Java, from April to May 2017. A sample of 160 delivering mothers, consisting of 110 mothers assisted by skilled birth attendants and 50 mothers assisted by traditional birth attendants, were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was the selection of birth attendant (skilled birth attendant vs. TBA). The independent variables were age, education, working status, ANC visit, tradition, and family support. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire. Path analysis was employed to analyze data. Results : Age 20-34 years (b= -2.10; 95% CI=-3.96 to -0.25; p= 0.026), working outside the house (b= 2.23; 95% CI=0.84 to 3.61; p= 0.002), ANC visit (b= 2.71; 95% CI=0.80 to 4.62; p= 0.005), good tradition (b= 4.05; 95% CI=2.38 to 5.72; p<0.001) increased the likelihood of selecting skill birth attendant. Age 20-34 years (b= 2.54; 95% CI=1.24 to 3.84; p<0.001) and maternal education ≥high school (b=3.69; 95% CI=2.47 to 4.92; p<0.001) increased ANC visit. Maternal education ≥ high school (b=0.74; 95% CI=-0.02 to 1.51; p= 0.059) increased age. Maternal education ≥ high school (b=1.39; 95% CI=0.63 to 2.14; p<0.001) increased the likelihood of mother working outside the house. Family support (b=2.02; 95% CI=1.21 to 2.82; p<0.001) increased the likelihood of good tradition. Conclusion : Age 20-34 years, working outside the house, ANC visit, good tradition, directly increase the likelihood of selecting skill birth attendant. K eywords : selection of birth attendant, predisposing, enabling, reinforcing factors Correspondence: Ira Martin Pramiyana. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: iramartinpramiyana87@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282337742697. Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2017), 2(2): 159-172 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2017.02.02.06

PRECEDE- PROCEED Model on Determinants of Completeness Immunization Status among Infants in Bangkalan District, Madura

Background : Universal Child Immunization is a government program aimed at preventing infectious diseases. However, its target level has not been attained. Bangkalan is one of the districts with low immunization coverage. This study aimed to analyze PRECEDE-PROCEED model on determinants of complete immunization status among infants in Bangkalan District, Madura. Subje cts and Met hod : This was an analytic observational study with cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at 10 community health centers in Bangkalan, Madura, from August to October, 2017. A total sample of 200 infants aged 9-12 months were selected by cluster sampling with community health center serving has the cluster. The dependent variable was completeness of immunization status. The independent variable were education, knowledge, maternal job status, attitude, distance to health facility, information exposure, family support, and health personnel support. The data was collected using questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis. Results : Completeness of immunization status was increased by positive maternal attitude (b=0.82; 95% CI= 0.10 to 1.55; p= 0.027), strong health personnel support (b= 0.79; 95% CI = -0.10 to 1.67; p= 0.081), and information exposure (b= 1.52; 95% CI= 0.75 to 2.29; p= 0.001), but was decreased by distance to health facility (b= -1.28; 95% CI= -2.13 to -0.44; p= 0.003). Positive maternal attitude was increased by strong family support (b= 1.35; 95% CI= 0.71 to 2.00; p= 0.001) and better knowledge (b= 2.29; 95% CI= 1.06 to 3.54; p= 0.001). Better knowledge was increased by information exposure (b= 1.54; 95% CI= 0.58 to 2.51; p= 0.002). Strong family support was increased by maternal working outside the house (b= 0.64; 95% CI= 0.03 to 1.26; p= 0.040). Maternal working outside the house (b= 1.12; 95% CI= 0.51 to 1.75; p= 0.001) and better knowledge (b= 1.27; 95% CI= 0.42 to 2.13; p= 0.003) were increased by high level of education. Conclusion : Completeness of immunization status is increased by positive maternal attitude, strong health personnel support, and information exposure, but was decreased by distance to health facility. Keyword : determinant, universal child immunization, PRECEDE-PROCEED model Correspondence: Lidia Aditama Putri. Prodi Kebidanan di STIKES Insan Unggul Surabaya, Jln. Raya Kletek No. 4 Taman, Sidoarjo 61257, Jawa Timur. E-mail: liydya30@gmail.com. Mobile +6285230752110 Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2017), 2(4): 291-301 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.02.04.01

Determinants of Successful Smoking Cessation in Surakarta

Background: Smoking cessation is not an easy endeavor as tobacco addiction is a group of behavioral, cognitive and physiological phenomena. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of successful smoking cessation using health belief model (HBM), PRECEDE-PROCEED model, and theory of planned behavior (TPB). Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with cross-sectional design. It was conducted in Surakarta, in December 2017. A sample of 165 study subjects consisting of 68 ex-smokers who were successful in smoking cessation and 97 smokers who were unsuccessful in smoking cessation, by snowball sampling. The dependent variable was smoking cessation. The independent variables were intention to quit smoking, attitude toward smoking cessation, outcome expectation, addiction, stress, perceived behavioral control (PBC), subjective norm, social support, family income, purchasing power, smoking duration, and access to cigarette. The data were collected using questionnaire and analyzed using path analysis. Results: Successful smoking cessation was directly affected by strong intention (b= 2.39, SE= 0.51, p <0.001), duration of smoking (≥10 years) (b= -3.46; SE= 0.57; p <0.001), and easy access to cigarettes (b= -1.28; SE= 0.52; p= 0.008). Intention is was affeced by positive attitude (b = 0.79, SE= 0.39, p= 0.046), positive PBC (b= 1.89, SE= 0.40; p<0.001), high purchasing power (b= -1.23; SE= 0.39; p= 0.002), and positive subjective norm (b= 1.38; SE= 0.40; p= 0.001). Positive PBC was affected by duration of smoking (≥10 years) (b= -2.32; SE= 0.47; p<0.001), positive outcome expectation (b= 1.04; SE= 0.49; p= 0.035), and addiction (b= -2.96; SE= 0.49; p<0.001). Positive attitude was affected by positive expectation outcomes (b= 1.09; SE= 0.34; p= 0.001). Positive subjective norm (b= 0.77; SE = 0.33; p= 0.020) and positive outcome expectation (b= 0.77; SE= 0.33; p= 0.020) were affected by social support. Smoking duration was affected by stress (b= 0.09; SE=- 0.04; p= 0.018). Cigarette purchasing power was affected by high income (b=2.78; SE= 1.43; p= 0.053). Conclusion: Successful smoking cessation is directly affected by intention, smoking duration, stress, and access to cigarette. Success smoking cessation is indirectly affected by attitude, addiction, PBC, subjective norm, social support, outcome expectation, family income, purchasing power. Keyword: smoking cessation, HBM, PRECEDE-PROCEED, TPB Correspondence: Joko Tri Atmojo. School of Health Sciences Mamba'ul 'Ulum, Surakarta, Jl. Ring Road Utara, Tawangsari, Mojosongo, Jebres, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: jokotriatmojo1@gmail.com. Mobile: 081393319000. Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2017), 2(4): 332-344 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2017.02.04.05

Health Belief Model and PRECEDE PROCEED on the Risk Factors of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis in Surakarta, Central Java

Background : Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the lethal infectious diseases in the world. One of the current biggest challenges of Tuberculosis control is the widespread emergence of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). There are several potential risk factors of MDR-TB that can be explained by Health Belief Model and PRECEDE PROCEED model framework. This study aimed to analyzed factors associated with MDR-TB using Health Belief Model and PRECEDE PROCEED. Subjects and Method : This was an analytic observational study with case control design. The study was conducted at Dr. Moewardi Hospital and BBKPM, Surakarta, from September to November 2017. The study subjects were selected using fixed disease sampling, consisting of 76 MDR-TB patients and 228 TB patients. The dependent variable was MDR-TB. The independent variables were educational level, self-efficacy, drug-taking adherence, smoking, nutritional status, perceived of susceptibility, perceived barrier, perceived severity, perceived benefit, and drug-taking supervisor. The data were collected using questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis. Results : The risk of MDR-TB was increased by lack of drug-taking adherence (b= -1.69; 95% CI= -2.28 to -1.09; p <0.001), poor nutritional status (b= 1.32; 95% CI= 0.72 to 1.92; p<0.001), and smoking (b= 1.32; 95% CI= 0.72 to 1.92; p <0.001). Drug-taking adherence was increased by perceived susceptibility  (b= 0.91; 95% CI= 0.18 to 1.63; p=0.015), perceived severity  (b= 1.01; 95% CI=  0.28 to 1.74; p=0.007), perceived benefit (b= 1.69; 95% CI= 0.97 to 2.41; p<0.001), drug-taking advisor (b= 2.16; 95% CI= 1.44 to 2.88; p<0.001), self efficacy (b= 1.58; 95% CI= 0.86 to 2.31; p<0.001), and low perceived barrier (b= -1.10; 95% CI= -1.82 to -0.38; p=0.003). Conclusion : The risk of MDR-TB is increased by the lack of drug-taking adherence, poor nutritional status, and smoking. Keyword : Health belief model, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MDR-TB Correspondence: Vera. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: vera21210@gmail.com Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2017), 2(3): 241-254 https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2017.02.03.06

Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeeding: Application of PRECEDE-PROCEED Model and Theory of Planned Behavior

Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeeding: Application of PRECEDE-PROCEED Model and Theory of Planned Behavior

Socioeconomic and Cultural Determinants of Early Marriage in Ngawi, East Java: Application of PRECEDE-PROCEED Model

Background : Indonesia ranks 37 of the countries in the world with the highest rate of early marriage. Center for Gender and Sexuality Studies, University of Indonesia reported in 2015 that Indonesia rank the second highest rate of early marriage in South East Asia. Approximately 2 millions (7.3%) girls aged under 15 years old have been married and dropped out of school. This number is expected to become 3 million married girls in 2030. This study aimed to determine the effect of socioeconomic and cultural factors on early marriage in Ngawi, East Java. Subjects and Method : This was an analytical observational study with case control design. Study subjects consisted of 75 women of reproductive age who got married before 20 years old and 75 women of reproductive age who got married had 20-30 years of age. The dependent variable was early marriage. The independent variables were paternal education level, maternal education level, family income, family belief, culture, and peers. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis model. Results : Early marriage was positively affected by family belief (b=1.47; 95% CI= 0.44 to 2.50; p=0.005) and culture (b=1.56; 95% CI= 0.54 to 2.58; p=0.003). Early marriage was negatively affected by family income (b=-2.20; 95% CI= -3.18 to -1.21; p<0.001) and positive peers (b=-2.51; 95% CI= -3.58 to -1.44; p<0.001). Family income was affected by paternal education (b=2.24; 95% CI= 0.37 to 4.12; p=0.019) and maternal education (b= 6.53; 95% CI= 4.25 to 8.80; p<0.001). Family belief was affected by paternal education (b= -1.20; 95% CI= -2.10 to -0.30; p= 0.009) and maternal education (b= -1.20; 95% CI= -2.10 to -0.30; p= 0.009). Conclusion : Early marriage is directly affected by family income, family belief, culture, and positive peers. Keyword : early marriage, family education, family income, family belief, culture, peers Correspondence: Noviana Ayumi Wijayati. Masters Program in Public Heath, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: novianaayumi@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285645828766. Journal of Health Promotion and Behaviour (2017), 2(4): 302-312 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.02.04.02

Development of “College CHEF,” a Campus-based Culinary Nutrition Program

ABSTRACTBackground: More than one third of college students are obese, with many lacking the knowledge and skills necessary to cook healthfully. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the PRECEDE–PROCEED model-driven primary and secondary needs assessments (PNA, SNA), which contributed to the development of the College CHEF. Methods: Staff members (n = 2) and freshmen students (n = 7) affiliated with a health-oriented living learning program (LLP) participated in interviews and a focus group. Students (n = 43) from college fitness courses completed a survey via Qualtrics. (1) Literature was reviewed to synthesize evidence-based programming strategies, results, and implications. (2) Focus group and interview responses were examined using comparative analysis. (3) Descriptive statistics were used to summarize cooking behaviors, barriers, and interest with cooking. Results: Focus group participants and the majority (88%) of survey respondents were interested in participating in programming. Consensus was a weekly, multisession program incorporating hands-on cooking and nutrition education is ideal; findings from SNA supported. Discussion: Integrating the PNA and SNA as part of the program planning process was instrumental in developing an evidence-based culinary nutrition education program. Translation to Health Education Practice: The application of the PRECEDE–PROCEED model may help other Health Educators in understanding and applying program planning steps.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of an online transition planning program for adolescents on the autism spectrum: trial protocol.

BackgroundThe transition from high school to post-secondary education and work is difficult for adolescents on the autism spectrum. Transition planning can be an effective way of supporting adolescents on the autism spectrum to prepare for leaving school and to succeed in obtaining employment; however, there is a need for an autism-specific transition planning program with proven effectiveness. This paper describes a trial protocol for evaluating the Better OutcOmes & Successful Transitions for Autism (BOOST-A™); an online interactive program that empowers adolescents on the autism spectrum to plan their transition from school to further study, training, or employment.MethodsThe trial will involve adolescents on the autism spectrum in high school and their parents, who will be alternately assigned to a control group (regular practice) or an intervention group (using the BOOST-A™). The BOOST-A™ was developed using the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, and is based on the self-determination model, and the strengths- and technology-based approaches. It involves participants completing a series of online modules. The primary outcome will be self-determination, because high self-determination has been linked to successful transition to employment among adolescents on the autism spectrum. Secondary outcomes will include domain-specific self-determination, career planning and exploration, quality of life, and environmental support. Data will be obtained from questionnaires completed by the adolescent on the autism spectrum and their parent/s. Data collection will take place at baseline (Time point 1) and 12 months later (Time point 2).Discussion and conclusionsThis trial will provide evidence of the effectiveness of the BOOST-A™ to assist adolescents on the autism spectrum to successfully transition from school. Trial registration #ACTRN12615000119594