Pre-war Period Research Articles

Стимулювання високотехнологічного експорту як основа стратегії повоєнного відновлення української економіки

The aim of the article is to assess the export activity of Ukraine and determine its role in the conditions of the ongoing war and post-war recovery of the national economy. Economic growth rates are higher in countries that are deeply integrated into global value chains, have a more diversified export structure, and focus on the quality of their own exports. In the pre-war period, Ukrainian exporters had a number of internal (difficulties in accessing financing for the production and sale of export products, low level of production technologies, non-compliance of national products with the technical requirements and standards of the world market, burdensome border crossing procedures, corruption, etc.) and external problems (unstable conditions in foreign markets of raw materials), which negatively affected the results of export activity. A sharp decline in Ukrainian exports during the wartime is caused by restrictions on production, financial, technological, and human resources resulting from the physical destruction of enterprises and logistics infrastructure, the loss of part of the workforce due to an increase in mortality and its outflow abroad, a decrease in income due to an unprecedented decline in business activity and production efficiency, the inability to insure war risks, etc. According to the experience of South Asian countries, which are now leaders in terms of high-tech exports (Hong Kong, Vietnam, Singapore, South Korea), changes in the commodity structure of exports by reducing the volume of raw materials and increasing the share of high-tech goods, as well as IT services, can become the basis for preserving the Ukrainian economy during the war and the post-war recovery, which requires stimulating scientific and technical research and development by increasing investment in innovation areas, the State support for exporters of high value-added products.

ТРАНСПОРТНЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ЗЕРНОВОГО ЕКСПОРТУ

The article provides an overview of the current state of the domestic marine transport infrastructure as such, which provides transport services for cargo flows of export grain products. The provided analysis covers both the pre-war period and the wartime. The main mode of transport, which implements foreign trade deliveries of grain products, is maritime, which currently works with adjacent modes of transport that provide transportation of grain to sea ports – rail and road, their participation in grain transportation is analyzed. The volumes and dynamics of handling of export grain by sea ports of Ukraine are presented. The main "grain" ports of Ukraine were identified, which in pre-war times loaded up to 90 % of the total sea grain export to sea vessels. The most powerful grain terminals are located in Mykolaiv, Chornomorsk, Pivdenny and Odesa ports, which contributes to the acquisition and maintenance of leading positions by these ports in the market of handling of grain export. Changes in the transportation of grain export caused by the war, which were the result of the blockade of Ukrainian seaports, were emphasized. Partial restoration of the work of some ports became possible in June 2022 with the signing of the Black Sea Grain Initiative. Currently, from the very beginning of the fullscale invasion, the ports of Ukraine located on the Danube, remained unblocked – the main cargo flows of export grain fell to the port of Reni, Ust-Dunaisk and Izmail during the period when the ports of Big Odesa were not working, and their cargo turnover tripled. Today, grain is exported through the ports of Big Odesa (outside the Black Sea Grain Initiative); carriages through the Danube ports remains an alternative route – it is interesting and attractive for grain exporters who invest in technical and technological development and improvement of these ports. Publicly available statistics allow you to operate with indicators for the period until 2022; official statistical data were not made public during the war years.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ ТА ПРОБЛЕМИ ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ ЛЮДСЬКОГО КАПІТАЛУ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО ЧАСУ

The article examines the perspective of development and the problems of restoring human capital in the conditions of full-scale military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. Quantitative and qualitative indicators of the development of human capital during the pre-war period are analyzed; attention is focused on the losses and gains of human capital in the conditions of martial law. The main direct losses of Ukraine’s human capital are singled out, including: mass emigration of citizens abroad and internal migration, irreparable losses among the civilian population, forced deportation, and the death of military personnel. Indirect losses are indicated, among which the impossibility of fully using intellectual and creative potential, the destruction of educational infrastructure, the imposition of a foreign language and cultural values, the temporary suspension of the educational process, as a result, the deterioration of the quality of educational services. The main strategic measures for the development and restoration of the human capital of Ukraine in wartime and postwar conditions are proposed. The main strategic measures for the restoration of human capital include the reconstruction of destroyed housing and critical infrastructure, which must take place on a fundamentally new basis. Such reconstruction should focus not on installing broken windows, but on building so-called "smart" cities. The next measure should be the creation of programs for starting and stimulating the development of entrepreneurial activity and self-employment of the population, which is the main prerequisite for creating an environment in the country to which it is worth returning. An important addition to the measures mentioned above is the development and implementation of state programs for psychological support of families separated because of the war. This situation causes a breakdown in family relations, which can be exacerbated by increasing economic instability. It is precisely because of these circumstances that it is expedient for the state to create and implement social programs aimed at the psychological rehabilitation of family reunification.

Функции советского персонального пенсионного обеспечения в довоенный период (1923-1941 гг.)

Introduction. Pension provision is multifunctional. Currently, scientists are actively exploring the functionality of pension provision, however, the original functions of the Soviet personal pension provision remained outside the field of their interests. Purpose. The author aims to determine the specific (original) functions characteristic of personal pension provision in the pre-war period (1923-1941) being based on the analysis of legislative acts regulating the establishment of personal pension provision and personal files of personal pensioners of republican significance. Methodology. In his research, the author was guided by the principles of consistency, historicism and scientific objectivity, as well as the method of interpretation of legal norms and the technical and legal method. Results. In addition to the functions common to all types of pension provision, five specific functions of personal pensions have been identified: granting immunity from national legislative restrictions; reimbursement of royalties to the heirs of outstanding figures of culture and art; partial compensation to descendants and relatives of the value of valuables transferred by them to the state (archives, collections, personal belongings) and real estate (houses, apartments, estates) previously owned by prominent figures of culture, science, art and the revolutionary movement; payment provided to specialists for exclusive skills, knowledge transferred to the state or for services rendered; solutions to complex issues pension provision within the pension system. Conclusion. The original functions of personal pension provision allowed the Soviet state to solve numerous tasks related to the organization of museums of Russian classics, attracting highly qualified specialists to its side, providing material support to honored citizens who formally have no rights to pensions for professional activities.

Шмелев в СССР. (Статья первая: издания и рецепция в довоенный период)

The article examines the literary-critical and journalistic reception of I.S. Shmelev’s works in the USSR, along with the history of publication and interpretation of his works in the pre-war period. The subject of the analysis is the corpus of articles, essays, and reviews published in the newspapers “Pravda,” “Izvestiia,” “Literaturnaia Gazeta,” the journals “Pechat’ i Revoliutsiia,” “Krasnaia Nov,” “Prozhektor,” “Biulleten’ Knigi,” etc., collections of works by Shmelev, adstracts dedicated to him in the “Histories of Russian Literature” by V.L. Lvov- Rogachevsky, V.E. Evgeniev-Maksimov, B.V. Mikhailovsky, and others mentions of the writer’s name in the central Soviet press. Shmelev actively published until 1929, despite the writer’s anti-Soviet position in emigration. The negative reviews that began to appear in the USSR after the publication of the “Solntse Mertvykh” did not delete Shmelev’s name from the history of literature and the modern literary process. He was still considered one of the most significant Russian writers and even included in the study program of universities.

The approximation of the Ukrainian social legislation to the EU acquis in times of war: the key challenges for reforms

The achievement of the EU candidate status by Ukraine during the war gave it a new impetus for providing further approximation of the national legislation to the EU acquis, including in the social sphere. Consequently, this research focuses on the analysis of alignment of the Ukrainian social legislation with the EU law in the pre-war period and scrutinises the European Commission's low mark of the progress made in this sphere after the beginning of the war. Considering the new challenges that arose due to the war, which highlighted the extreme importance of social protection, the authors outlined the key current problems in the social sphere in Ukraine and the main obstacles in providing social reforms in accordance with European social standards in the martial period of time. According to the results, the authors put forward their vision of whether social reforms are needed in Ukraine in times of war or not. Keywords: acquis, EU integration, social legislation, EU social standards, full-scale Russian aggression.

Митне регулювання в Україні у довоєнний та воєнний періоди

The purpose of the study is to theoretically substantiate customs regulation, identify shortcomings in its functioning in the prewar and wartime periods, develop appropriate practical recommendations, search for alternatives to meet the demand for imported goods and services, as well as restore the customs and financial security of the country with the condition of ensuring global partnership in terms of implementing the seventeenth Sustainable Development Goal «Partnership for Sustainable Development». It is determined that customs regulation is a subsystem of the State regulation of foreign economic activity, which defines and controls the process of movement of goods and services across the customs border. An analysis of current trends, dynamics of customs security and its components in the plane of effective customs regulation and ensuring the customs interests of the country is carried out. The key indicators that determine the level of customs burden on the country’s economy have been calculated and analyzed. There is a negative trend in such indicators as: provision of customs payments to the revenues of the State budget of the country, provision of customs payments of tax revenues, fulfillment of planned indicators for customs payments. The significance of customs payments in the revenues and tax revenues of the State budget is irrefutable. A comparative analysis of the both prewar and wartime structure of customs payments is carried out. The dynamics of the volume of taxed imports and the tax burden on them in Ukraine during 2018–2023 are studied. The key trends of the studied indicators are declining. The largest decline is observed during the pandemic in 2020 and at the beginning of the ongoing war in 2022. The partnership relations between the State and business entities in the context of the issue of customs regulation through the introduction of a system of preferential taxation of imports during the wartime period are studied. A systematization of normative legal acts of 2022, which fixed preferential conditions for business entities, is carried out. The problems of customs regulation of the prewar period, which significantly affected its efficiency and functional capacity in the wartime period, are identified. Measures for further leveling of these problems with the aim of European integration are proposed.

ВИНИКНЕННЯ ТА РОЗВИТОК ОКСФОРДСЬКОЇ ФІЛОСОФІЇ ЯК ПЕРЕДУМОВА ФОРМУВАННЯ ФІЛОСОФІЇ ПОВСЯКДЕННОЇ МОВИ

B a c k g r o u n d . According to a common prejudice, especially prevalent among philosophers in the continental tradition, the philosophy of everyday language (sometimes referred to as Oxford philosophy), with its focus on what we usually say and mean, fundamentally expresses a positivist attitude. Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979), who significantly contributed to the spread of this view, interprets the appeal to the concept analysis in these philosophers' writings as purely ideological: it fails to recognize the constructed nature of the social and views the social as a domain of brute facts where critical thinking should cease. Therefore, to grasp the essence of the ordinary language philosophy, it is crucial to identify the prerequisites for the emergence of this philosophical style and delve into its historical context. M e t h o d s . In this article, the author employs the method of historical-philosophical reconstruction to clarify the conditions of the formation and genesis of Oxford philosophy. General scientific methods of cognition – such as analysis, synthesis, and generalization – are used to elucidate key ideas and concepts that influenced the development of Oxford philosophy's method. Additionally, methods of systematization and comparison are applied. R e s u l t s . The article identifies the historical prerequisites for the formation of Oxford philosophy, specifying the key ideas and concepts that impacted the development of the ordinary language philosophy. It clarifies the distinctions and interconnections between the concepts of the philosophy of everyday language and Oxford philosophy. C o n c l u s i o n s . For ten years following the end of the Second World War, the University of Oxford became a hub of exceptionally productive philosophical activity. This period laid the groundwork for the emergence of a new and original philosophical movement known as the "Ordinary language philosophy" or "Oxford philosophy". However, equating the ordinary language philosophy entirely with Oxford philosophy is not accurate. The former term pertains specifically to the methodology of analyzing natural language expressions in the post-World War II era. In contrast, Oxford philosophy encompasses a broader historical context, including the pre-war period of philosophical activity at the University of Oxford. Thus, Oxford philosophy should be understood as a historical-philosophical stage that ultimately led to the formation of the philosophy of everyday language.

ІНТЕГРАЦІЙНІ ПРОЦЕСИ В СФЕРІ ДЕРЖАВНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ В УМОВАХ РОСІЙСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ

The goal of the work. The article examines integration processes in the sphere of public administration in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war. On the basis of the analysis, generalization and systematization of scientific sources, the trends of the development of integration processes in the sphere of public administration in modern conditions are highlighted, the need for further efforts in the direction of European integration is proved. Methodology. To achieve the goal, the article used methods of structuring problems, summarizing statistical data and facts, and developing strategic solutions. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the article is that the author justified the steps aimed at reconstruction and effective mobilization of public administration resources to restore the ability of all levels of government, regions and municipalities of Ukraine to solve problems that bring the state closer to EU membership. In the article, the author highlights those problems that were not solved in the pre-war period of the state's development. In particular, we are talking about the need to optimize the system of state regulation, which should be aimed at promoting economic growth and increasing the level of well-being of citizens, as well as at achieving a new quality of state control, creating a "welfare state." The author proposes his own approach to solving the mentioned problems, which is based on the gradual reform of the public administration system, which should lead to a new quality of administration, bringing it closer to the European system of public management. Conclusions. It was concluded that the innovative transformation of the Ukrainian state, its transformation into a European-type state is impossible without changes in the sphere of public administration. The innovations proposed in the article will give a new impetus to the socio-economic development of Ukraine in the post-war period, creating the necessary conditions for the country's full integration into the EU by improving the public administration system. During the war, all authorities gain important experience in development planning and financing, which can be used in the post-war period to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of strategic decisions related to the rapprochement with the European Union. Nowadays, the executive authorities should build their capacity, analyze and implement the best European experience, try to adopt the style of management and communication, which is inherent in the European public administration practice.

Assessment of the impact of military operations on agricultural land use

The analysis made in terms of this research shows, that the military-technogenic load leads to high levels of pollution of the territory with oil products, lead, cadmium and aromatic hydrocarbons. The impact of military operations on agricultural land use in the territory of the Bucha city territorial community of Bucha district of Kyiv oblast is assessed. The level of damage to agricultural land affected by military actions is investigated. To calculate the assessment of the impact of military actions on agricultural land use, the "Visual Determination of Land Damage Levels" was used. The amount of damage caused by hostilities to agricultural land use was calculated. The method of expert assessment was used to calculate the economic level of damage caused by hostilities. The ecological condition of the soil within the Bucha urban community was determined. To assess the ecological condition of the soil, an indicator of the ecological stability of the territory in the post-war period was calculated and compared to the pre-war period. Taking into account the proposed research methods and their results, it is analysed that agricultural land within the territory of the Bucha city territorial community can be used for any crops, but the harvested products’ quality have to be controlled. There is a need for agrotechnical measures to reduce the impact of metals on agricultural products.

Особливості формування безпекових компетентностей в умовах воєнного стану

An urgent task, both under martial law and in the post-war period, is to develop safety competencies among higher education students by increasing their awareness of hazards and risk factors. According to the results of two sociological surveys conducted in December 2020 and December 2022, it was revealed that under martial law, young peoples’ assessment of hazards and risk factors is more unanimous compared to the pre-war period, and the refined indicator of awareness of hazards and risk factors is somewhat higher. Continuous threats to the safety of young people caused by military actions have enhanced the motivation to increase awareness of dangers in everyday life. The analysis of the results of a statistical assessment of the awareness of modern environment hazards and risk factors among young people indicates certain changes that follow naturally from the actual state of the country at war. A new wartime reality for Ukrainians resulted in the expected highest awareness rate and, simultaneously, the highest level of unanimity in its assessment. Moreover, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is recognized as one of the most dangerous hazards, but the unanimity in its assessment is much lower. It was also determined that the most dangerous and safest factors are perceived more unanimously. Human behavior generally depends on a set of existing hazards and risk factors, and their adequate awareness. Distortion of awareness of certain factors’ danger would lower the level of personal safety. Therefore, a balanced and adequate awareness of existing hazards and risk factors is an essential point in forming safety competencies among higher education students. Further development of the approaches to form higher education students’ safety competencies in wartime conditions is essential to increase the efficiency of the educational process in the post-war period. Keywords: safety competencies, level of danger, awareness of hazards and risk factors, risk-oriented approach, assessment.

И. С. Панов о предпосылках Казымского восстания

the article is devoted to the study of the Kazym rebellion in the creative work of I. S. Panov. This rebellion and the memory about it have a special place in the ethnic history and modern self-identification of the Ob Ugrians. In the last decade, the historiography of the rebellion, as well as the history of the Soviet North as a whole, has shown interest to the problem of their reflection in the public consciousness of the pre-war era, to the problem of images associated with the process of Sovietization, support for Soviet transformations and resistance to them. In line with this interest is this study of the ideas of the Soviet writer of the “second plan” I. S. Panov, whose creative and personal fate was largely determined by his work on the northern theme and the choice of a civil position in relation to the Soviet transformations and to the Kazym rebellion. Objective: to identify the author’s vision of the causes of the Kazym rebellion in the context of his ideas about Soviet transformations in the North of the pre-war era. 175 Bulletin of Ugric Studies. Vol. 14. № 1 (56). 2024. Research material: works by I. S. Panov (the stories “The War on Kazym. Notes of the Teacher” and “In the Far North”, the novel “The Urman”, short stories), and information of the funds of the United Museum of Writers of the Urals. Results and novelty of the research: using the example of the creative work of I. S. Panov, a supporter of Soviet modernization, the attitude of the writing community to the transformations in the Ob North in the 1930s is presented, combining support for socialist transformations with criticism of “individual disadvantages.” I. S. Panov, at the same time, the supporter of official policy and, in fact, its victim, in his works he combined the exaltation of innovations with silence about the facts of repression. The reasons for resistance to Soviet transformations were reduced to the evil will of enemies and the private mistakes of enthusiasts. Such an interpretation could not withstand a collision with reality, caused a creative crisis and the writer’s refusal to continue writing and literary activity. The heroic death in the war became a kind of atonement for lies in the name of the revolutionary socialist ideals of the reconstruction of the North. Panov’s tragic fate prompts us to turn to the study of the ideological attitudes typical of the pre-war period of Soviet writers who wrote about the North, whose voices made up a noticeable spectrum of the Soviet northern discourse as a whole. The article represents the first experience of understanding the causes of the Kazym tragedy in the works of I. S. Рanov.

Jesus as Post-War Refugee in Pre-War Galilee. Redescribing Apocalypticism as Temporal Deterritorialization in the Gospel of Mark

Scholars agree that the Gospel of Mark was composed around the time of the Judaean War and this paper suggests that these conditions inform the Markan Jesus’ subjectivity. Mark presents Jesus as a time-displaced man from post-War Judaea who inhabited Galilee during the reign of Herod Antipas. The Markan Jesus operates with an anachronistic hindsight, allowing him to authorize practices for the Markan readers in the post-War period, whether through explicit instruction or exemplary behavior. Jesus’ status as a post-War subject residing the pre-War period legitimates their claims within post-War Jewish authenticity politics. Such redescription can help reconceive Mark’s story as part of ordinary human processes of legitimation and authorization.

Аналіз функціонування та розвитку ІТ-секторів критичної інфраструктури в економіці країни та регіонів

The aim of the article is to develop approaches to the analysis and assessment of the functioning and development of the IT sectors of critical infrastructure in the economy of the country and its regions. The functioning of the IT sectors of critical infrastructure in the national economy is analyzed on the basis of data from the system of national accounts on indicators of output, intermediate consumption, gross value added, wages of employees, other taxes, gross profit, mixed income, the share of the sector in the country’s GDP, the number of employees in the sector, and volumes of exports. The regional activity of the IT sectors of critical infrastructure is analyzed. Based on the results of the carried out analysis, it can be determined that in 2017–2021 there is also some instability by several indicators: the negative dynamics of the functioning of the IT sectors of critical infrastructure in the national economy, the share of the IT sector in the economy of Ukraine is insignificant. The pre-war period of the functioning of the critical infrastructure IT sector in the national economy is characterized by a certain decline in the sector. Martial law gave a new impetus to the development of the IT sector in regions distant from hostilities. The authors have allocated the factors of development of IT sectors of critical infrastructure that support and strengthen such characteristics as functionality, rapid adaptability to turbulent operating conditions, continuity in work, sustainable confrontation and rapid recovery after any impact of threats, increasing the sustainability of the national economy. Prospects for further research are the elaboration of issues of an effective financial and economic mechanism for the development of critical infrastructure, public-private partnership, multi-channel financing.

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF ARMED AGGRESSION OF THE RF ON THE SOIL COVER OF UKRAINE

The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of armed aggression by the rf on the soil resources of Ukraine and to develop a map regarding the impact of military actions on the soil cover at different levels of management: the country, region, district, and territorial community. In this study, we used the following main methods: analysis, synthesis, monographic, abstract-logical, and cartographic. The article introduces a new type of soil degradation: degradation caused by armed aggression (military type), which includes the following types: (1) mechanical degradation; (2) physical degradation; (3) chemical degradation; (4) physical and chemical degradation; (5) biological degradation; and (6) other directions of influence on soils and land plots. For the first time, maps have been developed regarding the impact of military actions on the soil cover at different levels of management: Ukraine, oblast, district, and territorial community. Areas of each type of soil affected by military operations and requiring further examination and control have been determined. It was established that as of March 2023, the largest area affected by hostilities is characteristic of chernozem soils: ordinary chernozems (5.0M ha), southern (2.1M ha), typical and podzolized (1.9 million ha), meadow soils and meadow and chernozem (0.2M ha). Considering the area, chernozems were the most affected; in some areas, the soils were destroyed. The practical value of the obtained results is that their application should contribute to the comprehensive assessment of military soil degradation in Ukraine. Spatial specificities of interstate and interregional migrations in the population of Ukraine are defined for the prewar period, the period of russia’s hybrid war against Ukraine (2014–2021), and the full-scale russian-Ukrainian war (beginning on February 24, 2022). The scope and the directions of migrant departures/arrivals are disclosed, as well as their effect on the dynamics of population number in Ukraine and its regions.

Український канал іномовлення (UATV English) як інструмент просування державних наративів

The functional characteristics of international broadcasting are determined by the goals and tasks for which it was created. The specificity of international broadcasting activity forms the following tasks: creation and promotion of a positive image of the state in the international arena; protection of a country’s own political and cultural interests; promotion of tourism (in peacetime); fight against negative information influence that affects the perception of events in the country, both by the domestic and international audience; communication of the diaspora with the homeland, learning the language and traditions; promotion of national values norms and guidelines, etc. Based on these tasks, it is appropriate to distinguish five main functions of international broadcasting: protection of national interests, propaganda, counter-propaganda, education and pedagogy, and communication functions. Basis on data on the activity of the State Enterprise “International Broadcasting Multimedia Platform of Ukraine”, the main functions of international broadcasting are highlighted. The results obtained during the research expand and supplement the already known facts about the specifics of the functioning of international broadcasting corporations. This study analysed the content of the UATV English State International Broadcasting channel in terms of delivering information about the events in Ukraine, protecting its national interests, countering hostile propaganda, and spreading pro-Ukrainian messages among international audiences. The purpose of this study is to explore, systematise and generalise the basic functions of UATV English Channel in order to improve and evaluate the effectiveness of the “International Broadcasting Multimedia Platform of Ukraine” during the challenging times of information aggression combined with the conventional warfare. Emphasis was placed on researching the peculiarities and effectiveness of the UATV English Channel with the aim of protecting national interests, countering hostile propaganda and spreading pro-Ukrainian messages in the international media space. The article presents statistics on audience reach and viewship of UATV English content on YouTube and Facebook platforms. As well as monitoring the effectiveness of different approaches to content and SEO-optimization of the materials. In addition, a content analysis of UATV English content on these platforms was conducted. All the video materials have been processed, and their classification according to four functional areas of content was presented. The analysed content was published over a period of six months, starting from February 24 (the date of the start of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine) to August 24, 2022 (The Independence Day of Ukraine). On average, the UATV English-speaking channel receives 8-12 million views per month on YouTube from all materials produced by the media (except YouTube Shorts and Publications). The audience growth compared to the pre-war period amounted to 3,670% in February and added 367% in March 2022, when the total audience reached almost 60 million. The growth of the audience reach indicator on the UATV English-language Facebook page from February 24, 2022, reached 9,200% and amounted to 14.3 million users. Analysis of the content for the first 6 months of the war showed that the content of the Ukrainian broadcasting was rearranged/redesigned in accordance with the realities of wartime, with several strategic changes in the approach to the content. According to the classification of four functional directions of the content defined earlier, the dominant content is the one related to the protection and promotion of national interests (36.3%), followed by information about the course of the war and events in the country (32.5%), opinion and worldview-based content (22.4%), and counter-information to Russian propaganda (8.8%). The UATV English-speaking channel performs its functions as an international broadcasting service: spreading pro-Ukrainian narratives in the world and delivering truthful information about the war in Ukraine. UATV English content effectively counters Russian war propaganda.

Соціально-економічна безпека як фактор забезпечення конкурентоспроможності організації

Modern economic life’s dynamism, complexity, and riskiness require enterprises and organizations to take measures to ensure economic security and gain competitive advantages. Human capital is one of the decisive factors for solving these tasks from a strategic perspective. Socio-economic security is one of the central economic categories, which, during the duration of the military conflict, acquired an extremely urgent importance for Ukraine. The study of the content and composition of the economic security of organizations made it possible to highlight the social component as a central element in its architecture. The social component ensures the interaction of the object-subject sphere of economic security management. It mediates the interaction of all types of assets and the effectiveness of the organization’s activities. The article examines the role and importance of human capital as the main element in ensuring the socio-economic security of the organization. The architecture of the components of the socio-economic security of the organization in the context of gaining strategic competitive advantages under the conditions of sustainable development is presented. The principles of achieving the socio-economic security of the organization, which contribute to increasing the competitiveness of business entities, are substantiated. It was determined that human capital determines the nature of the perception of strategic values of sustainable development, which should be the basis of achieving the goals of ensuring organizations’ social and economic security and competitiveness. Ukraine’s current state and place in the world competitiveness rankings have been studied. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of the human development index, an assessment of Ukraine’s human capital was carried out. The obtained results showed the relative stability of Ukraine’s positions in the pre-war period. It was determined that the trends in the country due to the military conflict cause significant risks of loss of human capital, provision of social and economic security, and restoration of competitive positions of the national economy. In turn, this requires the development of effective mechanisms for increasing the quantity, quality, and value of human capital as a foundation for ensuring the socio-economic security and competitiveness of organizations based on sustainable development. Keywords: security, competitive advantages, human capital, development, business entities.

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL COMPETITION: TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS AND INVESTMENT PRIORITIES

In today's world, globalization and digital technologies are significantly transforming the landscape of international trade. Digital transformation has become a critical aspect that determines the competitiveness of countries and businesses in the international arena. The study aims to identify the impact of the digitalization of international trade on the economic development of countries and their competitiveness based on technological innovations that determine the future of global competition at the country and company levels, affect trade processes, and identify and justify investment priorities to support digital transformation in Ukraine.The study analyzes the impact of the digitalization of international trade on the economic development of countries, which is caused by the digital divide between developed and least developed countries (LDCs). Developed countries are characterized by Internet coverage and access of more than 90%, as opposed to LDCs, where the corresponding figure is less than 20%. Given the current conditions of access to the Internet, the countries of the latter group are not able to be fully involved in e-commerce and cross-border trade in digital products. An additional barrier to developing digital commerce in certain regions of the world is the need for more legislation on various e-commerce trade issues.The impact of the war in Ukraine on the e-commerce market is determined: the e-commerce market declined 12 times in 2022 compared to the pre-war period and began to recover gradually in 2023. The market is expected to recover almost fully in Ukraine by the end of 2023 or early 2024. The main challenge for Ukraine will be to expand the scope of the existing free trade agreements to cover services, e-commerce, and investment. Ukraine should become a significant player in several global markets for services and digital products, given the availability of an updated regulatory framework on these issues. E-commerce is expected to grow rapidly after the end of the war in Ukraine.

Food industry of the North Caucasus during the first five-year plans (a case study of Kuban and Stavropol)

The article considers the development processes of the food industry of the North Caucasus in the late 1920-ies–1930-ies drawing on the example of Kuban and Stavropol. The aim of the study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of these processes in a ratio of the segments of this industrial branch, to show its conditions and development problems, as well as the factors of its significance both for the local economic system and the country’s economy. To develop these objectives, based on a system approach, as well as other historical research principles and methods, the peculiarities of the regional character, the development dynamics of the Kuban and Stavropol food industry are analyzed for the first time, and their potentials are compared. The author enlarges upon the economic specifics that was determining the economic priorities in these regions of the country and was revealing in the close interrelation of this industry branch with agriculture in these regions. The article shows the structure of the food industry, peculiarities of production, influencing the development of its traditional branches, such as oil production industry, flour milling, meat, dairy, and others, as well as objective and subjective problems, overcome by the industry enterprises. The conclusions are drawn that in the pre-war period, the development of the food industry had reached a whole new level, which was manifested both in noticeable increase in the volume of output, and in the emergence of new industry branches, namely, food-canning, glass, as well as in the change of the industrial appearance of the fish and wine industries. The article emphasizes the role of some large enterprises, both reconstructed and novel, which actively participated in the fulfillment of the most important production goals of the first five-year plans, as well as strengthening regional economies and ensuring food security of the country.

Industrial potential of the Kazakh SSR during the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945)

The aim of the article is to analyze the activities of various industries of the Kazakh SSR during the Great Patriotic War, aimed at providing raw materials to enterprises of the military-industrial complex and their own production aimed at improving the defense capabilities of the Soviet state. The relevance of the study was determined by the need to identify trends in the development of industry in the Kazakh Republic during the Patriotic War. The source base of the work was the works of Soviet, Russian and Kazakh authors, information from the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dedicated to the history of the Great Patriotic War. The peculiarities of technological production aimed at increasing labour efficiency in the coal, non-ferrous, oil, chemical and energy industries of the republic are given. The growth trends of the indicators of these industries are revealed. The main ones are: increase of raw materials extraction at Karaganda coal basin, construction of auxiliary industrial enterprises, such as brick, cement works, explosive materials plant, woodworking plant, etc. In non-ferrous metallurgy, growth of non-ferrous metal output during the war years increased manifold compared to the pre-war periods. In oil industry – growth of high-quality oil production in Western Kazakhstan. In the chemical industry – increase of the list of products through construction of new shops and workshops of the operating enterprises of the chemical industry of the republic. In the energy sphere – construction of new power stations from regional to industrial levels. It is concluded that the identified trends in industrial development in Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War were a definite contribution to the improvement of the defensive capability of the USSR and in its victory over Germany.