Pre-test Post-test Research Articles

Effectiveness of Circuit and Fartlek Exercises to Increase Aerobic Endurance in Adolescent Futsal Players

Aerobic endurance is an important component in futsal sports games, so it requires an exercise that can increase aerobic endurance. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of circuit training with fartlek exercises to increase aerobic endurance futsal players Bina Darma. The research method used was an experiment with the design of the control group pre-test post-test. The study population of 40 Bina Darma futsal players was divided evenly into two groups, namely the circuit training group and the fartlek training group consisting of 20 samples. Each group performed the exercises for 8 weeks with a frequency of 3 times a week. Aerobic endurance measurements were taken before and after the exercise program using the Bleep Test. Analysis Data obtained from VO2 max test will be analyzed using statistical software SPSS 23. Statistical analysis that will be used is an Paired Samples Test to compare the increase in aerobic endurance between circuit training group and fartlek exercise group. The results showed a significant increase in aerobic endurance in all groups after the exercise programme. The results of this study showed that the circuit training group was more significant than the fartlek training group with very high statistical significance (p< .001), showing that the difference between circuit training and fartlek training in improving aerobic endurance was significant. In conclusion, circuit training is a more effective option for improving aerobic endurance in Bina Darma futsal players. Choosing the right type of sport can increase the aerobic endurance of futsal players.

Pengaruh Metode Tutor Sebaya terhadap Prestasi Belajar Matematika Siswa Kelas IV di SD Negeri 1 Surabaya

This study aims to determine the effect of peer tutoring methods on mathematics learning achievement with mixed operation material among fourth-grade students at SD Negeri 1 Surabaya. This research employs a quasi-experimental design. The population of the study consists of all fourth-grade students at SD Negeri 1 Surabaya. The sample was determined by directly observing a single group of subjects under two conditions without a comparison group, making each subject their own control group. The research design used is a one group pre-test post-test design. Data collection techniques involve achievement tests. The data were analyzed using simple linear regression analysis. The results indicate that the learning achievement data were analyzed using a t-test, resulting in rhitung = 0.859 and rtabel = 0.374 at a 5% significance level, meaning H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. For the significance test, thitung > ttabel was obtained, specifically 7.88 > 0.374, thus it can be concluded that there is an effect of the peer tutoring method on mathematics learning achievement with mixed operation material among fourth-grade students at SD Negeri 1 Surabaya for the 2016/2017 academic year.

The Effect of Utilizing Audio Murottal Al-Qur'an and Classical Music on Biology Learning to Increase Students' Learning Concentration

This study aims to improve students' learning concentration by using audio Murottal Al-Qur'an and Classical Music on Mushroom material. The hypothesis studied in this study is that there is an effect of utilizing audio murottal Al-Qur'an and classical music on increasing the concentration of learning of high school students at 1 Kabila". The research method used is quasi experiment. The research design is Pretest Posttest Control Group Design which consists of 2 research variables, namely variable X (Audio Murottal Al-Qur'an and Classical Music) and variable Y (Learner Learning Concentration). The population in the study were all students of class X SMAN 1 Kabila, which was divided into 12 classes totaling 447. The research sample was X.7 class students totaling 30 people as class A and X.8 totaling 30 people as class B which were taken using purposive sampling technique. Hypothesis testing using t test and N-Gain. The results showed that there was a significant difference between before and after treatment. Because there is a difference, it is said that there is an effect of utilizing audio murottal Al-Qur'an and classical music on students' learning concentration with a statistically significant p-value that is lower (p=0.000) < than the alpha value ꭤ=0.05. This is also reflected in the improvement of students' learning outcomes which shows that both methods are at the level of "quite effective," with an N-Gain value of "Murottal Al-Qur'an" of 64.49% and "Classical Music" of 60.73%. Thus it can be concluded that there is an effect of utilizing audio murottal Al-Qur'an and classical music on increasing the learning concentration of students of SMA Negeri 1 Kabila.

A study to Assess the Effectiveness of Lumbar Massage on Backache among Patients Underwent Spinal Anesthesia in Selected Hospitals

Background: Spinal anesthesia is the most commonly used type of regional anesthesia in many surgeries, including genit ourinary surgery, cesarean section and lumbar surgery.P ost dural puncture pain is common complication after spinal anesthesia and is characterized by persistent pain around the spinal cord in the absence of radicular pain.Therapeutic massage involves manipulating the body’s tissues with certain techniques.The goal of massage therapy is to affect cellular changes in tissues to promote healing and reduce pain and increase overall wellbeing.  Aim: To determine the effect of lumbar massage on back pain in patients underwent general anesthesia in selected hospitals.  Design: Quasi-experimental design, Pretest Post-test non- equivalent group design.  Participants: Thirty patients who met the inclusion criteria were selected to receive spinal anesthesia through convenience sampling.  Methods: A study was done with 30 patients who underwent spinal anesthesia, 15 of which were interventional and 15 of which were observational group. The pain scale was used for the assessment tools.  Results: According to the research results, it can be concluded that the average percentage of the difference after the experiment and control is 47% for the pain index numbers in the total area comparison. There was a full size distinction between the pre and post test scores of the patients in the interventional group who received spinal anesthesia there has been a big distinction in the sufferer’s post test rankings. The t test score is 12.43 and is significant (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in post patient scores. No significant relationship was found between patients receiving spinal anesthesia and demographic difference.  Conclusion: The effects showed that the average score of the patient in the control group receiving spinal anesthesia after the back pain examination was 7.33 ± 1.06,while the average score of the experimental group after the backache examination was 3.07 ±0.54.It shows that lumbar massage is beneficial for patients underwent spinal anesthesia.

Efektivitas konseling behavioral dengan teknik modelling dalam menangani perilaku maladaptif siswa madrasah aliyah negeri

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of modeling techniques in overcoming maladaptive behavior in class X students at Madarasah Aliyah Negeri. The method used in this research was pre-test post-test only control group design with sampling using a purposive sampling technique, taking a sample of 20 students with the lowest scores and high levels of maladaptive behavior based on the results of the pretest analysis, with the reason that purposive sampling increases methodological accuracy and trustworthiness of data and results by matching the sample to the aims and objectives of the study. The sample used was 20 class X students. Data collection was carried out using a maladaptive behavior questionnaire which has been proven valid and reliable. From the results of research using the t test, it is known that behavioral counseling using modeling techniques is effective in overcoming maladaptive behavior. This can be seen from the results of research data analysis, which shows that tcount = 3.806, and ttable with db = 18 and a significance level of 0.05 or 5% is 2.101, so it is obtained that tcount > ttable (3.806 > 2.101) from the post test results of the experimental group is greater than control group. So the conclusion of the alternative hypothesis is accepted in other words. Behavioral Counseling with Modeling Techniques is Effective in Overcoming Maladaptive Behavior in Class X State Madrasah Aliyah Students.

EFFECT OF GIVING A WARM COMPRESS WITH WATER BOILING SERAAI AGAINST PAIN IN THE ELDERLY WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Rheumatoid Arthritis is an autoimmune disease or disease that occurs when the body is attacked by the body's own immune system which results in long-term inflammation of the joints which causes inflammation, stiffness, swelling and pain in the joints, ligaments and bones. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of warm compresses boiled with lemongrass water on pain in elderly people with Rheumatoid Arthritis. The research design uses a quasi-experiment (pre-experiment) with a one-group pre test-post test design approach. Sampling used a purposive sampling technique, namely 55 respondents. The research instrument used the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) pain scale observation sheet. Statistical tests use the Wilcoxon test p value < ( = 0.05). The results of the Wilcoxon test analysis show that the p value = 0.000 < (0.05), meaning that a warm compress with lemongrass boiled water can reduce the pain level of elderly people suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. There is an effect of warm compresses boiled with lemongrass water on pain in elderly people with rheumatoid arthritis. It is hoped that the suggestions will provide education on non-pharmacological treatment to reduce the scale of pain in elderly people suffering from rheumatoid arthritis independently to be carried out at home in addition to pharmacological treatment.

Impact of a Digital Growth Mindset on Enhancing the Motivation and Performance of Chemistry Students: A Non-Cognitive Approach

The current study investigates the effects of a digital growth mindset on the motivation and success of chemistry students. The approach involves the use of technological tools that encourage students to face challenges and keep trying even when things become difficult. Students can achieve milestones by following this fruitful methodology. This study utilized a mixed-method design of an ordered–explanatory type, as identified in one of the categories of mixed-method approaches. The quantitative aspects of the research project were conducted using a matching-only pre-test–post-test control-group design. This was conducted because the study was carried out on secondary school students in Lahore, Pakistan, and the population included students up to the tenth grade. Only the experimental group participated in digital growth mindset activities. The control group was taught using traditional methods. The qualitative aspect of the study involved conducting focus group discussions with students in the experimental group. The results showed a significant improvement in motivation and chemistry achievement among the students in the experimental group, as evidenced by the higher mean scores from the pre-tests and the post-tests compared to the control group. The present research findings reveal that digital growth mindset interventions, when appropriately incorporated into chemistry curricula, possess the capacity to not only improve student engagement and subsequent performance but also to provide educators with valuable insights into instructional practices that are worth implementing in the digital era.

Pengaruh Model Cooperative Learning Tipe Think Pair Share Terhadap Kemampuan Membaca Siswa Kelas V SDN Kloposepuluh 2 Sidoarjo

This research aims to determine whether or not there is an effect of the Think Pair Share Type Cooperative Learning Model on the Reading Ability of Class V Students at Sdn Kloposepuluh 2 Sidoarjo. This research is a quantitative research with a pre-experimental design, then using the One-Group Pre-test–Post-test Design type. The sampling technique in this research is non-probability sampling consisting of all class V students at SD Negeri Kloposepuluh 2 Sidoarjo. The instruments used in this research first went through a validity and reliability testing process to find out whether they were suitable for use or not. The prerequisite test used here is the normality test. The hypothesis test used in this research is the paired sample t-test. All tests were calculated with the help of IBM SPSS 24. Based on the results of the t-test data analysis, it was found that the value of tcount > ttable (11.611 > 1.699) and the value of Sig. (2-tailed) < 0.05 (0.000 < 0.05) which means Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted which means there is a difference between the pretest and posttest results. So it can be concluded that there is an influence on the application of the Think Pair Share Type Cooperative Learning model on the Reading Ability of Class V Students at Sdn Kloposepuuh 2 Sidoarjo.

The Effect Of Song Mnemonic On Students’ Vocabularymastery Of MTsN Tanjungbalai

The objective of this research to identify the faced by the seventh grade students’ at MTsN Tanjung Balai, to identify the causes of students' difficulties in improving vocabulary mastery of seventh grade students at MTsN Tanjung Balai in the 2023/2024 academic year. The population was 54 students and the researcher took a 2 class random sampling design, namely: control class and experimental class to carry out pre-test post-test. Material about describing something. In collecting data, researchers used tests to apply the song mnemonic method for several weeks and compared the pre-test and post-test to determine the effect of applying the song mnemonic method. Then the data obtained was analyzed through five stages, namely normality test, homogeneity test, hypothesis test, effect size test and statistical hypothesis. Finally the researcher found that it showed that the value of the T-test was 7.659 and the degree of freedom (df) was 54 (df-2;54-2=52). The value of T is significant 5% of T-table of db= 2.00. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected. It can be concluded that the influence of using the song mnemonic method has an influence on increasing students' mastery of English vocabulary. So the suggestion is that teachers must be more creative in developing appropriate learning methods to be taught to support effective learning activities in the classroom.

INNOVATIVE LEARNING MEDIA IN TEACHING 2D DRAWING MODIFICATION WITH CAD TECHNOLOGY

The lack of understanding of students on 2D drawing modification material using CAD is the background for this research. The purpose of this study is to produce products in the form of video tutorial learning media, knowing the feasibility of experts, knowing user responses, and knowing the improvement of learning outcomes after using media. This study used quantitative research methods with a pre-experimental research design with the type of one group pre-test post-test design. Purposive sampling was conducted to select 34 samples from TPM grade XI learners. This research produces video tutorial learning media. The results of the feasibility assessment conducted by show that the video tutorial learning media that has been made is declared "very feasible". The results of media user responses obtained the category "very good". Learning outcomes after using video tutorial learning media have increased, this is reflected in the increase in student learning outcomes measured through the use of n-gain with an average score of 0.38 in the "medium" category. Thus, it can be concluded that this video tutorial learning media is very feasible for use on manufacturing engineering drawing elements.

Enhancing Mathematical Critical Thinking Skills using Lectora Inspire Interactive Learning Media in the Discovery Learning

Critical thinking skills are one of the abilities that everyone must have to face the challenges of the 21st century. The use of interactive learning media lectora inspire in discovery learning can facilitate to develop students' mathematical critical thinking skills. Therefore, a study was conducted that aims to see the improvement of critical thinking skills using lectora inspire interactive learning media in the discovery learning model. This research is included in the pre-experimental design with the research design used is a single group one-group pretest-posttest design. The samples used in this study were 26 eighth-grade students in Pekanbaru, Riau. Data analysis techniques using Normality - Gain (N-Gain) test and t-test. The N-gain value obtained was 0.59 with moderate criteria. Based on the T-test results, there is a significant difference in the average pretest score and posttest score. The level of effectiveness occurs in the posttest after using lectora inspire interactive learning media, so the use of lectora inspire interactive learning media in the discovery learning model can improve students' mathematical critical thinking skills. This research makes a significant contribution to the innovation of mathematics learning in Indonesia, by offering a more effective and fun approach. The findings are expected to be a reference for educators, researchers, and educational policy makers in an effort to enhance the quality of mathematics learning.

Differences in the effectiveness of education through video and leaflet media on the level of knowledge of young women about anemia prevention

Iron deficiency Anemia is a national health problem that is associated with nutritional problems. Knowledge of anemia in adolescents is very necessary as a way of habituation to the consumption of FE tablets with one's own awareness. Through attractive Health Promotion media will increase health awareness by adolescents. Researchers want to aim to determine the difference in the effectiveness of education through video and leaflet media on the level of knowledge of young women about the Prevention of anemia in the city of banjarmasin. This study uses the type of quantitative research with quasi experiment design with pretest posttest approach non-equivalent control group design with pretest and posttest. Sampling technique is done by total sampling. The instruments in this study used questionnaires and statistical analysis using paired t-test to determine the level of knowledge of adolescent girls about anemia and independent t-test to determine the difference in the effectiveness of education through video and leaflet media on adolescent girls ' knowledge about anemia. The provision of education with video and leaflet media on young women's knowledge about anemia Prevention showed no significant difference. The results of this study indicate that the provision of education through leaflet media is slightly more effective than the provision of education through video media

Effect of web-based health education on nursing students’ knowledge, adaptive healthy measures and attitudes regarding polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, and it has emerged as a significant global public health issue. This study aimed to investigate the effects of web-based health education on nursing students’ knowledge, adaptive healthy measures, and attitudes toward PCOS.MethodsA two-group randomized controlled trial (RCT) with pre-test and immediate post-test assessments was conducted. Study participants were recruited using a simple random sampling method from the Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Egypt. A questionnaire consisting of six sections was developed to collect data, which was analyzed with the SPSS 23.0 using Student’s t-test, Pearson’s correlation test, and chi-square test analysis of variance.ResultsThe analysis revealed a significant increase in knowledge scores post-intervention, with the web-based learning groups (32.2 ± 10.5) outperforming the traditional learning group (22.1 ± 10.2), with (p < 0.05). Similarly, there was a notable improvement in adaptive healthy measures scores post-intervention, with the web-based learning group (8.9 ± 2.4) showing better results than the traditional group (6.5 ± 2.9), with (p < 0.05). In terms of attitudes toward PCOS, the web-based group (18.2 ± 4.9) displayed a significant improvement compared to the traditional group (11.7 ± 5.2), with (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe findings suggest that web-based learning is more effective than traditional methods in enhancing nursing students’ knowledge, adaptive healthy measures, and attitudes toward PCOS.Trial Registration: This study was registered by Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: (NCT06192381||https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/) on 5-1-2024.

The Effect of Giving Warm Ginger in Reducing Emesis Gravidarum in 1st Trimester Pregnant Women

Due to an increase in the hormone estrogen and progesterone produced by Human Chronic Gonadotropin (HCG), which causes emesis gravidarum, during pregnancy, the mother experiences hormonal changes. This study means to decide the impact of giving warm ginger in diminishing emesis gravidarum in pregnant ladies in the principal trimester PMB Lilis Nurhasanah, S.ST., Keb., Bd. SKM 2024. This exploration utilizes a Semi Trial technique with a One Gathering Pretest Posttest plan. This study's participants were pregnant women in their first trimester who had emesis gravidarum at PMB Lilis Nurhasanah, S.ST., Keb., Bd. SKM upwards of 30 respondents. The examining strategy in this examination is Complete Testing. Shapiro-Wilk normality test analysis yielded sig data (0.05). The Wilcoxon test has a p-worth of 0.000, and that implies there is an impact of giving warm ginger in diminishing emesis gravidarum in first trimester pregnant ladies. This end shows that there is an impact of giving warm ginger in lessening emesis gravidarum in first trimester pregnant ladies at PMB Lilis Nurhasanah, S.ST., Keb., Bd. SKM 2024.

A bilingual-bicultural literacy programme for deaf learners in Namibia

The poor academic performance and literacy level of deaf learners in Namibia are a major concern, and it is necessary to understand the center of the situation. Even though deaf learners can become proficient readers and writers, the challenge remains in finding an appropriate instructional approach to attain these results. This presents an even greater challenge, as deaf learners not only differ from their hearing peers, but also significantly differ from one another in terms of their various familial and social contexts, language use, and overall holistic development. The Bilingual-Bicultural approach is considered a good approach for teaching deaf learners, and it offers them the chance to become biliterate; therefore this study explored the impact of a Bilingual-Bicultural literacy program on 41 d/hh learners (age = 7-13 yrs). Through a one-group pre-test post-test design, a group of participants were pre-evaluated, followed by an intervention and post-evaluation. The intervention's main goal was to implement practical teaching strategies using a Bilingual-Bicultural teaching approach that can reduce the delay and gap in language learning and literacy for deaf learners. Results from t-tests calculated to determine the statistical significance of the pre and post-test with regard to the total scores and all the sub-tests for NSL as well as Written English skills indicated significant results (p&lt; 0.05). The study offers insight into the psychology of teaching deaf learners while also advancing the theory and application of the Bilingual-Bicultural approach. Additionally, it promotes debate of the best practices for ensuring that deaf learners receive a quality education and full participation in society.

Penerapan Terapi Rendam Kaki Air Hangat Campur Garam dan Serai Pada Pasien Hipertensi di Panti Werdha Dharma Bhakti Palembang

Hypertension is a chronic disease characterized by increased arterial blood pressure. Hypertension cannot be avoided, including in vulnerable groups such as the elderly because as age increases, the risk of hypertension increases so appropriate treatment is needed. Hypertension treatment can be done pharmacologically or non-pharmacologically. Non-pharmacological therapy in this case is foot soak therapy in warm water mixed with salt and lemongrass. The aim of the research is to implement warm water foot soak therapy with salt mixed with lemongrass for hypertensive patients into nursing care. The method used was descriptive with a killing process approach in 3 patients with a one group pretest posttest research design. The results of the warm water foot soak therapy mixed with salt and lemongrass showed a reduction in blood pressure, namely Mrs. N from 148/72mmHg to 138/64mmHg, Mrs. /85mmHg. In conclusion, there was a decrease in blood pressure after the foot soak therapy in warm water mixed with salt and lemongrass.

Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on Knowledge Regarding Constipation and Its Management during Pregnancy among Antenatal Mothers in Selected Areas of Kamrup (M), Assam

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: During antenatal period, mothers experiences numerous physiological and psychological changes. Most of the antenatal mothers experience constipation during pregnancy. So it was found important to assess the knowledge of antenatal mothers regarding constipation and its management during pregnancy. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program on Knowledge regarding Constipation and its Management during Pregnancy among Antenatal Mothers in selected areas of Kamrup (M), Assam. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quantitative research survey approach was adopted and pre-experimental one group pre-test post-test research design was used to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program on knowledge regarding constipation and its management during pregnancy among antenatal mothers in selected areas of Kamrup (M), Assam. 90 antenatal mothers were selected using Multistage Simple Random sampling technique. The tools used for the study was structured self administered knowledge questionnaire. RESULTS: The study result shows that In post-test mean knowledge score i.e 17.11±1.951 was higher than pre-test mean knowledge score 12.47±2.381 with mean difference of 4.64 as evidenced by t=28.37 at 0.05 level of significance which reveals the effectiveness of planned teaching program on knowledge regarding constipation and its management during pregnancy. It also reveals that there was a significant association between the pre-test knowledge of antenatal mothers with their educational status. CONCLUSION: The study reveals that planned teaching program was effective in increasing the knowledge of antenatal mothers regarding constipation and its management during pregnancy.

Asuhan Keperawatan pada Lansia Wanita dengan Penerapan Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise terhadap Frekuensi Berkemih

In old age, physiologically the body's cells can decline, resulting in decreased body function and endurance. One example is the urinary system which will affect changes or instability in the function of the urinary tract, so that the elderly will experience abnormal urination patterns. The management that can be carried out as an effort to restore the function of the urinary tract, especially the frequency of urination, is pelvic floor muscle exercise. Can analyze gerontic nursing care in the elderly to control decreased urinary tract function. This case study uses a descriptive method with a nursing process approach which was carried out on 3 patients using a one group pretest posttest research design. There was a change in the frequency of urination in the three respondents who had implemented pelvic floor muscle exercises. It is hoped that this nursing care report can become a reference in gerontic nursing care for the elderly with decreased urinary tract function.

The Effects of Online Applications in English Vocabulary Learning: Quizlet Application

Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the Quizlet application, a computer-aided vocabulary learning tool widely recognized as an online flashcard application, on the development and retention of English vocabulary among students learning English as a foreign language. Design/Methodology/Approach: The data were obtained from 34 fifth-grade students studying English as a foreign language during 2019-2020 academic year at Yediiklim Secondary School in Karesi district of Balıkesir province. The research was conducted using a quantitative research method within quasi-experimental design without pre-test post-test control group. Quantitative data was collected through pre and post vocabulary achievement tests, retention test and scale. While word tests aim to measure students’ vocabulary acquisition, the retention test aims to measure students’ retention of vocabulary. The Quizlet Attitude Scale was also used to obtain opinions about Quizlet. Quantitative data were analyzed statistically in SPSS Statistics. Findings: As a result of the analysis, the findings show that there is a significant difference between Quizlet and test scores. According to the results of the survey, it is concluded that the students developed positive perceptions about the use of the Quizlet program. Highlights: In the light of these findings, it is recommended to use computer-based vocabulary learning tools as a student-centered and effective teaching technique in foreign language teaching and to expand their use.

Potency of Strawberry Extract (Fragaria X Annanassa) as Stain Removal Strips Against Extrinsic Stain on the Surface of the Teeth of Adolescents Aged 18-25 Years

Extrinsic stain is a staining of teeth that is attached directly to the surface of the tooth. Disorders caused by stains are causing aesthetic problems that can have a considerable psychological impact, especially if they occur in the anterior tooth. Stains are difficult to clean just by brushing your teeth. Utilizing natural strawberry ingredients as Stain Removel Strips for an alternative to cleaning extrinsic stains on the surface of teeth. Objective: Proven administration of Stain Removal Strips strawberry extract (Fragaria x Ananassa) effectively cleans extrinsic stains on the surface of teeth. Method: This study used the Quasy experimental method with a pretest posttest design with control group. Research sampling was carried out by purposive sampling. The sample consisted of 20 people divided into 2 groups. The control group with 6% hydrogen peroxide strips and the intervention group with 40% strawberry extract stain removal strips twice a day with a duration of 30 minutes for 7 days. Results: The results showed that giving strawberry extract Stain Removal Strips was 40% effective in cleaning extrinsic stains on day 3 and day 7 against extrinsic stains on the tooth surface with values of p = 0.009 and p = 0.002 (p &lt; 0.05) compared to the control group. Conclusion: Stain Removal Strips 40% strawberry extract has potential as an alternative to cleaning extrinsic stains on tooth surfaces.